Biology Chapter: Water Properties & Microscopy

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Questions and Answers

What is indicated by a high electronegativity delta in a covalent bond?

The bond is ionic.

The bond is covalent but weak.

The bond is nonpolar.

The bond is polar. (correct)

Which property of water allows it to hold onto other charged surfaces?

Viscosity

Adhesion (correct)

Cohesion

Buoyancy

What is a characteristic of water's high specific heat?

It loses heat rapidly.

It requires a lot of energy to change temperature. (correct)

It can heat up quickly.

It has low thermal conductivity.

In the context of water, what does buoyancy refer to?

The upward force exerted by water on an object. Signup and view all the answers

How does viscosity relate to water compared to honey?

Honey is more viscous than water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the light microscope?

To magnify living samples using light and lenses Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique uses electric beams to enhance resolution?

Electron microscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of cryogenic electron microscopy?

It freezes samples and uses gentler electron beams Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate and NADH Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of cellular respiration is 34 ATP generated?

Electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique is specifically useful for viewing proteins?

Cryogenic electron microscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of centrifugation in cell fractionation?

To separate cellular components based on their density Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the Krebs cycle?

Production of ATP and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which method directly stains specific cell parts using antibodies?

Direct immunofluorescence Signup and view all the answers

What happens to samples in electron microscopy?

They are killed due to the method used Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

Dehydration synthesis creates bonds while hydrolysis breaks them. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the levels of protein structure?

Primary structure is a linear sequence of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

How does competitive inhibition differ from noncompetitive inhibition?

In competitive inhibition, an inhibitor binds to the active site. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for eukaryotes but not for prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes are structurally more complex. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly compares primary and secondary protein structures?

Secondary structure forms a coil from amino acid chains. Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical feature of prokaryotes?

They lack membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the function of competitive inhibition from noncompetitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibitors can be overcome by substrate concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for active transport across a membrane?

It requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

Which transport process involves the movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

It bursts due to water influx. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by the creation of a vacuole for moving particles into the cell?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which function of membrane proteins is primarily related to the communication between cells?

Signal transduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of facilitated diffusion?

To allow the passage of substances across a membrane with protein assistance. Signup and view all the answers

If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, what will happen?

The cell will remain largely unchanged like in an isotonic solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

The absorption of pathogens into the cell for destruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in a cell?

Create glucose for the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is mainly responsible for generating ATP?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the cell membrane?

Regulate entry and exit of materials. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the modification and shipping of proteins?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What function does the vacuole serve in a cell?

Store nutrients and other matter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the lysosome?

Clean the cell and eliminate waste. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the production of ribosomes?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Modify proteins through protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell wall?

Provide structural support and protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear membrane?

Protect the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is represented by the structure shown in the first image?

Phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What role does the end product play in the process of end-product inhibition?

It acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated size of one graticule unit at 40x magnification?

2.35 micrometers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about functional groups is true?

Amino groups contain a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What type of inhibition is characterized by the end product of a metabolic pathway preventing further production?

Noncompetitive inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is likely to be involved in forming hydrogen bonds?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is known for its role in energy transfer within cells?

Phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

How is end-product inhibition critical for metabolic pathways?

It helps maintain balance by preventing overproduction of metabolites. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables

Independent Variable (IDV): The variable changed to observe the outcome.
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable affected by the IDV, the result.
Controlled Variable: Variables kept constant to isolate the effect of the IDV.

Bond Types and Formation

Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Electrons shared equally between atoms with similar electronegativity. Forms between similar atoms.
Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons shared unequally between atoms with different electronegativity. Forms between different atoms.
Ionic Bond: One atom gives up electrons to another to achieve full valence shells. Forms between highly electronegative and electropositive atoms.
Hydrogen Bond: A weak bond between a hydrogen atom (covalently bonded to an electronegative atom) and an electronegative atom in another molecule.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity: An atom's ability to attract and hold electrons.

Relationship between Electronegativity and Covalent Bonds

High electronegativity difference results in polar covalent bonds.
Low electronegativity difference results in nonpolar covalent bonds.

Properties of Water

Cohesion: Water molecules attract each other; e.g., surface tension.
Adhesion: Water molecules attract other charged substances; e.g., water sticking to plant cell walls.
Thermal Conductivity: Water transfers heat efficiently.
High Specific Heat: Water requires much energy to change temperature.
Buoyancy: Upward force on an object in water.
Viscosity: The thickness of a liquid.

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates:
- Elements: C, H, O
- Monosaccharides
- Glycosidic linkages
- Energy storage, structural support
- Examples: Glucose, Fructose
Proteins:
- Elements: C, H, N, O, P
- Amino acids
- Peptide bonds
- Structural support, enzymes, transport, hormones
Nucleic Acids:
- Elements: C, H, N, O, P
- Nucleotides
- Phosphodiester linkages
- Store and transmit genetic information
- Examples: DNA, RNA
Lipids:
- Elements: C, H, O
- Glycerol and fatty acids
- Ester linkages
- Insulation, energy storage, structural components of cell membranes
- Examples: Fats, Steroids, Phospholipids

Fatty Acids

Saturated: No double bonds between carbon atoms.
Monounsaturated: One double bond between carbon atoms.
Polyunsaturated: Two or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
Cis: Hydrogens on the same side of the double bond.
Trans: Hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond.

Enzyme Function

Induced Fit Model: Enzymes change shape to fit the substrate.
Substrate concentration and product formation: Increased substrate concentration increases the rate until a max rate is reached. Increased substrate concentration above the max rate has no effect on reaction rate
Temperature and Enzyme Activity: Optimal temperature results in an increased rate, however, very high temperatures denature the enzyme.
- pH and Enzyme Activity: Optimal pH results in an increased rate, however, very high or very low pH values denature enzymes.

Cell Structures

Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
Nucleus: Contains DNA.
Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes.
Nuclear envelope: Membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Lysosome: Contains enzymes to digest waste.
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis.
Rough ER: Protein synthesis.
Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins.
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
Cytosol: Cytoplasm outside the organelles.
Cell membrane: Encloses the cell.
Mitochondria: ATP production (energy)
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis (energy production in plant cells).
Vacuoles: Storage.

Microscopy Techniques

Light Microscope: Visualizes living samples.
Electron Microscope: Higher magnification viewing dead cells.

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis: Splits glucose to produce pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Produces the most ATP (34). Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Cellular Respiration Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reactions: Capture light energy to make NADPH and ATP. Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions): Uses NADPH and ATP to build glucose. Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Food Chains and Food Webs

Food Chain: A linear sequence of energy transfer from one organism to the next.
Food Web: A network of interconnected food chains.
Energy Pyramid: A graphical representation of energy flow through trophic levels; the pyramid is wider at the base (producers), with progressively narrower tiers for higher trophic levels.

Transport Processes

Active Transport: Movement against concentration gradient using energy.
Passive Transport: Movement with concentration gradient without energy.
Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: Movement of water from low to high solute concentration.

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Description

Test your knowledge on water properties, cellular respiration, and microscopy techniques. This quiz covers topics like electronegativity in covalent bonds, specific heat of water, and the functions of various microscopy methods. Perfect for biology students wanting to assess their understanding of this chapter.