BIO120 Midterm Exam Topical Outline PDF

BIO120 MIDTERM EXAM TOPICAL OUTLINE Endocrine System: Gland and Hormone Functions Key Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: Review the pancreas, adrenal glands, stomach, anterior pituitary, thyroid gland, and hypothalamus. Understand which hormones each secretes, e.g., insulin,...

BIO120 MIDTERM EXAM TOPICAL OUTLINE Endocrine System: Gland and Hormone Functions Key Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: Review the pancreas, adrenal glands, stomach, anterior pituitary, thyroid gland, and hypothalamus. Understand which hormones each secretes, e.g., insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, gastrin, and TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone). Hormone Functions and Pathways: Focus on each hormone’s role in maintaining homeostasis, metabolism, and stress response. Cardiac Conduction System Anatomy and Function Conduction Pathway: Familiarize yourself with parts of the heart's electrical conduction system, such as the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, and understand the "natural pacemaker" role. Benefits of Cardiac Cell Shape: Examine the functional advantages of red blood cell shapes and features, including surface area for oxygen transport. Blood Vessels and Circulation Arteries vs. Veins: Learn to distinguish these vessel types based on structural characteristics (e.g., presence of valves, depth in body) and functions (e.g., blood flow direction). Common Circulatory Terms: Review terms like "aorta," "vena cava," and oxygenation status associated with arteries and veins. Nervous System Components and Cell Types Neuron Structure: Identify key neuron parts (dendrites, soma, nucleus, myelin sheath, etc.) and their roles in signal transmission. Glial Cells and Functions: Understand the support roles of glial cells versus neurons, including insulation and protection. Types of Synapses and Signaling: Differentiate between chemical and electrical synapses and review the concept of an action potential in signal propagation. Heart Anatomy: Valves and Chambers Cardiac Anatomy Identification: Recognize key heart structures, including the mitral and tricuspid valves, as well as the right and left atria and ventricles. Blood Cell Characteristics and Terminology  BIO120 MIDTERM EXAM TOPICAL OUTLINE Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Review red blood cell shape, function, and classification (e.g., erythrocytes vs. leukocytes). Skeletal System and Bone Structure Bone Types and Marrow Location: Know the difference between red and yellow marrow locations, and types of bones (long, flat, irregular). Endocrine Glands in Context Anatomical Identification: Be familiar with endocrine glands’ locations and their relationships to other organs, especially adrenal glands and kidneys. Homeostasis and Skin Functions Key Processes and Roles: Understand homeostasis and the skin's functions, including vitamin D synthesis, thermoregulation, and dehydration prevention. Cellular Components and Functions Organelles and Structure: Review the structure and function of key organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane. Tissues and Anatomical Planes Tissue Types: Differentiate muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues. Anatomical Planes: Recognize sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes for anatomical orientation. Body Quadrants and Cavities Body Quadrants and Cavities: Identify locations of major body cavities (cranial, thoracic, abdominal, vertebral) and body quadrants for abdominal regions.