Bio 440 Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

Review Sheet for Bio 440 Exam 3- You may use one page of notes, front and back, hand-written. Chapter 11 Survey of Bacteria- know basic characteristics of each group and examples given below (nitrogen fixers? gram positive or gram negative, have a cell wall or a unique cell wall? Cause disease?)...

Review Sheet for Bio 440 Exam 3- You may use one page of notes, front and back, hand-written. Chapter 11 Survey of Bacteria- know basic characteristics of each group and examples given below (nitrogen fixers? gram positive or gram negative, have a cell wall or a unique cell wall? Cause disease?) Deeply branching bacteria- Aquifex Phototrophic bacteria- example Cyanobacteria Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria- examples-Staphylococcus, Mycoplasmas (pleomorphic shape), Bacillus, Closteridium High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria- examples-Mycobacterium, Streptomyces Gram Negative Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria- examples- Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Nitrobacter Betaproteobacteria- examples-Bordetella Gamaproteobacteria- example- Pseudomonads Epislonproteobacteria- example- Helicobacter Other Gram Negative Bacteria- example- Chlamydias Spirochetes- Borrelia Archaea: features- how different from bacteria Major groups of Archaea: Thermophiles (ex. Thermococcus), Methanogens, Halophiles (ex. Halobacterium salinarium) Chapter 12 Eukaryotic microorganisms: protozoa, fungi, algae, slime molds, water molds, arthropods, helminths Protozoa: general characteristics of all protozoa Characteristics of major groups (do they have 1 or 2 nuclei, mitochondria? Membraneous sacs by membranes (alveoli)? Photosynthesize? Pseudopods? Parabasala- example Trichomonas vaginalis Diplomonadida- example Giardia Euglenozoa- example Euglenids (Euglena) Kinetoplastids-example Trypanosoma Alveolates- Dinoflagellates, Cilliates and Apicomplexans- example Plasmodium Rhizaria- example Radiolaria Amoebozoa- Naegleria fowleri, slime molds Fungi: general characteristics of all fungi Molds, yeasts, saprobes Characteristics of major groups (is sexual stage known? appearance of sexual structure if present, aseptate or septate, hyphae?) Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi) Lichen Algae: Chlorophyta- green algae (cellulose in cell walls) Rhodophyta- red algae (agar in cell walls) Phaeophyta- brown algae (cellulose in cell walls) Chrysophyta-golden algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms Water molds (oomycetes) cellulose in cell walls and motile spores(example phytophtora) Animals Arthropods- includes arachnids and insects, ticks are arachnids mosquitoes, fleas, flies and lice are insects nematodes, annelids and platyhelminths helminths Chapter 13 Characteristics of viruses Virus structure (parts of virus, types of genetic material, etc) Extracellular state (virion), intracellular state Host specificity Virus life cycle steps- lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle RNA viruses, DNA viruses, retrovirus Which type is HIV? Cancer- protoncogenes (oncogenes), tumor suppressor genes Benign vs malignant tumor and metastasis and angiogenesis Culturing viruses Viroids Prions- sen-PRP(cellular PRP) and res-PRP(prion PRP) Spongioform encephalopathies Examples: mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease, scrapie, kuru Chapter 14 Symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism Human microbiome: resident microbiota, transient microbiota Where does your microbiome come from Microbiome and health Reservoirs: animal, human, nonliving Carriers Zoonoses Opportunistic pathogens Portals of entry Role of adhesion Stages of infectious disease Pathogenicity, virulence Virulence factors Modes of disease transmission: contact, vehicle, vector Incubation period Portals of exit Sign vs symptom Etiology Koch’s postulates: 4 steps- memorize for essay question Disease transmission: vector (biological, mechanical) vehicle (airborne, waterborne, foodborne, bodily fluids), arthropod vectors, contact (direct, indirect, droplet) Epidemiology Incidence, prevalence Healthcare associated (nosocomial infections)- exogenous, endogenous, iatrogenic, superinfections Preventing disease spread