Bioethics PDF

BIOETHICS Bioethics- the study of ethical, social, and legal issues that arise in Calling of Healthcare biomedicine and biomedical research. provider healthcare Course Syllable Outline profession clients 1.Ethics...

BIOETHICS Bioethics- the study of ethical, social, and legal issues that arise in Calling of Healthcare biomedicine and biomedical research. provider healthcare Course Syllable Outline profession clients 1.Ethics Healthcare provider 2.Biology Client Relationship 3.Bioethics quality and respond 4.Health Ethics of good healthcare 5.professional ethics provider of the client society and its 6.Prevalence of Bioethical Issues profession A. abortion B. utilization C. suicide D. determination of death E. biological and clinical death F. vitro fertilization G. stemcell technology Human Act 1. Human Person 2. Personhood 3. Human Acts and Acts in Men Types of Ethical thoughts 1. Kantian 2. Rawls Ethics 3. St.Thomas Aquinas 4. Ross Ethics A. Actual/ prima facie duty B. Duty of fidelity C. Duty of reparation D. Duty of gratitude E. Duty of justice F. Duty of Beneficience G. Duty of improvement H. Duty of non-malifecence D. The calling of the health care provider: 1.The health care prof 2.the client 3the health care prov 4. Health care prov client relationship E. The qualities and responsibilities of a good healthcare provider to the client, society and its profession Midterm exam F. Virtues, vices, and habits of a healthcare provider 1.Virtues of a healthcare prov a. fidelity hinesty integrity humility respect compassion prudence Confidentiality- information Beneficence- action done for the good of others, comes from two latin words: “bonus” where bene was taken to mean “good” Benovolence- refers the character trait or virtue of being disposed to act for the benefit of others, Goodness in each personhood. Ideal Beneficence- going out of ones way in order to do good to others, while beneficence, is merely goodness to others without going out of ones way. Obligatory beneficence- mandatory act to do good and to give aid to those who are in need. Ex.To feed the hungry. To give love&care Confidentiality- discloses information Veracity- conformity with truth a fact of Accuracy, Truthfulness -Practical applications of the principle of beneficence -protect and defend the right of others -prevent harm from occuring to others -remove conditions that will cause harm to others -help persons Non-Maleficence- not to make evil things or bad things intentionally. (do no harm) Ex. Do not kill, Do not offense to others Non-Maleficence Negligence- Can be applied in ones own common language, which is called Negligence that is, if one imposes harm or become careless and produces unreasonale risk of harm upon another. Criteria in determining Negligence: 1. The prof must have a duty to the affected party 2.The prof must breach that duty 3.The affected party must experience harm 4.He harm must be caused by the breach of duty Practical App/Implication of the Principle of non-maleficence Withdraw- gihunong(stopped) Withholding- wala jud gisugdan (not started) -When the case is irreversible any form of treatment will not benefit the patient. -When death is imminent or when the patient is already dead. Ordinary and extra-ordinary treatments Ordinary treatments- Comprise provisin if necessities of life that usually pertain to food, normal, respiration and elimination process. Hence like, intravenous fluids, nasogastric tube feeding and in dwelling catheters are some of the many considered ordinary. Extra-ordinary treatment- comprises the use of aggressive mordalities , who can very well afford it, continue to give extraordinary. Ex. Ventilator Machines 3.Killing and Letting Die- letting people due sugeest much acceptable practice of letting nature take its course, facing up to the limitations of medicine and the fact of impending death. Ex. System failure causes death Justice- concept of fairness and equity in healthcare is emphasized by Hippocrates ethical principles, which focus on the relationship between physician and pt. Justice can be divided into two categories: Distributive and Comparative Distributive Justice- addresses thendegree which healthcare srvices are distributed equitably throughout society. Principles of justice To each person an equal share To each person according to need To each person according to the effort Comparative Justice- determines how health are is delivered at the individual level. IEx. ethnicity, Indigenous Role Fidelity- Fidelity is an ethical principle that pertains to trustworthiness. Commitments and promises are fulfilled, Requires integrity and honesty but fidelity goes one step further than just honesty in that practicing the principle of fidelaty requires one to fulfill commitments. Biology- the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology Bioethics- first used by the biologist Van Rensselaer Potter. -Can be defined as a science that deals with the study of the morality of human, conduct from birth to death. Health Ethics- is a science that deals with the study of the moralty of human conduct concerning health and healthcare. -employed to regulate human conduct in the practice of health care so that GOOD may be done and EVIL may be avoided thereby ensuring that the purpose of healthcare. While the bioethics not just health but about fields in relation to life. Prevalence of Biothucal Issues Abortion- refers to the explusion of a humn fetus beforenthe period of viability, It takes place intentionally or unintentionally deliberately or accidentally. -In ancient Assyria abortion was a crime under Assyrian Code(12th century BC). Women who violated the code were trialed and if convicted, impaled on a stake and denied. -In ancient Rome the fetus generally was considered a part if the women and abortion was legal. Abortion in PH- in early PH society, women who became pregnant by accident had to drink bitter solution of certain tree leaves and roots to induce abortion. Also hilot exist. Abortion is illegal in PH. Article ll , section 12 of 1986 PH constitution, for instance, provides “The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect the life of the mother and the unborn. Classification of Abortion Direct abortion- intentionally or deliberately done Indirect Abortion- unintentionally, (ex naslide or Spontaneous Abortion- accidentally occurs. Types of Abortion Complete Abortion- when all contents of the uterus Incomplete Abortion- may be intentional or unintentional which parts of the pre born child and placenta remain within uterus. Early Abortion- within first trimester of pregnancy. includes the embryonic stage from the moment of conception Induced Abortion-intentional (willfulnand delibrately) Mechanical (surgical) Chemical means constitutes induced abortion. Criminal Abortion - any abortion comitted outside the parameters set by the law is criminal or illegl. Habitual Abortion- isnspontaneius abortion or so called miscarriage occuring in three or more consecutive pregnancies. Infected Abortion- associated with possibly caused by an infection of uterus or the genital tract. Septic Abortion- infection of uterus Spontaneous Abortion- caused by disease or accident. Threatened Abortion- sponteneous abortion, usually includes vaginal bleeding and that the prognosis is doubtful for it may or may not redound to inevitable abortion.(High possibility of miscarriage) Inevitable Abortion- type of spontaneaous abortion which is commonly called miscarriage. Therapeutic abortion- direct and deliberate performance of expelling a human fetus to restore the mother’s health and save her from death. Different Methods of Surgical Abortion Surgical Abortion- ex. Vacuum aspiration RU- Chemical type Methotraxate - Chemical type Dilation and Curettage(D&C) Abortion- most common method of early abortion. Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) Abortion- fetus at 20 weeks (Laminaria) Uses Sopher clamp. (magupok) Saline Abortion- intramniotic injection or saline solution method utilized during the second trimester and early third trimester. Dilation and Extraction (D&X) Abortion- usually intended for a pre born (grabs the unborn baby’s leg with forceps. Prostaglandin Abortion- performed during the late and third trimester of gestation (injected in uterine muscle of the baby) Hysterotomy Abortion- a caesarian section done during the last trimester of pregnancy. Inter-cardiac Injection Abortion- Ultrasound imagery is used to point out the location of the baby so that needle may be guided to the heart of the baby. Potential Physical Effects of Abortion Uterine Perforation- Uterus damage Cervical Lacerations- Cervical damage could lead birth defects Placenta Previa- an abnormal position of placenta Ectopic pregnancies- abnormal location of the baby Pelvic Inflammatory Disease- a pathologic condition Endometritis- increases the risk of inflammation of the endomentrium (mucous membrane lining of the uterus) Cervical, Ovarian and Liver Cancer- can cause death Birth Deformities -Causes of congineal deform Trisomy 21- Known as Down syndromes Spina Bifida- had an opening in spine Hydrocephalus- means water in head or brain Anencephaly- without brain Esophageal Atresia- closing or blockage of a normal canal opening. Duodenal Atresia- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)- a resuscitation is attempted when there is no heartbeat. DO NOT RESUSCITATE (DNR) Orders- Medical order, Signed by a physician that instructs healthcare workers NOT to resuscitate a person who has a cardiac arrest. Withdrawal of Life Sustaining Treatment Decisions to commence life prolonging treatment- gathering all money to treat Discontinuation- stopping Advance Directives- legal documents that comunicate a persons wishes about health care decisions in the event the parson becomes incapable of making health care decisions. -Living will is a legal document that a person uses to make known their wishes reagrding medical issues. -Euthanasia an “Assisted suicide” Types of Euthanasia Euthanasia by commission- positive act of causing death that is geared towards termination of pain and suffering. Euthanasia by ommission- negative act of causing death. Categories of Euthanasia -Voluntary Euthanasia -Non-Voluntary Euthanasia-Involuntary Euthanasia Active Euthanasia- when death is brought by an act. Passive Euthanasia- intentionally letting a patient die. Dysthanasia- refers to the undue prolongation of life and delay of the occurerence of natural death which in effect lengthens the suffering of the person. Persistent Vegetative States- permanent eyes open of unconsciousness. Suicide- is the direct, willful destructions of one’s own life. Determination Death must be made in accordance Physiological Definition *When the heart stops *Traditional definition Religious *Separation of body and soul Cellular Definition *disintegration and breakdown of the metabolic process of the bodys substance *cellular level Brain Death *everything is negative Cilinical Death *begins to set in 4-6min *heart stops pumping blood Biological Death *where the victims brain is damaged and cells in the victim’s heart, brain and other organs In-Vitro Fertilization- fertilization in glass (like korina sanchez) IVF- is a form of Assisted Reproductive Technology. Means special medical technique to get program. Stem Cells- serve as the bedrock for each organs and tissues of the body. Stem Cell Technology- converting basic human cells, The process of differsntiation involves transforming Stem Cell Research- understanding basic mechanisms Embryonic Stem cells- cells that derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells- refer to adult stem cells that have been reprogrammed in the lab to give them traits similar to the embryonic stem cells. Perinatal Stem Cells- amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus contains perinatal stem cells. Adult Stem Cells- stem cells can be found in many adult tissues, such as bone marrow and fat tissues. Mesenchymal Stem Cells- are adult stem cells that are present in the body since birth and can develop into a variety of cell types. Stem cell therapy, otherwise called regenrative medicine. This form of therapy might be utilized for a variety of purposes. Ex. *Neurons that have been injured by a spinal cord injury *Stroke *Parkinson’s disease *Alzhiemer’s diseass Ethics of Stem Cell Research 1.ETHICAL ISSUES ON DERIVING STEM CELLS AND THEIR SOURCE a.Use of human embriyonic stem cells for research of therapeutic response 2.ETHICAL ISSUES