Biology Chapter: Water Properties & Microscopy

The tendency of water molecules to be attracted to each other due to their hydrogen bonds.

The tendency of water molecules to be attracted to other surfaces due to their polarity.

The ability of water to transfer heat quickly from one location to another.

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water by one degree.

The upward force exerted on an object in a fluid.

Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy source for cellular processes.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell, ensuring a controlled environment for cellular processes.

The cell wall provides structural support and protection for plant cells, helping to maintain their shape and rigidity.

The nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope, encloses the genetic material (DNA) within the nucleus, protecting it from the cytoplasm and ensuring its proper function.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA and RNA) responsible for regulating cellular processes and passing on genetic information.

The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.

The Golgi apparatus acts as a packaging and distribution center for proteins synthesized by the cell. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for transport within or outside the cell.

Ribosomes are the protein synthesis machinery of the cell, responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into proteins.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) functions in synthesizing lipids and phospholipids, components of cell membranes, and detoxifying harmful substances.

Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It does not require energy.

Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient. It requires energy.

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

The movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a protein. It does not require energy directly, but relies on the concentration gradient.

The process by which a cell releases substances into the extracellular space by enclosing them in a membrane-bound vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane.

The process by which a cell takes in materials from the extracellular space by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris, into a phagosome.

Membrane proteins facilitate the movement of substances across the cell membrane. They help move molecules in and out of the cell.

A type of microscopy that uses light to illuminate and magnify a sample, typically for viewing living specimens.

A powerful microscopy technique that uses electron beams to create highly magnified images of samples, providing detailed views of cells and their internal structures.

A type of electron microscopy that freezes samples to preserve their structures and uses gentler electron beams to create images. Useful for studying proteins and other delicate structures.

A technique that uses fluorescent dyes or antibodies to label specific molecules or structures within a cell, enabling visualization of their location and distribution.

A technique that exposes frozen cell samples to a fracturing force, exposing their inner membranes and proteins. Useful for examining 3D structures of cells.

A process for isolating and separating different cellular components, such as organelles, by disrupting cells and using centrifugal force

A technique that uses centrifugal force to separate different components of a mixture based on their density and size, often used after cell fractionation.

The first stage in cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from pyruvate.

The final stage of cellular respiration, where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane, generating a large amount of ATP.

Dehydration synthesis removes water to form a bond, while hydrolysis adds water to break a bond.

Primary: Chain of amino acids. Secondary: Coiled or folded due to hydrogen bonds. Tertiary: 3D shape due to interactions between R groups. Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains interacting.

Competitive inhibition: A substance blocks the active site on an enzyme, preventing substrate binding. Noncompetitive inhibition: A substance binds to an allosteric site, changing the shape of the active site and preventing substrate binding.

Prokaryotes are simple cells without a nucleus. Eukaryotes are complex cells with a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and a more organized structure.

Plant cells have a large vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Animal cells lack these organelles.

The inhibition of an enzyme by the end product of the reaction sequence it catalyzes. This feedback mechanism helps regulate metabolic pathways and prevent the overproduction of unnecessary products.

The end product acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor, binding to a site distinct from the active site of the enzyme. This binding alters the enzyme's conformation, reducing its activity and slowing down the production of the end product.

A stage micrometer is a tool used to calibrate a microscope's field of view. It features a precise scale, often in micrometers (µm), allowing for accurate measurement of objects under the microscope.

To determine the size of one graticule unit, you need two measurements: the stage micrometer scale reading and the number of graticule units that align with it. The stage micrometer scale reading (in µm) is divided by the number of graticule units to calculate the size of each unit. This calculation provides the measurement of one graticule unit at the specific magnification used.

The phosphate functional group consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, commonly found in molecules like ATP and DNA, where it plays a crucial role in energy transfer and genetic information.

The amino functional group comprises a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (NH2), found in amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. It plays a crucial role in protein structure and function.

The carboxyl functional group contains a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (COOH). It's found in amino acids and fatty acids, contributing to their acidic properties.

The hydroxyl functional group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (OH). It's found in alcohols and sugars, contributing to the polarity and solubility of organic molecules.