Biology 20B Study Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between whole body metabolic rate and mass-specific metabolic rate?

  • Whole body metabolic rate is independent of body size, while mass-specific varies significantly with size.
  • Whole body metabolic rate is averaged across various individuals, while mass-specific is measured solely in one individual.
  • Whole body metabolic rate considers total energy use regardless of size, while mass-specific accounts for energy use per unit mass. (correct)
  • Whole body metabolic rate is measured in calories per hour, while mass-specific is in calories per gram.

    • Which tissue type in animals is primarily responsible for coordination and communication?

  • Nervous tissue (correct)
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue

    • In the context of body temperature regulation, which characteristic is typical of an ectotherm?

  • Has a high metabolic rate leading to high heat production.
  • Maintains a constant internal temperature regardless of the environment.
  • Relies primarily on environmental heat sources for body temperature. (correct)
  • Can adapt its metabolism significantly based on dietary changes.

    • How does the surface area to volume ratio change as body size increases?

    <p>Volume increases at a faster rate than surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an endotherm in comparison to an ectotherm during cold environmental conditions?

    <p>The endotherm maintains stable body temperature due to metabolic heat production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a plot of mass-specific metabolic rate versus body mass typically reveal?

    <p>A decreasing trend where smaller animals have higher mass-specific rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the oxyhemoglobin saturation graph, what represents a condition of decreased oxygen affinity?

    <p>A rightward shift of the curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the water potential in a plant system?

    <p>Water potential = Solute potential + Pressure potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of carbon for most plants?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do arbuscular mycorrhizae play in plant mutualism?

    <p>They enhance nutrient uptake for the plant in exchange for carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the pressure potential component of water potential?

    <p>It can be positive or zero and is influenced by turgor pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that plants rely more on cell expansion than cell division compared to animals?

    <p>Cell wall rigidity allows plants to expand readily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of heat for endotherms?

    <p>Metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the transpiration-cohesion-tension theory, what primarily causes water to be pulled upward in plants?

    <p>Evaporation of water from leaves creating a negative pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the balance an organism maintains within its internal environment?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process do polymers break down into monomers?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between absorption and digestion?

    <p>Digestion involves enzyme activity, while absorption involves nutrient transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the terms hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic refer to?

    <p>Osmotic pressure relative to another solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the function of the Loop of Henle?

    <p>It plays a key role in urine concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method animals use to manage osmoregulation?

    <p>Concentration of urine beyond body fluid osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the type of digestive fuel and site of digestion vary among major organs?

    <p>All fuels are absorbed in the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Type I diabetes from Type II diabetes?

    <p>Type I diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does alcohol have on urine output in relation to ADH levels?

    <p>Alcohol increases urine output by inhibiting ADH secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of water in photosynthesis?

    <p>To supply electrons during the light reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pacemaker of the heart?

    <p>To conduct electrical impulses to the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is most directly linked to the enlargement of cells in phototropism?

    <p>Movement of auxin to the light-exposed side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does rubisco function in the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>It fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an action potential travel unidirectionally along a neuron?

    <p>By creating a positive feedback loop during depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sickle-cell anemia have on oxygen transport?

    <p>It leads to reduced oxygen transport due to abnormal red blood cell shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant reproduction, what distinguishes a monoecious species from a dioecious one?

    <p>Monoecious plants have both reproductive organs on the same individual, while dioecious have them on separate individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve illustrate?

    <p>The relationship between hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process of double fertilization in plants?

    <p>One sperm cell fertilizes the egg and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the trade-off in size seen in relation to surface area and volume in organisms?

    <p>Surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following denotes an ectotherm?

    <p>A reptile that relies on environmental heat sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in living organisms?

    <p>It influences the rate of heat loss or gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does chlorophyll serve in the photosystem?

    <p>It absorbs light energy for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of metabolism, what distinguishes ectotherm conformers from endotherm regulators?

    <p>Ectotherms rely on external heat sources, while endotherms produce their own heat through metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During negative pressure breathing, which happens in mammals?

    <p>Diaphragm contraction increases lung volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does myelin play in neurons?

    <p>It insulates axons to speed up signal transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the reaction center of a photosystem?

    <p>Electrons are ejected and sent to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water potential play in plant function?

    <p>It aids in the expansion and turgidity of plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components contribute to the water potential equation in plants?

    <p>Solute potential and pressure potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the oxyhemoglobin saturation graph, what does a right shift indicate?

    <p>Decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary distinction between ectotherm conformers and endotherm regulators?

    <p>Endotherms maintain stable internal temperature through metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area to volume ratio change with increasing organism size?

    <p>It decreases, which can limit gas exchange and waste elimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plants prefer to use cell expansion rather than cell division for growth compared to animals?

    <p>Cell expansion allows plants to efficiently adapt to environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area to volume ratio change as an organism increases in size?

    <p>Volume increases faster than surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the relationship of metabolic rates with body mass for endotherms?

    <p>A decreasing curve as body mass increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the oxyhemoglobin saturation graph illustrate about oxygen affinity under various conditions?

    <p>High levels of carbon dioxide decrease oxygen affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of temperature regulation, how do ectotherm conformers primarily function in relation to environmental temperature?

    <p>Their body temperature fluctuates with environmental temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes endotherms from ectotherms in terms of thermoregulation?

    <p>Endotherms generate their own heat through metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the shape of the SA:Vol curve change when comparing smaller to larger organisms?

    <p>It shows a hyperbolic decrease for larger organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the metabolic rates of mass-specific and whole-body rates differ in animals?

    <p>Mass-specific rates decrease with increasing body mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship between the length of the Loop of Henle and a kidney's concentrating ability?

    <p>Longer loops enhance the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ectotherm conformers differ functionally from endotherm regulators?

    <p>Endotherm regulators actively maintain a stable internal temperature despite environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'surface area to volume ratio' imply for larger organisms?

    <p>Larger organisms have a lower surface area to volume ratio, affecting their heat retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the water potential in plant cells?

    <p>Solute concentration and pressure potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood sugar regulation, which hormone primarily lowers blood glucose levels after a meal?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an oxyhemoglobin saturation graph, what does a rightward shift typically indicate?

    <p>Increased temperatures or decreased oxygen affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of metabolic processes in endothermic organisms?

    <p>To generate internal heat for temperature regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes ectotherm conformers from endotherm regulators?

    <p>Ectotherm conformers are dependent on environmental temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of osmoregulation in animals?

    <p>To balance the internal osmotic pressure relative to the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area to volume ratio impact the metabolism of larger organisms?

    <p>Metabolism decreases with size due to a lower surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the absorption process in the digestive system?

    <p>It occurs exclusively through cellular membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of rubisco in plant metabolism?

    <p>It fixes carbon dioxide during the Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism represents a common way lipids are transported across epithelial cells?

    <p>Simple diffusion through cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of ectotherm conformers in relation to temperature?

    <p>They rely on external heat sources to regulate body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in surface area to volume ratio have on physiological processes?

    <p>Decreased heat loss and gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Type I diabetes from Type II diabetes?

    <p>Type I is characterized by insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does metabolism in larger animals differ from that in smaller animals?

    <p>Larger animals typically have slower metabolism rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the consequence of mutations affecting water potential mechanisms in plants?

    <p>Disruption of photosynthesis and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between water potential and auxin in plants?

    <p>Water potential alterations influence cell enlargement through auxin distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the water potential equation primarily account for?

    <p>Solute potential and pressure potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Decreased oxygen affinity due to lower pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains the difference between ectotherm conformers and endotherm regulators?

    <p>Ectotherms rely on environmental temperatures, while endotherms maintain a stable internal temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area to volume ratio affect metabolic processes in organisms?

    <p>A higher ratio enhances the rate of heat exchange with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily illustrated by the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>The relationship between hemoglobin saturation and oxygen availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of metabolic rates, how do ectotherm conformers typically differ from endotherm regulators?

    <p>Ectotherm conformers may exhibit fluctuating metabolic rates while endotherm regulators maintain consistent rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the steep part of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve were shallower?

    <p>Oxygen saturation would be less sensitive to changes in partial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for understanding how metabolic rates differ across species?

    <p>Body surface area in relation to volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does an increased solute concentration have on water potential in plant systems?

    <p>It lowers the water potential due to decreased solute potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of high blood pressure on the circulatory system?

    <p>It can cause damage to blood vessel walls over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant primarily undergoes meiosis to generate spores?

    <p>Anther</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproductive structure do monoecious plants exhibit?

    <p>Flowers containing both male and female parts on the same flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of plant reproduction, which statement accurately describes dioecious plants?

    <p>They have separate male and female flowers on different plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction in flowering plants?

    <p>It promotes genetic diversity, enhancing adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of the plant life cycle is characterized by having two sets of chromosomes?

    <p>Sporophyte stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene combinations lead to the specification of sepals and petals?

    <p>AA and AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic prevents A and C genes from forming a dimer?

    <p>Lack of complementary binding sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene combination results in the formation of carpels?

    <p>CC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two gene classes can be combined to produce stamens?

    <p>B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical gene classes, such as B and B, are combined?

    <p>They form a non-functional dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of organ formation, how does the expression of gene combinations differ across whorls?

    <p>Unique combinations result in the development of various organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't the gene combinations BB and AC generate an organ?

    <p>They do not fit together correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a perfect flower?

    <p>Contains both male and female parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a flower that has both male and female flowers on the same plant?

    <p>Monoecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the flowering process in plants?

    <p>Internal size of phytomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main organs of a flower?

    <p>Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure do both male and female floral organs typically exist?

    <p>Perfect flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes an imperfect flower?

    <p>Contains only one gender's reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor does NOT typically trigger flowering in plants?

    <p>Soil pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'whorls' in the context of flower structure?

    <p>Circular arrangements of floral organs around the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of organ identity genes in flower development?

    <p>They establish the identity and arrangement of floral organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following floral traits is most likely found in a dioecious plant?

    <p>Separate male and female plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do C4 and CAM plants specifically utilize to aid in carbon fixation?

    <p>PEP for carbon fixation separated by space or time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the plant do C3 plants primarily fix CO2?

    <p>Mesophyll cells through the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes CAM plants?

    <p>They fix CO2 into four-carbon molecules at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is primarily responsible for carbon fixation in C3 plants?

    <p>Rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the spatial and temporal separation of carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants?

    <p>C4 plants fix CO2 in mesophyll and separate products in bundle-sheath cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

    <p>To convert light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes C4 plants?

    <p>They're designed to concentrate CO2 in bundle sheath cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the reaction center play in photosynthesis?

    <p>It contains chlorophyll a and facilitates electron transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately reflects photorespiration?

    <p>Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2 during this process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CAM plants differ from C3 and C4 plants in their adaptation to hot climates?

    <p>They use PEP to concentrate CO2 at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of C3 plants in contrast to C4 and CAM plants?

    <p>They are more susceptible to photorespiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is exclusively involved in the photosynthetic light reactions?

    <p>ATP and NADPH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do C4 plants produce as a primary four-carbon compound during photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is crucial for the fixation of carbon in C4 plants during the initial step?

    <p>PEP carboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CAM plants utilize CO2 differently from C4 and C3 plants?

    <p>They absorb CO2 only at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what cellular location is Rubisco found in C4 plants?

    <p>Bundle-sheath cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of C4 and CAM plants over C3 plants in hot and dry environments?

    <p>They have specialized adaptations to reduce photorespiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is not produced by the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes CAM plants from C4 plants in their carbon fixation strategy?

    <p>C4 plants separate the pathways spatially, while CAM plants separate them temporally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>It catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction between C3 and C4 photosynthesis regarding CO2 fixation?

    <p>C4 plants fix CO2 before it enters the Calvin Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition significantly influences whether some C3 plants can adopt a CAM pathway?

    <p>Temperature and precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the key enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>To fix carbon from CO2 into an organic molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the stages of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of photosynthesis is glucose primarily produced?

    <p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of C4 plants compared to C3 plants in photosynthesis?

    <p>They have a specialized pathway that minimizes photorespiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle take place?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>Convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>It fixes carbon dioxide to produce organic sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tradeoff occurs when stomata open during photosynthesis?

    <p>Carbon dioxide enters the leaf but water is lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions take place?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function is associated with auxin in plants?

    <p>Promotion of stem elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of light is most effective for promoting phototropism in plants?

    <p>Red light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for cell enlargement in response to auxin?

    <p>Increased water uptake and cell turgor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants primarily detect and respond to the quality of light?

    <p>Using photoreceptors that respond to specific light wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a role in the differentiation of vascular tissue in plants?

    <p>Brassinosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of auxin in plants?

    <p>Stimulates cell elongation on the shaded side of the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily describes how plants respond to light direction?

    <p>Phototropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'coleoptile' refer to in the context of plant growth?

    <p>The outer sheath of a young shoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of placing the agar block with auxin on only one side of the stem?

    <p>It demonstrates differential growth and bending towards light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Frits Went's experiment contribute to the understanding of plant hormones?

    <p>It established the chemical movement of hormones in response to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when H+ ions bind to clay, enhancing nutrient availability for plants?

    <p>Cation exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ectomycorrhizal fungi benefit woody plants?

    <p>By increasing root surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does rhizobia bacteria play in symbiosis with legumes?

    <p>They break down triple-bonded nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of macronutrients for plants?

    <p>They are essential for growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key mechanism allows plant roots to absorb more nutrients from the soil?

    <p>Pumping of H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient type relies on clay particles for effective absorption through cation exchange?

    <p>Macronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do negatively charged clay particles play in soil health?

    <p>They enhance water retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary difference between macronutrients and micronutrients for plants?

    <p>Macronutrients are needed in larger quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a mycorrhizal association, what benefit does the plant gain from the fungus?

    <p>Enhanced nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rhizobia bacteria contribute to plant nutrition?

    <p>By converting atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when guard cells become flaccid?

    <p>The stomata close to conserve water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers rapid changes in turgor pressure in guard cells?

    <p>Blue light affecting ion movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water potential primarily change within guard cells when they are turgid?

    <p>It becomes more negative as water enters the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism explains how sugars are transported in plants?

    <p>Pressure flow model relying on water potential changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of potassium ions rushing into guard cells?

    <p>Turgor pressure in guard cells increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of water into phloem during sugar transport?

    <p>More negative water potential in the phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on water potential in phloem when sugar is deposited into a sink cell?

    <p>Water potential becomes less negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of girdling, which outcome can occur if a trunk is girdled?

    <p>Trees starve and potentially die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is turgor pressure essential for plant cells?

    <p>It supports the plant structure by maintaining cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water movement in xylem during the process of sugar loading into phloem?

    <p>Water is drawn from xylem due to decreased potential in phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of epidermal tissue in plants?

    <p>Water retention and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of vascular tissue is responsible for transporting water and minerals?

    <p>Tracheids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of ground tissue in plants?

    <p>Provides structural support and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cell maturity affect the function of plant tissues?

    <p>Mature cells become more specialized for specific functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of meristematic tissue in plants?

    <p>Cell division and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients in plants?

    <p>Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional role do companion cells play in phloem tissue?

    <p>Assist sieve tubes in transporting nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do spongy mesophyll cells contribute to a leaf's function?

    <p>They allow for gas exchange through air spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of growth is primarily characterized by cell elongation in plants?

    <p>Primary growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cuticle in plant leaves?

    <p>To prevent water loss and desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which locations in a plant does cell division primarily occur?

    <p>At tips of roots and shoots and lateral meristems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ground tissue is responsible for photosynthesis in leaves?

    <p>Parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for structural support in younger stems and leaves?

    <p>Collenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes secondary growth from primary growth in plants?

    <p>Cell division occurs only in lateral meristems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the rapid series of cell divisions after fertilization?

    <p>Changes in ion fluxes across the egg membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of cell division immediately following fertilization known as?

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary event of gastrulation in mammals?

    <p>Establishment of germ layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of human development does implantation typically occur?

    <p>Day 6-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During organogenesis, which of the following is primarily developed from the ectoderm?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the trophoblast during implantation?

    <p>To facilitate the blastocyst’s integration into the uterine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the inner cell mass will ultimately become the embryo?

    <p>Epiblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the blastocoel contribute to the process of gastrulation?

    <p>It allows for cell movement to form germ layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer is responsible for the development of the circulatory system and skeleton?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of chorionic villi during implantation?

    <p>To increase surface area for maternal blood contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to the embryonic tissue split, what significant role does the trophoblast play?

    <p>It secretes adhesion molecules and proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of cell division during the early stages of development?

    <p>It is asynchronous and can be slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell layer is the outermost in a developing embryo?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event follows the formation of the blastocyst in early embryonic development?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the inner cell mass at the 32 cell stage?

    <p>It contains cells that will become the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transcription factors in development?

    <p>Determining the fate of a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes the specific pattern of gene expression that leads to the development of distinct cell types?

    <p>Differential Gene Expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of development, what does the term 'cell potency' refer to?

    <p>The general potential of cells to differentiate into various cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do morphogens influence the development of an organism?

    <p>By establishing concentration gradients that dictate cell fate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gene cascade during development?

    <p>To initiate a sequential activation of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can give rise to any cell type during development?

    <p>Totipotent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves setting the fate of a cell before it undergoes differentiation?

    <p>Determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developmental biology, which term describes a cell's ability to become multiple cell types?

    <p>Potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of morphogens in development?

    <p>To regulate gene cascades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stem cells are capable of differentiating into several related cell types?

    <p>Multipotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism behind differential gene expression in cells?

    <p>Cytoplasmic segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During differentiation, what term describes the actual process of a cell becoming a specific type of cell?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between pluripotent and multipotent stem cells?

    <p>Pluripotent can form any cell type, while multipotent can form several related types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are primarily responsible for activating specific genes in developmental pathways?

    <p>Transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of cell induction refer to in the context of development?

    <p>The stimulation of cells to differentiate under the influence of neighboring cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sodium (Na+) voltage-gated channels in the generation of action potentials?

    <p>To initiate depolarization by allowing Na+ to flow into the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the resting membrane potential of a neuron maintain itself at approximately -60 mV?

    <p>Through the action of K+ leak channels that allow K+ ions to exit the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the synaptic terminal of a neuron when an action potential reaches this area?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are released, causing a response in the next neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of positive feedback during an action potential?

    <p>It amplifies the initial depolarization by opening more Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the flow of signals through a neuron upon sensory stimulation?

    <p>Signal moves from dendrites to the axon terminal along the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does myelin sheath have in neuronal function?

    <p>It separates opposite charges to reduce attraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the size of a neuron affect the speed of action potentials?

    <p>Larger neurons conduct action potentials faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an inhibitory drug on the resting membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>It creates hyperpolarization, making action potential generation more difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes how neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does a myelin sheath have on the transmission of action potentials?

    <p>It enables saltatory conduction by allowing APs to jump from node to node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the resting membrane potential established in a neuron?

    <p>Higher concentration of potassium ions inside than outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an action potential travel down an unmyelinated neuron?

    <p>The action potential travels continuously without interruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the node of Ranvier have on action potentials?

    <p>It allows for unidirectional conduction of the action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the depolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>An influx of sodium ions into the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does action potential propagation have on synaptic transmission?

    <p>It induces the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during negative pressure breathing in mammals?

    <p>Air is drawn into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vital capacity in respiratory terms?

    <p>The maximum tidal volume during forced breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes residual volume?

    <p>Air volume that remains in the lungs after full exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do volume and pressure change when inhaling?

    <p>Volume increases and pressure decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tidal volume in the context of respiration?

    <p>The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a left-shifted hemoglobin curve for a fetus?

    <p>Higher affinity for oxygen to prioritize oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cooperation in oxygen-hemoglobin saturation impact oxygen delivery?

    <p>It increases oxygen release from hemoglobin when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of llama hemoglobin allows it to thrive in high-altitude environments?

    <p>It has a different amino acid sequence resulting in higher affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves, what does a left shift in the curve indicate for Covid patients?

    <p>Preservation of oxygen for vital organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does surfactant play in the alveoli during gas exchange?

    <p>It helps maintain alveolar stability by reducing surface tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals would most likely have a left-shifted oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>An animal adapted to high altitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism driving the movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood in the lungs?

    <p>Diffusion due to concentration gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT characteristic of the closed circulatory system?

    <p>Blood is mixed with oxygen in the open spaces of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the lungs during negative pressure breathing?

    <p>The intrapleural pressure becomes more negative, drawing air in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ECG indicates a first-degree AV block?

    <p>PR interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Type I heart block, how does the electrical signal behave before a skipped beat occurs?

    <p>It gets slower and slower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle primarily corresponds to depolarization of the ventricles?

    <p>ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the SA node primarily play in the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>It initiates and regulates the heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart block is characterized by the pattern of failure to conduct an impulse, but also has occasional successful transmissions?

    <p>Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

    <p>To transmit electrical signals quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract?

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrical change corresponds to depolarization in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>An influx of sodium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart?

    <p>To initiate the heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a third-degree heart block?

    <p>Complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during diastole in the heart?

    <p>Ventricles fill with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change signals repolarization in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Potassium ions exiting the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order do the electrical signals travel through the heart during contraction?

    <p>SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increased total area have on blood pressure?

    <p>Decreases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

    <p>To filter blood plasma creating filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons are unique because they allow for the:

    <p>Concentration of urine above body fluid osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does secretion play in kidney function?

    <p>It selectively adds substances to the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmoregulation is critical for maintaining which aspect of homeostasis?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the structure of the nephron?

    <p>Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle than juxtamedullary nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily establishes the concentration gradient in the medulla?

    <p>Salts are actively pumped out of the ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the descending limb of the loop of Henle become concentrated with salt?

    <p>It is permeable to water but not to salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the vasa recta play in the kidney's function?

    <p>They maintain the concentration gradient by carrying away water and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the kidney is urine primarily concentrated?

    <p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the loop of Henle function as a counter-current multiplier?

    <p>Each side of the limb aids in the osmotic difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of water leaving the descending limb on the concentration gradient?

    <p>It enhances the gradient by increasing salt concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nephron structure is crucial for creating the osmotic gradient in the medulla?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the filtrate as it passes through the collecting duct?

    <p>It becomes more concentrated as water is reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of active transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>To pump salts out into the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is urine not concentrated in the loop of Henle itself?

    <p>Concentration only occurs in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by the field metabolic rate (FMR)?

    <p>Average MR over a seasonal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the resting metabolic rate (RMR) respond to increasing environmental temperatures?

    <p>RMR shows a significant linear increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes endothermic regulators from ectothermic conformers?

    <p>Endothermic regulators maintain a stable internal temperature despite external changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scale is used to represent the values on the axes in metabolic rate graphs?

    <p>Logarithmic scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the metabolic rates of reptiles compared to birds and mammals?

    <p>Reptiles are generally more energy efficient due to their ectothermic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate George's mass-specific metabolic rate?

    <p>Total calories burned per day divided by body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass-specific metabolic rate differ from whole body metabolic rate?

    <p>Mass-specific metabolic rate considers body mass, while whole body metabolic rate does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the relationship between the thermal neutral zone and energy expenditure?

    <p>It represents a range where no extra energy is needed for temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energetic advantage do endotherms have in cold environments compared to ectotherms?

    <p>Endotherms can maintain a stable body temperature using metabolic rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If George the Elephant weighs 4000 kg and has a mass-specific metabolic rate of 11.98 kcal/day * kg, what is his total daily energy expenditure?

    <p>47,907 Kcals/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could a person infer if a graph shows a steep increase in metabolic rate as environmental temperature decreases?

    <p>The animal is endothermic and can regulate its body temperature through metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of thermal regulation, what role does the lower critical temperature play?

    <p>It represents the temperature below which additional energy is required to maintain body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential challenge for ectotherms in maintaining metabolic functions?

    <p>They rely heavily on external temperature to manage body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased mass-specific metabolic rate often indicate about an organism's behavior or activity levels?

    <p>The organism is actively foraging or undergoing substantial physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

    <p>To secrete and absorb nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of muscle tissue relate to its function?

    <p>Muscular fibers composed of myofibrils enable motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue type primarily serves as energy storage in the body?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to nervous tissue compared to other tissue types?

    <p>It processes and transmits information through specialized cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue functions in protection and can be found in multiple layers?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissues in animals?

    <p>Providing structural support and connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of epithelial tissue relate to its function?

    <p>Its cells are tightly packed to form protective barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of tissue primarily aids in maintaining homeostasis within the body?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of surface area to volume ratio in animal tissues?

    <p>It affects nutrient absorption and metabolic efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is responsible for storing energy and insulating the body?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of animal tissues?

    <p>Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous, Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do muscle tissues contribute to an animal's homeostasis?

    <p>By generating heat through contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type is primarily involved in the rapid transmission of signals throughout the body?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of connective tissue is crucial for its function in energy metabolism?

    <p>The presence of blood vessels for nutrient transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do specialized tissues impact the overall function of an animal?

    <p>They enable the organism to adapt to various environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does understanding the relationship between structure and function aid in evolutionary biology?

    <p>It showcases adaptations in various species over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue in animals is primarily responsible for movement?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as an animal increases in size?

    <p>The ratio decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do smaller animals primarily manage heat compared to larger animals?

    <p>They dissipate heat faster due to a larger surface area to volume ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the surface area to volume ratio in physiological processes?

    <p>It affects nutrient absorption rates in small animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of surface to volume ratio primarily influence in organisms?

    <p>The ability to exchange materials with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stratified squamous tissue in animals?

    <p>Protection against abrasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for absorption and secretion in animal organs?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the relationship between structure and function in biology?

    <p>Structure and function are interdependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits the exchange processes of single-celled organisms compared to multicellular organisms?

    <p>They lack specialized tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the size of an organism a critical factor concerning surface to volume ratios?

    <p>Larger organisms have less effective material exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of tissues primarily conducts impulses and coordinates body activities?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge faced by larger animals in relation to their surface to volume ratio?

    <p>Decreased ability to exchange gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a key characteristic of specialized tissues in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Specialized tissues enhance the efficiency of biological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bio 20B Study Notes

    • Surface Area to Volume Ratio:

      • Students can identify the shape of the SA:Vol curve vs. body size.
      • Students can plot SA and Vol separately.
      • Given values, students can calculate SA:Vol.
      • Students can apply SA:Vol to a body (volume=heat production; surface area=heat loss).
      • Students can differentiate between whole-body metabolic rate and mass-specific metabolic rate.
      • Students identify and label units on graphs for SA:Vol, metabolic rate, and mass.
      • Students can calculate these variables and graph them.
      • Students can describe the relationship visually.

    • Bioenergetics and Metabolism:

      • Students should identify 4 animal tissue types and provide examples.
      • Students need to differentiate between regulatory and conforming strategies.
      • Students can create graphs of body temperature vs. environmental temperature (regulator vs. conformer).
      • Students can define and give examples of endotherms and ectotherms.
      • Endotherms get heat from metabolism; ectotherms get heat from the environment.
      • Students should understand homeostasis is not limited to temperature.

    • Digestive System:

      • Describe major organs in the digestive system and where specific fuels are digested and absorbed.
      • Understand the difference between digestion (breaking polymers into monomers) and absorption (crossing cell membranes).

    • Osmoregulation and Excretory System:

      • Animals break down nitrogenous waste products into different products with varying energy expenditure and water-saving properties.
      • Different osmotic adaptations depend on the environment.
      • Students understand the terms hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic.
      • Given an organism and its environment, predict water movement and organismal adaptations.
      • Describe the nephron and urine formation steps.
      • Explain why fish cannot concentrate urine beyond body fluid osmolarity, but birds and mammals can.
      • Explain how alcohol and ADH affect urine output.

    • Circulatory System:

      • Students need to know the difference between open and closed circulatory systems (single/double circuits).
      • Students should draw and understand the contraction cycle and EKG.
      • Students need to understand the heart's pacemaker and electrical conduction system (AV node, bundle of His).
      • Students should know the heart anatomy and blood vessels. Trace blood flow in the mammalian heart.
      • Students should know blood pressure equation (cardiac output, TPR).

    • Respiratory System:

      • Students should describe negative pressure breathing and respiration anatomy in mammals.
      • Describe the components of blood and red blood cell anatomy.
      • Describe hemoglobin as a molecule and its purpose.
      • Draw and interpret an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (shifts).
      • Explain the effect of conditions and cooperate with hemoglobin.
      • Explain sickle cell anemia's impact on oxygen transport.
      • Describe fetal hemoglobin.
      • Describe altitude's effects.

    • Nervous System: -Diagram basic neuron anatomy. -Understand the blood-brain barrier and its role in the nervous system. -Understand the role of myelin. -Understand the purpose of an action potential. -Explain electrochemical gradients and action potential establishment.

      • Accurately describe the five components of the action potential.
      • Describe why an action potential travels in one direction. -Graph an action potential, and explain the spatial aspect. -Understand neurotransmitters and their general function. -Explain the mechanisms of action of drugs.

    • Musculoskeletal System:

      • Describe the neuromuscular junction and the role of acetylcholine. -Describe muscle anatomy (thick/thin filaments). -Describe sliding filament theory. -What shortens during muscle contraction? -What role does calcium play in muscle contractions?

    • Animal Development: -Describe determination and differentiation. -Explain differential gene expression, cytoplasmic segregation, and induction (DGE). -Explain a morphogen gradient. -Describe morphogen gradient in Drosophila. -What are hox genes? -Describe an organizer. -Differentiate between induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells.

    • Plant Structure and Function: -List plant cell types/tissues and give their properties. -Diagram cross-sections of plant parts (leaf, stem, root). -Know the differences in plant tissues in monocots and eudicots. -Describe the function and location of meristems. -Describe secondary growth (lateral meristems). -Explain why plants rely more on expansion than division.

    • Water and Sugar Transport: -Use water potential equation. -Describe components of water potential (solute and pressure). -Describe guard cell function & water potential's role in opening/closing stomates. -Describe the transpiration-cohesion-tension theory. -Describe water transport in plants. -Explain the difference between apoplastic and symplastic movement (and relative speeds).

    • Plant Nutrition: -State where plant carbon comes from. -Define mutualism (e.g., mycorrhizae). -Explain nitrogen fixation's difficulty for plants.

    • Plant Growth and Regulation: -Identify where light is detected in plants. -Describe the structures involved in light detection and the structure of pigments. -Explain the Darwin/Went experiments, and Thimann's discoveries. -Explain auxin's one-way movement (polar transport) -Explain auxin's role in cell growth (acid growth hypothesis). -Describe the influence of proton pumps, water potential, and transcription on auxin.

    • Photosynthesis: -State the overall reactants and products of photosynthesis. -Describe light-dependent and Calvin cycle reactions.
      -Explain the flow of electrons in photosystems.
      -Describe the role of chlorophyll. -Explain why a photosystem is like an antenna. -Explain the role of the reaction center -Describe the role of rubisco.

    • Plant Reproduction: -Describe alternation of generations.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of surface area to volume ratios and metabolic processes in animals. This quiz covers key concepts like bioenergetics, tissue types, and the physiological strategies of endotherms and ectotherms. Prepare to plot graphs and differentiate between various metabolic rates.

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