Module 2 Bio Ethics PDF

NCM 108 Health Care Ethics MODULE 2 Dr. Sue S. Kalinawan, RN St. Dominic College of Asia TOPIC 1 ETHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT (PART 2) Kant's Ethics Ross's Ethics Rawl's Theory of Natural Law Ethics Justice IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)...

NCM 108 Health Care Ethics MODULE 2 Dr. Sue S. Kalinawan, RN St. Dominic College of Asia TOPIC 1 ETHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT (PART 2) Kant's Ethics Ross's Ethics Rawl's Theory of Natural Law Ethics Justice IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) Kant's A brilliant German thinker of great Ethics renown laid the foundations for his ethics in his short but influential Groundwork of the Methaphysic of Morals. Deontologism - "duty or obligation" Intuitionism - a matter of intent, motive, and will What makes an act moral as distinguished from a non- moral one? What is the difference between a person who acts morally and one who does not? Kant's maintains that one acts morally if and only he does whatever he is obliged to do.  Kant's Views and Concepts An act done in accord with duty and an act done from a sense of duty. - the essence of morality is to be found in the motive from which an act is done. Formulations of Categorical Imperative 1. "Act only on that maxim which Categorical Hypothetical you can use at the same time will become a universal law." 2. "Always act so as to treat humanity, either yourself or others, as an end and never as only a means." Two 1 Perfect People must always observe, Types of irrespective of time and place or circumstances. That a person Duties should not harm or inflict injury upon others is a perfect duty. 2 Imperfect People must observe only on some occasions. That a person should show love and compassion occasionally to others based on his choice is an imperfect duty.  Concept of the "will" Kant's concept of the will as autonomous and self-regulating has contributed a great deal to the understanding of autonomy as freedom of action. The reasons and justifications for Autonomous, one's decisions are one's own. self-regulating Mutual respect for autonomy will between persons in moral relations is the basis of justice.  It is always wrong to lie, no 1 matter what consequences may be the 2 Medical practitioners must always treat people as ends and not only as means 3 Good results never make an action morally right 4 Some rights should be recognized In Medical Context WILLIAM DAVID ROSS (1877-1971) Ross's A British Aristotelian scholar and moral Ethics philosopher presented a rule- deontological theory in his book The Right and the Good. Ross has recognized that there are exceptions to every rule, and in some situations, the latter must be set aside. For Ross, rightness and goodness are the only two moral properties. Ross's Views and Concepts If and when moral rules come into conflict in particular situations, how should one determine which applies?  Distinction Between Actual Duty and Prima Facie Duty Actual duty - one's real duty in a given situation. It is the action one Actual Duty Prima Facie ought to choose from among many Duty other actions. Prima facie duty - one that directs or commands what one ought to perform when other relevant factors are not taken into account.  1 Act in accordance with the stronger, more stringent, or Two more severe prima facie duty. Principles to Resolve Conflicting 2 Act in accordance with the Duties prima facie duty, which has a greater balance of rightness over wrongness compared to other prima facie duties.  Issue The problem with Ross's two-fold principle is that he does not instruct how to determine when one particular prima facie duty is more stringent than another, nor does he give a rule for settling the greater balance of prima facie rightness over wrongness between two conflicting duties. Moral Intuition For Ross, moral intuitions must be relied on as the ultimate guide in particular cases.  Learn and discern the facts 1 of the case 2 Consider the possible consequences of the actions 3 Reflect on the prima facie duties 4 Decide on the best course of action under the How To circumstances Resolve?  1 Duty of Fidelity 2 Duty of Reparation 3 Duty of Gratitude 7 Types of Prima Facie 4 Duty of Justice Duties  5 Duty of Beneficence 6 Duty of Self-Improvement 7 Duty of Non-Maleficence 7 Types of Prima Facie Duties... Ross's ethics encourages an individual to show discernment and sensitivity with regard to the unique aspects of varying situations before making a moral decision. It urges one to be judicious, prudent, and flexible in light of the facts at hand to explore the possible Moral Intuition consequences of one's decisions. One's moral guide should be not what is useful but what is right.  Rawl's JOHN RAWLS (1921-2002) Theory of A noted Harvard philosopher has attempted Justice to construct a brilliant synthesis of the strengths and the deontological views of Kant and Ross. He has built on both Kant's and Ross's fundamental notion of the ultimate dignity of human beings his concept of social morality, which serve as the basis of social justice.  Theory of Justice Every individual is inviolable. This inviolability, which is founded on justice, is so sacred that not even the general welfare of society can override and supersede it. Features of the Concept of JUSTICE The greater good to be shared by all members should not be used to justify the loss of freedom of others. INVIOLABLE ERRONEOUS THEORY An erroneous theory is tolerable in the absence of a good one. Liberties of equal citizenship INDIVIDUAL are of paramount importance LIBERTIES in a just society  1 Equal access to basic human rights and liberties. 2 Fair equality of opportunity and the equal distribution of socio-economic Principles inequalities. of Justice... Aware of the need for principles that bind and guide individuals in making moral decisions, Rawls cites four types of duties and he also mentions what he calls "natural duties". Justice in human relations His primary interest is justice and social morality.  1 Fairness in dealing with others 2 Fidelity 3 Respect for persons 4 Beneficence Four Types of Duties  1 The duty of justice 2 The duty of helping others in need or in jeopardy 3 The duty not to harm or injure others 4 The duty to keep promises Natural Duties ST. THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Natural Law A profound Italian philosopher and Ethics theologian, who gave the doctrine its most influential formulation and articulation in the 13th century. This ethical doctrine assumes many names by virtue of its historical development. Some call it Thomistic ethics; others label it as Scholastic ethics and others identify it as Christian ethics. Lastly, it is often known as natural law ethics.  Aquina's Views and Arguments In his view, the source of the moral law is reason itself. Reason recognizes the basic principle, "Do good, avoid evil." He used the term "synderesis" to describe this inherent capacity of every individual to distinguish the good from bad.  Voice of right reason or voice of conscience Interpreters of St. Thomas's moral doctrine regard right reason or the voice of reason as the moral norm as far as an individual's natural capacity to determine what is right from what is wrong (synderesis) is no MORAL less than the manifestation of PRINCIPLES the moral law.  1 Self-preservation 2 Just dealings with others Man's 3 Fold Natural 3 Propagation of species Inclination  1 The Object 2 The Circumstances 3 Determinants of Moral 3 The End or Purpose Action  The Double Effect Principle This principle applies to a situation in which a good effect and an evil effect will result from a good cause. One may perform a good MORAL action which could yield two PRINCIPLES effects, a good and evil one.  The Principle of Totality An individual has the right to cut off, mutilate, or remove any defective, worn-out, or non- functioning body part; dispose of his organs; or destroy their capacity to function "only as far as the general well-being of the whole body requires it." MORAL Under natural law ethics, people PRINCIPLES have the natural obligation to preserve not only their lives but also the integrity of their bodies.  1 The Principle Stewardship of 2 The Principle of Inviolability of Life the Other Moral Principles 3 The Principle of Sexuality and Procreation  On natural law ethical principles... allow babies suffering from serious birth deformities to die hasten the death of a person as a direct and primary intention; and What is morally wrong? perform acts that terminate the lives of the incurable End of Module 2 REFERENCES: 1. Health Care Ethics 4th Ed. Morrison & Furlong 2019 DR. SUE S. KALINAWAN, RN 2. Ethics of Healthcare 4th Ed. Edge & Groves 2019 3. Bioethics and Moral Decisions 2nd Ed. Timbreza 2021 Do not share w/o permission. 4. Ethics and Conflict 2nd Ed. (Philippine Edition) by Perrin & McGhee 2008