Bio Final Review Guide

**[H Bio Final Review Questions (Semester 1)]: (Use your [notes] to answer these questions. Do not just Google the questions. You will not get the focused answer you need.)** 1\) Distinguish between independent variables (IDV), dependent variables (DV), and controlled variables. +-----------------...

**[H Bio Final Review Questions (Semester 1)]: (Use your [notes] to answer these questions. Do not just Google the questions. You will not get the focused answer you need.)** 1\) Distinguish between independent variables (IDV), dependent variables (DV), and controlled variables. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Independent Var: The variable that is being changed to reveal the | | outcome. | | | | Dependent Var: The variable that is affected by the independent | | variable, the result. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2\) Describe each type of bond below and how they form: **Bond Type:** **Description:** **How They Form:** ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nonpolar Covalent Bond A bond that involves the sharing of electrons when the two compounds have similar electronegativity They form when two elements with similar electronegativity interact and share their electrons to reach a full valence shell. Form between organic elements. Polar Covalent Bond A bond that involves the sharing of electrons when the two compounds have different electronegativity They form when two elements with different electronegativity interact and share their electrons to reach a full valence shell. Form between organic elements. Ionic Bond A bond where an element gives up or takes another element\'s electrons to reach a full valence shell. They form when 2 inorganic elements interact and lose/gain electrons to reach a full valence shell. Hydrogen Bond A weak bond between a hydrogen atom that is polar covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom Form when two elements are partially charged and bond with elements of opposite charge. 3a) Define electronegativity. ----------------------------------------------------- The ability of atoms to attract and hold electrons. ----------------------------------------------------- 3b) Explain the relationship between electronegativity and covalent bonds. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If there is a high electronegativity delta then the covalent bond is nonpolar and if it's a small delta then it is polar. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3c) This relationship (Q\# 3b) leads to water being a good solvent as well as having other properties. Briefly describe each of them. **Property of Water** **Description (include an example to help you describe)** ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------- Cohesion The ability of water molecules to hold to other molecules of water Adhesion Water's ability to hold on to other charged surfaces Thermal conductivity (physical property) Water transfers heat very well; High specific heat (physical property) It takes lots of energy to heat water Buoyancy (physical property) The upward force exerted on an object Viscosity (physical property) How thick a solution is (honey vs water) 4a) For each of the 4 biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) list the elements present, the monomers (and **find an image of** their structure), the type of bond connecting the monomers, the main function of the molecules, and an example. +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **Organ | **List | **List | **Copy | **Coval | **Main | **Examp | | ic | Element | Monomer | & Paste | ent | functio | le** | | Macromo | s | /** | (or | bond | n(s)** | | | lecule* | present | | draw) | name** | | | | * | ** | **subun | generic | | | | | | | its** | monomer | | | | | | | | / | | | | | | | | subunit | | | | | | | | s** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **Image | | | | | | | | ** | | | | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | **CARBO | CHO | Monosac | | Glycosi | \- | \- | | - | | charide | | dic | Energy | Glucose | | HYDRATE | | | | Linkage | Storage | | | S** | | | | s | | \- | | | | | | | \- | Maltose | | | | | | | Structu | | | | | | | | ral | \- | | | | | | | Support | Fructos | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | \- | | | | | | | | Immedia | \- | | | | | | | te | Sucrose | | | | | | | Energy | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | | | | Lactose | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **PROTE | CHNOP | Amino |  | | support | \- | | | | | | | | hemoglo | | | | | | | \- | bin | | | | | | | signali | | | | | | | | ng | \- ATP | | | | | | | | synthas | | | | | | | -moveme | e | | | | | | | nt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | | | | transpo | | | | | | | | rt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | | | | respons | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | | | | defence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -cataly | | | | | | | | sis | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | reactio | | | | | | | | ns | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **NUCLE | CHNOS | Nucleot | | Phospho | \- | \- DNA | | IC | | ide | | diester | Store | | | ACIDS** | | | | Linkage | and | \- RNA | | | | | | s | transmi | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | heredit | | | | | | | | ary | | | | | | | | info | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **LIPID | CHOP | Glycero |  | | | Steroid | | | | | | | \- | s | | | | | | | Cushion | | | | | | | | ing | -phosph | | | | | | | | olipids | | | | | | | \- | | | | | | | | Energy | | | | | | | | storage | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 4b) Identify what type of fatty acid each of these are. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **FATTY ACID CHAIN** | **TYPE? (saturated, | **FORM? (cis, trans, | | | monounsaturated, | N/A)** | | | polyunsaturated?)** | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1) | **monounsaturated** | **Cis** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2) | **Saturated** | **N/A** | | | | | |  | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3) | **polyunsaturated** | **Cis** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4) | **Monounsaturated** | **Trans** | |  | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ 5a) Explain how enzymes work using the induced fit model. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enzymes contain an active site where substrates "fit" and the reaction is catalyzed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5b) Explain the relationship between enzymes, substrate concentration, and product formation. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The more substrates in an area the more products can be formed. However, if the concentration is too high then the rate will not increase. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5c) Describe what would happen to the enzyme reaction rate as temperature increases from 0ºC to above that enzyme\'s optimal range. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ At first, higher temperatures improve the function but after the temperature gets too high the enzyme will denature and it will deteriorate rapidly. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5d) Describe what would happen to the enzyme reaction rate if pH is outside of that enzyme\'s optimal range. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A suboptimal pH will result in denaturation reducing enzyme function rapidly. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6\) Identify the structures in this animal & plant cell. **Number** **Cell Part/Structure** ---------------------- ------------------------- 1 Centrioles 2 Nucleus 3 Nucleolus 4 Nuclear envelope 5 (contains enzymes) Lysosome 6 Smooth ER 7 Golgi apparatus 8 Rough ER 9 (small circle) Ribosome 10 (fluid) Cytosol 11 Cell membrane 12 Mitochondria 13 Sap vacuole 14 Chloroplast 15 Cell wall 7\) Identify and then label the following organelles. Double Click and complete using the Google Drawing Tools. a\) Identification: **[Chloroplast ]**  b\) Identification: **[Mitochondria]** 8\) Briefly describe the main function of each of the following cellular organelles: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Cellular Organelles:** | **Main Function:** | +===================================+===================================+ | Mitochondria | Generate ATP for the cell to | | | function | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Chloroplast | Create glucose for the cell | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cell Membrane | Regulate what can go in and out | | | of the cell | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cell Wall | Structural support and protection | | | of the cell | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nuclear Membrane | Protect the nucleus | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nucleus | Store the DNA and RNA | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nucleolus | Produce ribosomes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Golgi Apparatus | Package and ship proteins | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ribosome | Synthesize the proteins | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesise lipids and | | | phospholipids | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Rough | Modifies protein through protein | | | synthesis | | Endoplasmic Reticulum | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lysosome | Cleans the cell and gets rid of | | | waste | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Vacuole | Storage of nutrients and other | | | matter needed for cellular | | | function | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 9\) Briefly describe how each Microscopy technique is used to learn about cells. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Microscopy technique** | **Description of how used** | +===================================+===================================+ | Light Microscope | A light is shined into 2 lenses | | | that magnify living samples | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Electron Microscope | Uses electron beams to magnify | | | the image which increases | | | resolving power; and kills | | | samples; used to view cells in | | | detail | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cryogenic Electron Microscope | Freezes the cell and magnifies it | | | with gentler beams; sample dies; | | | used to view proteins | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Fluorescent Stains & | Direct: Single antibody stains | | Immunofluorescence (direct & | parts of the cell | | indirect) | | | | Indirect: 2 antibodies stain | | | parts of the cell (more | | | sensitive) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Freeze Fracture | The sample is frozen and then | | | split apart to view the internal | | | proteins | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cell fractionation | Disrupting cells to split out the | | | organelles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Centrifugation | Spinning the sample at high speed | | | to separate the components | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 10a) For each of the phases of cellular respiration listed below, list where it occurs, the starting and ending materials, and the energy gains (NADH, FADH~2~, \#ATP.) +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PHASE** | **OCCURS | **STARTING | **ENDING | **ENERGY | | | WHERE?** | MATERIALS** | MATERIALS | GAINS (for | | | | | (everything | ATP include | | | | | except | \#; state | | | | | electron | name(s) of | | | | | shuttles & | electron | | | | | ATP)** | shuttles | | | | | | coming | | | | | | out)** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Glycolysi | Cytoplasm | Glucose | 2 Pyruvate | 2 ATP | | s** | | | | | | | | Empty e- | | NADH | | | | shuttles | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Krebs | Matrix | 2 Pyruvate | 6CO2 | 2 ATP | | cycle** | | | | | | | | Empty e- | | NADH | | | | shuttles | | | | | | | | FADH2 | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Electron | Intermembra | NADH | Empty e- | 34 ATP | | transport | ne | | shuttles | | | chain | of | FADH2 | | | | (ETC)** | mitochondri | | | | | | a | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 10b) For the following sentences, use either the term **[oxidized]** or **[reduced]**. When NADH gives up its electrons, it has been **[Oxidized]** When electrons are removed from glucose, glucose has been **[Oxidized]** When carbon dioxide goes through photosynthesis and forms a sugar, that sugar has been **[Reduced]** When oxygen takes electrons at the end of the ETC and forms water, oxygen has been **[Oxidized]** 10c) State the balanced chemical equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis. ---------------------------------------------------------- Cellular Respiration: c6 h12 o6 + 6o2 →6co2 + 6h20 + ATP ---------------------------------------------------------- 10d) State the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration. -------- Oxygen -------- 10e) State the name of the metabolic pathway that occurs after glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. -------------- Fermentation -------------- 11\) Compare the two major phases of photosynthesis: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (light independent reactions). In the chart include: the location (be specific!), the main function, and the inputs/outputs of each. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PHASE** | **LOCATION* | **MAIN | **INPUTS** | **OUTPUTS** | | | * | FUNCTION** | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Light | Thylakoid | Making | h2o | NADPH | | reactions** | membrane | NADPH and | | | | | | ATP | Light | ATP | | | | | energy | | | | | | | | | | | | ADP | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Light | Stroma | Making | NADPH | Glucose | | independent | | Glucose | | | | reactions** | | | ATP | Empty e- | | | | | | shuttles | | | | | Co2 | | | | | | | ADP | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 12a) Differentiate between a food chain & a food web. **Copy & paste an example of each in the 2nd column.** **Definition** **Paste an example of each below** ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ **Food Chain:** The flow of energy for only one organism  **Food Web:** The flow of energy in a whole ecosystem 12b) What does an energy pyramid show? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- It shows the flow of energy divided by different trophic levels and it shows how energy flows based on who consumes who.  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12c) Label the trophic levels on this energy pyramid. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A: Producers | | | | B: Primary Consumer\ | | C: Secondary Consumer | | | | D: Tiritiary Consumer | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 12d) If there was 1,200,000 kcal of energy on level "A," how much energy would you find on level D? **Show your work.** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A: 1,200,000 B: 120,000 C: 12,000 D: 1,200 | | | | 1,200 kcal | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 12e) Why is it bigger on the bottom compared to the top? ------------------------------------------------------- There are more producers and each level gets smaller. ------------------------------------------------------- 13a) Label this membrane diagram using the following word bank: (if you can't see the entire image, then add spaces between Q\#12e & Q\#13. **Membrane Structure** **Answer** --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -- Cholesterol D Peripheral protein F Phospholipid E Phospholipid head (Is it hydrophilic ***[or]*** hydrophobic?) G Phospholipid tail (Is it hydrophilic ***[or]*** hydrophobic?) H Carbohydrate tag A Integral protein B Hydrophobic region of a protein C 2 letters that make up a glycoprotein AB 13b) What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane? ------------------------------- It impacts membrane fluidity. ------------------------------- 13c) Why is the ratio of saturated:unsaturated fatty acid chains in the membrane important to living organisms? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This ratio is important because unsaturated fats have a lower melting point making a high ratio of them common in cold-temperature animals in order to maintain a fluid membrane and a higher ratio of saturated fats in warm-temperature animals because of the higher melting point. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13d) How would this ratio be expected to be different in organisms that live in warm water compared to organisms that live in cold water? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cold water organisms have more unsaturated fatty acid chains and warm water organisms have more saturated chains. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14a) Define the following transport processes: **Transport Process:** **Definition:** ------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Active Transport A type of transport across a membrane that moves the substance against its concentration gradient and therefore requires energy. Passive Transport A type of transport across a membrane that moves the substance along its concentration gradient so doesn't need energy. Diffusion The spread of particles across a membrane Osmosis The movement of water from areas of low to areas of high concentration of solvent Facilitated Diffusion The diffusion of particles across the cell membrane with the help of a protein. Exocytosis When a vacuole is created for the bulk movement of particles outside the cell Endocytosis When a vacuole is created for the bulk movement of particles into the cell Phagocytosis The use of endocytosis to kill pathogens. 14b) The image below shows what happened to an animal cell placed into a solution. Explain what happened to the animal cell.  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The cell was placed in a hypotonic environment so the water rushed into the cell causing it to burst. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14c) Explain what would happen to the Final animal cell if it was then placed into distilled water. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nothing would have happened to the cell because an isotonic solution leaves the cell alone and doesn\'t have a big impact. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15\) List 6 functions of membrane proteins (pg. 128 in 7th edition textbook, pg 135 in 5th edition textbook). 1\. Transport -------------------------------------------- 2\. Enzymatic activity 3\. Signal Transduction 4\. Cell Recognition 5\. Intercellular Joining 6\. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM 16\) Summarize the differences between: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Terms** | **Differences** | +===================================+===================================+ | Dehydration Synthesis and | Dehydration synthesis removes | | Hydrolysis | water to break a bond and | | | hydrolysis adds water to form a | | | bond. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Levels of protein structure: | The primary is just a chain of | | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, | amino acids. Secondary is | | Quaternary | stabilized by H bonds and is a | | | coil now. The tertiary is when r | | | groups interact and quaternary is | | | when 2 or more tertiary interact. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Competitive and Noncompetitive | Competitive has a substance that | | Inhibition | blocks the active site and | | | noncompetitive binds to the | | | allosteric site to change the | | | shape of the active site. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Prokaryotes are older, simpler | | | and don't have a nucleus. | | | Eukaryotes are more complex and | | | have a nucleus. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Plant cells and Animal cells | Plant cells have a large vacuole, | | | chloroplasts, and a cell wall but | | | animal cells have none of those | | | organelles. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic | Hypotonic: Lower concentration of | | | solute compared to another | | | solution | | | | | | Hypertonic: Higher concentration | | | of solute compared to another | | | solution | | | | | | Isotonic: Same concentration of | | | solute compared to another | | | solution | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Additional Midterm RG Questions** **Ch 3** 1\. Why is water a good solvent? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Water is polar and has both a positive and a negative charge allowing it to dissolve all other polar compounds.** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2\. Describe surface tension. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **The ability of water to resist external forces like gravity due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules.** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Ch. 4** 3\. How many hydrogen atoms are in this organic molecule? -- -------- **11** -- -------- 4\. Draw the skeletal structure of this organic molecule. ------------------------ --  ------------------------ -- 5\. Identify the following functional groups. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **IMAGE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP** | **NAME OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP** | +===================================+===================================+ | a) ***or*** | **Phosphate** | | | | | (in solution) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | b\)  | **Amino** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | c) | **Carboxyl group** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | d\)  | **Hydroxyl group** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Ch 5** 6\. Explain the process of end-product inhibition using the diagram below. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **First, a product is made through a series of enzymatic reactions then once enough of the product has been made the end product is used as a noncompetitive inhibitor to prevent more production of the product.** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Ch 6 Graticule Calculation** 7\. Calculate the size of 1 graticule unit using this stage micrometer at 40x magnification. Remember to look for lines that line up exactly. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **16/0.12= 0.00235294117** | | | | **2.35 micrometers** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+