Bioe 20B-W1D2-Oct 3-ANNOTATED SLIDES (1) PDF

REMINDERS ANNOUNCEMENTS 1. Sections start this week; you will select your scientific papers and Tuesday, 10/3/24 review content 2. HW/Quizzes/Project assignments are due on Sunday by midnight Week 1, Day 2 with a 24-hour gr...

REMINDERS ANNOUNCEMENTS 1. Sections start this week; you will select your scientific papers and Tuesday, 10/3/24 review content 2. HW/Quizzes/Project assignments are due on Sunday by midnight Week 1, Day 2 with a 24-hour grace period Energetics & Metabolism Due this week: Homework 1, Quiz 1, Scientific Paper Choice Nutrition & Digestion TODAY’S AGENDA (8-9:35AM) Finish Homeostasis and Metabolism 5 min break Animal Fun Fact of the Day: Digestion Nutrition & Digestion What do you need from your diet? Regulation of Caloric Intake Digestion & Absorption Hormonal Control of Digestion and Blood Sugar Kahoot: Metabolism & Digestion What were the main topics we covered related to metabolism & energetics? What is metabolic rate? How do we measure metabolic rate? Bioenergetic Strategies How does temperature influence metabolic rate? How does body size influence metabolic rate?  On your boards… Which animal will use more energy per day? A B 3 Comparing 1 gram of tissue from each animal: which gram of tissue would use the most energy per day? A B C: They would use the same amount of energy 4 Bigger mammals are theorized to use energy more efficiency than smaller animals REVIEW: METABOLISM AND ENERGETICS Whole-body metabolic rate Body Size and Metabolic Rate elephant What is the relationship Kcals/day between body size and metabolic rate? mouse As body size increases, the Body size (kg) amount of energy required to maintain each Mass-specific metabolic rate mouse gram of tissue decreases What is mass specific vs. whole body Kcals/day*kg metabolic rate? elephant Where would you plot a mouse and elephant on these two graphs? Body size (kg) George the Elephant George = 4000 kg Weighs 4000kg. His whole body metabolic rate is 47,907 Kcals/ day. What is George’s mass specific metabolic rate? Divide the MR by the mass 47,907 Kcals/day / 4000 kg = 11.98 kcal/day * kg What does that mean? This is the mass-specific metabolic rate of George This is how much energy George is using per gram per day. 7  TAG TEAM TIME: With a partner, complete #1-11 on the next few slides. ~10 minutes REVIEW: PRACTICE QUESTIONS (SIMILAR TO HW) 1) Does the top graph to the right show whole body or mass specific metabolic rate? How do you know? Mass-specific metabolic rate (units of mass on y-axis) 2) On the top graph, label the lower critical temperature and the thermal neutral zone. TLC Takes energy to maintain body temp (37C) at lower environmental temp. 3) In the bottom graph, draw in the predicted shape you would expect to see for this animal. Dolphin is a Setpoint mammal = endotherm = thermal regulator Water temperature (oC) REVIEW: PRACTICE QUESTIONS 4) This graph is showing a. Mass specific metabolic rate b. Whole body metabolic rate c. You can’t tell from this graph 5) Based on this graph would you hypothesize that this animal is an a. An endothermic regulator b. An ectothermic conformer 6) Please provide your reasoning for your answer to number 2. Resting metabolic rate increases at environmental temperature increases (not bucket shaped) Fig. 2. Resting metabolic rate at different test ambient temperatures of adult male Phrynocephalus vlangalii from the two study sites. Different letters on the right side of white-filled squares represent significant differences between temperature treatments for the higher-elevation population (Tukey's test; a > b). (gray symbols: lower-elevation; white symbols: higher-elevation). Boxes represent the means of the data. REVIEW: PRACTICE QUESTIONS 7) What is field metabolic rate? Average MR over a period of time (day/week/season) 8) Is this graph showing you whole body or mass specific metabolic rate? Whole-body MR (no units of mass on y-axis) 9) What kind of scale is on the x and y axis? Why is this scale useful in this case? Logarithmic scale (log-log); allows us to make comparison between wide range in values (small to large numbers) 10) Why might reptiles fall so far below the line for birds and mammals? Ectotherms = energetically less expensive lifestyle (get most heat from the environment) 11) For a 100 gram reptile and a 100 gram mammal, what would the FMR be for each animal? Reptile = 10 kJ/day (use green triangle trendline) Mammal = 100 kJ/day (use black circle trendline)  Key Concepts for CH 39: Surface Area to Volume, Bioenergetics, Metabolism, Homeostasis What did we learn? How does surface area and volume change with body size A student should be able to tell the difference between whole body metabolic rate and mass- specific metabolic rate Students should be able to identify the 4 tissue types in animals and give examples of them. Students will be able to tell the difference between regulating and conforming strategies. Students should be able to define and give an example of an endotherm and an ectotherm. Students should be able to define homeostasis and give an example 12  5-min Break! Attendance Time Scan the QR code or go to https://tinyurl.com/W1D2Oct3 to answer the following question: 1) Is homeostasis the same as equilibrium? Why or why not? (This will be used for taking attendance today.)  The Need to Feed: Nutrition & Digestion DIGESTIVE EXTREMES IN NATURE Animal Fun Fact of the Day Wombats feces is cube-shaped! Intestinal walls are irregular and form cubes in the compacting process DIGESTIVE EXTREMES IN NATURE Animal Fun Fact of the Day Wombats feces is cube-shaped! Intestinal walls are irregular and form cubes in the compacting process  KeyKey Concepts forToday Concepts for Today 1. What do you need from your diet? 2. Regulation of Caloric Intake 3. Digestion & Absorption 4. Hormonal Control of Digestion and Blood Sugar REVIEW: ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS What is an essential nutrient? -Something our body needs that must come from the diet Ex: vitamins and minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, etc. Ex: folic acid in pregnant people, taurine in cats for heart health Why is fat considered a better storage fuel that carbohydrate? -Fats are more calorically dense (energy-rich); fat = 9 kcal/g vs. carb = 4 kcal/g -Fats are not stored with water (hydrophobic) In the video, Dr. Dunkin reviewed an abstract about males who were fed an arginine free diet. What was the outcome? Why was this important? -Sperm count and viability decreased; essential nutrient for viable sperm production -We still don’t know all of the essential nutrients our body needs  KeyKey Concepts forToday Concepts for Today 1. What do you need from your diet? 2. Regulation of Caloric Intake 3. Digestion & Absorption 4. Hormonal Control of Digestion and Blood Sugar REVIEW: LEPTIN Partner 1 practice explaining what is Partner 2 practice explaining what is happening in A happening in B A B REVIEW: LEPTIN A = Fat is high à leptin is high so appetite is low B = Fat is low à Leptin is low so appetite is high (metabolic rate is high) (metabolic rate is low) A B ANNOTATION: A technique for systematically reading and deeply understanding a scientific (or other) text. - underline words you don’t know - translate sentences into plain language - make connections REVIEW: LEPTIN 1. What cells secrete the hormone leptin? Fat (adipose cells) secrete leptin in proportion to amount of fat cells present 2. What is the relationship between fat mass and leptin concentration in the blood in NORMAL people (mice)? What about in ob/ob mice? High fat mass = high serum leptin levels ob/ob mice or humans = leptin levels low (because not producing it) 3. When leptin levels are low, what happens to metabolic rate and appetite? Appetite increased and metabolic rate decreased to conserve energy for survival (rather than for exploring or finding mates) REVIEW: LEPTIN 4. Draw a graph for body fat and normal leptin levels 5. Add two points for the children with the defective leptin gene. Draw a hypothesis for what this graph would look like based on the abstract that you read REVIEW: LEPTIN The two dots are the children with the defective gene.  KeyKey Concepts forToday Concepts for Today 1. What do you need from your diet? 2. Regulation of Caloric Intake 3. Digestion & Absorption 4. Hormonal Control of Digestion and Blood Sugar REVIEW: DIGESTION & ABSORPTION What is the difference between digestion and absorption? Digestion = breaking down of polymers into monomers ex: proteins à amino acids ex: polysaccharides à monosaccharides ex: triglycerides à fatty acids and monoglycerides Absorption = crossing of monomers through the cell membrane into the bloodstream  Organ Study recommendation Function Secretes digestive enzymes Esophagus Salivary glands Stores bile until needed Rectum Site of most digestion & Gallbladder absorption Liver Small Obtain & processes food Large intestine Absorbs some water & intestine minerals; prepare for defecation Oral cavity Pancreas Produces bile to assist in fat Pharynx digestion Anus Stores food; mechanical digestion; digests some proteins Stomach Draw a diagram that puts these structure in the order in which food would pass through or by them. Then match structure and function. REVIEW: DIGESTION & ABSORPTION Organ Function Oral cavity Obtain and processes food Salivary Secrete saliva glands Partner 1 practice explaining what is Pharynx Pathway to esophagus happening in upper half Esophagus Transports food to stomach Stomach Stores food; mechanical disruption; digests some proteins Pancreas Secretes digestive enzymes Liver Produces bile to assist in fat digestion Gallbladder Stores bile until needed Small Site of most digestion Partner 2 practice explaining what is intestine and absorption happening in the bottom half Large Absorbs some water intestine and mineral; prepare for defecation Rectum Anus Excretes wastes (b) REVIEW: DIGESTION & ABSORPTION Organ Function Oral cavity Obtain and Mouth = break down of sugars (amylase) processes food and fats (lipase) Salivary Secrete saliva glands Pharynx Pathway to esophagus Stomach = break down of proteins via gastrin, HCl and pepsin Esophagus Transports food to stomach Stomach Stores food; mechanical disruption; digests Small intestine = chyme neutralized (bicarbonate) some proteins accessory organs facilitate Pancreas Secretes digestive Duodenum, more digestion enzymes Jejunum, -site of most absorption (high SA) Liver Produces bile to assist Ileum in fat digestion Gallbladder Stores bile until needed Small Site of most digestion intestine and absorption Large Absorbs some water Large intestine = absorbs water via aquaporins intestine and mineral; prepare for defecation Rectum Anus Anus = excretes fecal matter Excretes wastes (b) DISCUSS: DIGESTION & ABSORPTION Why do you think herbivores have longer small intestines compared to carnivores? Plant matter takes longer to digest and absorb nutrients from; carnivores need to be able to digest and absorb rotting flesh rapidly REVIEW: DIGESTION & ABSORPTION