Basics of Life Chemistry PDF

Basics of basics of life chemistry Presented by Dr/Shymaa Ahmed Maher associate professor of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University (FOMSCU) Intended Learning Outcomes By the end of this lecture, you...

Basics of basics of life chemistry Presented by Dr/Shymaa Ahmed Maher associate professor of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University (FOMSCU) Intended Learning Outcomes By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: Define biochemistry. Explain the importance of studying biochemistry. Identify the major types of biomolecules and macromolecules in living cells. Enumerate essential elements in the human body. Define metabolism and recognize its types. Recognize the structure of ATP; the cellular energy currency. Recognize the function of ATP. Discuss the two levels for sources for ATP synthesis. Describe the structure and properties of water. What is Biochemistry? It is a branch of life science that deals with the study of the chemical process of living organisms Also called biological chemistry Focuses on the structure & function of biomolecules  Importance of studying biochemistry ▪To know the various biomolecules in the human body: ▪Chemistry/Structure ▪Occurrence/Location ▪Functions/Role ▪Understand completely all the organized biochemical processes occurring in living cells at the molecular/sub-cellular level. ▪Identification of disease mechanisms (Biochemical and molecular disorders). ▪Principles of disease diagnosis. ▪Principles of disease treatment. Definition & Types of Biomolecules They are biological molecules. They provide the structure of cells and perform many functions associated with life (Molecules are the building blocks of cells). -A major prerequisite for the maintenance of health. - Should be taken with an optimal dietary intake ( good quality and appropriate quantity). This compound includes: Macromolecules: Micromolecules: Water (H2O) Carbohydrates Vitamins Proteins Minerals Lipids Nucleic acids  The importance of biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals: Enzymes Hormones serves as serves as are structural Fat-soluble and Inorganic are are endocrine primary source secondary and functional Water-soluble elements of biomolecules substances, of energy. source of units of human vitamins have major and which are chemical energy. body which are specific minor type has Biocatalysts messengers of of prime functions which an important catalyze the human importance and serve as role in the specific body. survival of accessory building and biochemical They bring good human beings. growth factors. functioning of reactions of coordination human bodies. metabolic and regulate pathways and enzyme considered as activities of functional units metabolism. of metabolism.  Organization of Life Elements Simple organic compounds (monomers) Macromolecules (polymers) Supramolecular structures Organelles Cells Tissues Organisms Elements of life  Biomolecules Molecules that are made of biological elements, that all living organisms are made of. Most biomolecules are derived from hydrocarbons. The chemical properties of organic bio-molecules are determined by their functional groups.  WATER(H2O) H O water CARBOHY DRATES& H O C Hydrocarbons LIPIDS AMINO H O C N ACIDS Nucleic H O C N P acids Copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium  Biomolecules Many Biomolecules are polymers that are assembled from a single unit called a monomer. Each type of macromolecule is assembled of a different type of monomer Polymer: combination of monomer. Monomer: basic building blocks or repeating units. How polymers are formed? By condensation reactions (also called dehydration reactions), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected. How monomers are formed? By hydrolysis reaction, a water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer into monomers. examples of major biomolecules in our body and their functional groups Proteins polymer Enzyme Amino acids Protein complex subunits Supramolecular Monomer structure Functions as: Transport proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors.  Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins. Includes 20 commonly occurring amino acids. Contains amino group and carboxyl group function groups (behavioral properties) & and R Group (side chains) determines the chemical properties of each amino acid. Also determines how the protein folds and its biological function. Individual amino acids in protein connected by peptide bond. carbohydrates  Monosaccharides: Carbohydrates have monomers called monosaccharides, are the simplest units of carbohydrate Some of these monosaccharides include glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), and deoxyribose (C5H10O4).which  Are macromolecules made of fatty acid monomers. Fatty acids are components of several lipid molecules of as triacylglycerol, and phospholipids. Function includes structure support, energy storage, cell signaling Lipids are nonpolar in nature and don’t interact with water. Lipids  Fatty acids: Monocarboxylic acid contains even or odd number C atoms Two types: saturated (single bond) and unsaturated (double bonds). Functions 1-Storage of energy in the form of fat. 2-Membrane structures. 3-Insulation (thermal blanket). 4-synthetic function. Nucleic acids Nucleotides:  What is Metabolism? Definition: All the chemical processes that occur inside living cells. All reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. The primary functions of metabolism are: 1- acquisition & and utilization of energy. 2- Synthesis of molecules needed for cell structure and functioning (i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, & and CHO). 3- Removal of waste products. In general, we can classify metabolic reactions into two broad groups: 1- Catabolism 2- Anabolism  Two Types of Metabolism Catabolic Pathways Anabolic Pathways  Catabolic Pathway Metabolic reactions that release energy (exergonic) by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. Most catabolic pathway occurs in mitochondria. Cellular Respiration energy ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + (glucose)  Anabolic Pathway Metabolic reactions, which consume energy (endergonic), to build large molecules from small building blocks. Photosynthesis light SUN energy 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose) Catabolism versus Anabolism  ATP structure (Energy Currency) Components: 1. Adenine: a nitrogenous base 2. Ribose: five-carbon sugar 3. Phosphate group: three phosphate group adenine phosphate group P P P ribose  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Three phosphate groups-(two with high energy bonds. The second and the last phosphate group (PO4) contain the MOST energy. Function of ATP It is important for energy production for different processes including: (ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis).  Levels for sources for ATP synthesis Many processes are capable of producing ATP in the body, depending on the current metabolic conditions. ATP production can occur during: 1- Cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) in the presence of oxygen for example (aerobic glycolysis, beta-oxidation, ketosis, and protein catabolism). 2- Anaerobic conditions (substrate-level phosphorylation) (anaerobic glycolysis).  Water structure Water forms about 50-90% of most organisms. Structure: One molecule of water is formed of two hydrogen that are linked to one oxygen atom through a covalent bond. Water are dipoles (partial positive charge and partial negative charge? Polarity of water Due to the high electro-negativity of oxygen electrons are pulled toward it away from hydrogen creating a partially positive charge on hydrogen ( dipole)= which has oppositely charged ends the  Properties of water molecules: 1- Water is polar and it can form hydrogen bonds: The slightly negative regions of one molecule are attracted to the slightly positive regions of nearby molecules, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighbors. 2- water is liquid at room temperature 3-Water is the universal solvent for polar molecules. 4-Water has a high heat capacity. 5-Water has a high heat of vaporization 6-Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid. Please listen to this video: https://www.nagwa.com/en/videos/489139631974/ How biochemistry will be taught Self learning Classroom group discussion Labs Lecture  Student’s Activity True or false Proteins are polymers Amino acids are the building units of carbohydrates Catabolism is a process that consumes ATP Most of the catabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm. 14 Quiz Which of the following represent one of the four macromolecules essential for human? A. Proteins B. Fatty acids C. Copper D. Carbon Answer: A The building units (monomer)of enzymes are : A. Fatty acids. B. Monosaccharides. C. Amino acids. D. Nitrogenous bases. Answer: C Quiz In biochemistry, what term is used to describe the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often releasing energy? A. Anabolism B. Catabolism C. Metabolism D. Synthesis Answer: B