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CELA IN-HOUSE LET REVIEW  GE ART ART APPRECIATION What is ART? The word ART comes from the ancient Latin, “ARS” which means “a craft or specialized form of skill” In Medieval Latin came to mean “something different”. The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most import...

CELA IN-HOUSE LET REVIEW  GE ART ART APPRECIATION What is ART? The word ART comes from the ancient Latin, “ARS” which means “a craft or specialized form of skill” In Medieval Latin came to mean “something different”. The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man.  Assumptions in ART Refer to the underlying ideas or preconceived notions that influence how we perceive and interpret  1. Art must be beautiful Many people assume that art is supposed to be aesthetically pleasing, but art can also evoke other emotions, challenge norms, or provoke thought.  2. Art is universal While art can transcend cultures, it is often deeply rooted in specific cultural, social, or historical contexts, and interpretations can vary greatly based on one’s background.  3. Artists always intend a specific meaning People often assume that every piece of art has a clear, intended message from the artist. However, art can be open to interpretation, and different viewers may derive different meanings from the same work.  4. Art is a reflection of the artist’s emotions While art can be a medium for expressing emotions, not all artworks are a direct reflection of the artist's personal feelings or inner life.  5. Art is timeless Some believe that great art transcends time, but art is also a product of its historical, social, and cultural moment and may lose or change significance over time.  6. Art must have a purpose There is often an assumption that art must convey a moral, political, or social message, but many artworks are created for beauty, experimentation, or even play.  Functions of ART Is an inquiry on what art is for. When it comes to functions, different art come with distinctive functions, some may be functional more than others.  Personal functions of art Personal functions of art is highly subjective and depends on the artist who created the art. An art may be created for expressing self, for entertainment or for other purposes.  Social functions of art If an art is opposed to personal interest and for collective interest it is considered to have a social function. Art may convey, message such as to support, to protest, contestation and other messages an artist intends to carry at his work.  Social functions of art Art can depict social conditions such as photography of industrialization and poverty. Performance art like plays serves social functions as it rouses emotions for a common situation a society has.  Physical functions of art This are artworks that are crafted in order to serve physical purpose such as jars, plates, and jewelries. Other functions of art may serve culture, history and religion. Music is an artwork used for different purposes such events for culture, historical and religious gatherings.  Philosophical perspective on art also known as aesthetics, involves the study of the nature of art, beauty, and taste. It questions what art is, what it means, how we experience it, and how we should evaluate it.  Art as an imitation In Plato's view, art is a mere imitation of reality, and thus holds less value than the original world of ideas or forms. He believed that art could mislead people by depicting illusions rather than truth. Unlike Plato, Aristotle saw art as a form of imitation but valued it for its ability to represent human action and experience. He argued that art helps us understand reality and can evoke catharsis, or emotional release, in its audience.  Art as expression Some philosophers, like Benedetto Croce and R.G. Collingwood, view art primarily as an expression of the artist's emotions, feelings, and ideas. Art communicates the inner life of the creator, enabling viewers to engage with those emotions.  Art for Art’s sake Formalists like Clive Bell and Clement Greenberg argue that the value of art lies in its form — its structure, color, composition, and technique — rather than any emotional or representational content. According to this view, art should be appreciated for its aesthetic qualities rather than its social, political, or moral implications. Arts and Artisans  Definition of ART Art refers to the conscious use of skill and creative imagination, especially in the production of aesthetic objects. Art can take many forms, including: Visual arts: painting, sculpture, photography, and architecture. Performing arts: theater, music, and dance. Literary arts: poetry, novels, and plays. Applied arts: design, fashion, and  Characteristics of ART Expression of emotion Art often serves as a medium for expressing feelings, emotions, or ideas. Aesthetic Focus Many forms of art are created with beauty and visual pleasure in mind. Creativity Art involves imagination and innovation, pushing beyond conventional norms to create something new or thought- provoking. Subjectivity Art is highly personal and can be interpreted in various ways depending on the viewer’s perspective, background, and emotions. Symbolism Art often uses symbols, metaphors, or allegories to convey deeper meanings.  Definition of ARTISAN Artisans are skilled workers who create functional or decorative objects using traditional techniques and methods. Their creations are often handcrafted and are known for their high quality, craftsmanship, and attention to detail. Types of Artisan Work Craftsmanship Artisans specialize in handmade items such as furniture, pottery, jewelry, textiles, and leather goods. Functional Art Artisans often produce objects that are both functional and beautiful, such as ceramics, baskets, and furniture. Traditional Techniques Artisans typically use techniques that have been passed down through generations, maintaining cultural and historical practices in their craft. Examples of ART  Paintings Mediums include oil, acrylic, watercolor, and ink. Famous painters: Leonardo da Vinci, Vincent van Gogh, Frida Kahlo  Leonardo da Vinci He was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, widely regarded as one of the most diversely talented individuals in history. He was not only a master painter but also an accomplished scientist, engineer, architect, anatomist, musician, and inventor.  Mona Lisa A world-renowned portrait, famous for its subject’s enigmatic expression.  The Last Supper A monumental fresco depicting Jesus’ final meal with his disciples.  Vincent van Gogh He was a Dutch Post- Impressionist painter, known for his bold use of color, emotional intensity, and expressive brushwork.  Starry Night A swirling, dream-like depiction of a night sky over a quiet town, considered one of his masterpieces.  Sunflowers A series of paintings of yellow sunflowers in a vase, full of color and light.  The Bedroom A portrayal of his simple bedroom in Arles, with distinctive, expressive color choices.  Frida Kahlo She was a Mexican painter known for her deeply personal and symbolic works, which often explored themes of identity, pain, and the human experience. She is celebrated for her self-portraits, surrealist imagery, and incorporation of Mexican folk art and culture into her works.  The Two Fridas (Las dos Fridas) A double self-portrait representing her divided identity between her Mexican and European heritage.  Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird An iconic work where she wears a thorn necklace, symbolizing pain, with a dead hummingbird, often seen as a symbol of hope, hanging from it.  Sculpture Carved, modeled, or assembled three- dimensional works. Famous sculptors: Michael angelo and Auguste Rodin  Michaelangelo He was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance, renowned for his masterpieces that have had a lasting influence on Western art.  David Perhaps his most famous work, this marble statue represents the biblical hero David and is celebrated for its detailed anatomy and expression of human emotion.  Pietà A stunning marble sculpture depicting the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Jesus, showcasing incredible tenderness and  Auguste Rodin He was a French sculptor, often considered one of the founders of modern sculpture. His works are characterized by their expressive forms, emotional depth, and innovative techniques that broke away from traditional sculptural conventions.  The Thinker Originally part of a larger work titled "The Gates of Hell," this iconic bronze figure depicts a man deep in thought, symbolizing intellectual struggle and contemplation.  The Kiss A sensual marble sculpture of a couple embracing, capturing the passion and tenderness of love.  The Gates of Hell A monumental sculptural group inspired by Dante's "Inferno," featuring numerous figures and scenes that explore themes of suffering and despair.  MUSIC Art form using sound as a medium, structured through melody, harmony, and rhythm. Classical composers: Beethoven and Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven (1770– 1827) was a German composer and pianist, widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of Western classical music. His work marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras, and he is celebrated for his innovative compositions that expanded the boundaries of music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) was an Austrian composer and pianist, widely regarded as one of the greatest composers in Western music history. His prolific output and mastery of various musical forms have had a profound influence on classical music.  Literature Written works of art, including poetry, novels and plays. Authors: William Shakespeare and Gabriel Garcia Marquez Examples of Artisan Work  Pottery Potters shape and fire clay to create functional objects like vases, plates, and bowls. Methods include wheel- thrown, hand-built, and slip-casting techniques.  Weaving Artisans create textiles by interlacing threads of materials such as wool, cotton, and silk. Weaving is often linked to cultural heritage, with traditional patterns being passed down through generations.  Furniture Making Carpenters and woodworkers create functional furniture such as chairs, tables, and cabinets. Masterful craftsmanship is key to creating durable and aesthetically pleasing objects.  Jewelry Making Artisans work with metals, gemstones, and other materials to create wearable art. Techniques like metal forging, casting, and stone setting are used to craft unique pieces. Visual Design Elements  Line A mark made by a moving point; it can vary in width, direction, and length. Types Straight Lines: Convey stability or strength. Curved Lines: Suggest movement, softness, or fluidity. Diagonal Lines: Imply dynamism or tension. Use: Lines can guide the viewer’s eye, create shapes, and convey emotions.  Shape A two- dimensional area defined by boundaries (lines, colors, or textures). Types Geometric Shapes: Circles, squares, triangles (often man- made). Organic Shapes: Freeform or natural shapes (often found in nature). Use: Shapes can create a sense  Form A three- dimensional object with volume and thickness.  Color The visual perception of light wavelengths, often categorized as hue, saturation, and value. Color Theory Primary Colors: Red, blue, yellow. Secondary Colors: Green, orange, purple (formed by mixing primary colors). Tertiary Colors: Combination of primary and secondary colors. Use: Color influences mood, communicates messages, and adds visual interest.  Texture The surface quality of an object, perceived through touch or visual representation. Types Actual Texture: Real texture that can be felt (e.g., rough, smooth). Visual Texture: Illusion of texture created through imagery (e.g., a painted surface). Use: Texture adds depth and can evoke sensory experiences.  Space The area around, between, or within objects. Types Positive Space: The area occupied by the subject. Negative Space: The area around and between the subject. Use: Effective use of space creates balance, focus, and  Value The lightness or darkness of a color. Use: Value helps create contrast, depth, and dimension in a design. Principles of Visual Design  Balance The distribution of visual weight in a composition. Types Symmetrical Balance: Equal weight on both sides of a central axis (formal balance). Asymmetrical Balance: Different elements that have equal visual weight but are arranged differently (informal balance). Use: Balance creates stability and harmony.  Contrast The difference between two or more elements in a design. Use: Contrast highlights key elements, creates visual interest, and helps convey messages. For example, using light text on a dark background.  Emphasis The focal point in a design that draws the viewer’s attention. Techniques: Use of color, size, contrast, or placement to create emphasis. Use: Emphasis directs viewers to important information or elements.  Repetition The use of similar elements throughout a design to create unity and consistency. Use: Repetition reinforces a visual theme, builds identity, and improves navigation (especially in web design).  Alignment The placement of elements to create a visual connection and organization. Use: Proper alignment enhances readability, structure, and flow in a design.  How the elements and principles work together?  Line and color (elements) can be used to create emphasis (a principle). Shape and form (elements) can establish balance or proportion (principles). By using a variety of textures, an artist can achieve contrast and add interest to their composition.  History of ART Is a vast and complex field that spans thousands of years, encompassing a variety of cultural traditions, movements, and periods.  Prehistoric Art Cave Paintings The earliest known art dates back to the Paleolithic era, with cave paintings found in sites like Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. These paintings typically depict animals and hunting scenes.  Ancient Art Egyptian Art Ancient Egyptians developed a highly formalized and symbolic art style, often reflecting religious beliefs and the afterlife. Pyramids, tomb paintings, and the Sphinx are key examples. Art served to honor the pharaohs, gods, and to ensure eternal life. Mesopotamian Art Art from the Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians includes large ziggurats (temple complexes) and relief sculptures depicting kings and gods. Famous works include the Stele of Hammurabi and Assyrian wall reliefs. Greek Art The Greeks valued naturalism, striving for idealized representations of the human body. Key periods include Archaic (stiff, formal), Classical (idealized, balanced), and Hellenistic (emotional, dramatic). Sculpture and architecture (such as the Parthenon) were highly developed. Roman Art Influenced by Greek art, Romans focused on realism and portraiture, especially in sculpture. The Romans also excelled in architecture, building arches, aqueducts, and coliseums like the Colosseum.  Medieval Art Early Christian and Byzantine Art: Early Christian art was focused on religious themes, often with symbolic representation. Byzantine art was known for its mosaics and icons, especially in churches like Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). Romanesque Art Characterized by thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches in architecture (e.g., Romanesque cathedrals). Sculpture and manuscript illumination flourished during this period. Gothic Art Known for the development of Gothic cathedrals with pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows (e.g., Notre-Dame). Art became more detailed and narrative in form, often centered on Christian themes.  Renaissance Art Originating in Italy, the Renaissance was a "rebirth" of interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli brought a renewed focus on the human form, perspective, and realism. The use of linear perspective was perfected, giving depth and realism to  Baroque Art Baroque art is known for its dramatic use of light and shadow, intense emotion, and grandeur. Artists like Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, and Bernini created highly emotional and realistic works. Baroque architecture, such as St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, was grand and elaborate, emphasizing movement and contrast. Neoclassicism A return to the classical ideals of Greece and Rome, with an emphasis on harmony, simplicity, and order. Contemporary Art One of the main developments during this time was turn from the traditional notions of what art is: from paintings and sculptures to the more experimentation formats. These included film, photography, video, performance, installations and site-specific works and earth works. Performance Art As a movement, it began in the 1960s and instead of being concerned with entertaining its audience, the heart of the artwork is its idea or message. Performance Art Performance art may be planned or spontaneous and done live or recorded.  Soul making, Appropriation, and Improvisation  It is important to note that the audience of the artwork must have a certain level of awareness to the style, form and content of the said work. Without such understanding it would be difficult to appreciate the visual arts in its fullness and entirely. Style refers to the distinctive handling of elements and media associated with the work of an individual artist, a school, a movement, or a specific culture or time period (Fincher-Rathus, 2013). Improvisation can be defined as doing something without prior preparation. There is a decision to act upon something that may not necessarily be planned. Within the present context, improvisation has become an integral part of the arts. Maria Minunjin Performance Art -it shows improvisation allows for a certain extent of freedom for the artist to improvise and allow the subject to perform and embody the artwork itself. To a certain, it allows the artist to explore and think about how the audience can actually to be a part of the work in itself. Appropriation of art has been a common practice throughout history. In the past, if an appreciate painter needs to hone his skills in his craft, he would be allowed to use his master’s work to copy. It is as if the apprentice is trying to explore his personal application of techniques to something he is more familiar with. One of the famous works of appropriation would have to be Andy Warhol’s "Campbell's Soup Cans" (1962). Warhol copied the original labels of the soup can but deliberately filled up the entire picture plane. The idea of putting together of the soup cans is something new for the audience. Art in Asia Chinese Art In the present context, China is at the forefront of economic development. Its booming economy has led to its modernization. In addition, history shows that China has been at the leading edge of development especially in terms of cultural development. By the start of the sixth century, Chinese artists started making art that highlighted their very own culture. Paintings usually depicted magical places and realms that were born out of sheer imagination while still infusing the Chinese characters that define their culture. Porcelain is one of the commonly used items to make decorative ornaments, such as vases and jars. Some artifacts from excavation sites show intricate works of the Chinese these porcelain vases. Japanese Art Art in Japan has undergone a series of transitions and periodization. From being an isolated nation to that of embracing Western influences and modernization, Japan has transitioned into a modern cultural mixing pot. One of the ceramic products created by the Japanese is called Haniwa. These are ceramic figures that are made up of clay. They are placed beside burial spots for reasons that are unknown. Japan established trading relations with China, they did not only trade goods with them but they were also influenced by the Chinese with their religious beliefs and practices. Philippine Art Pottery is said to be one of the earliest art forms used by the early Filipino people. One of the most prominent artifacts related to pottery is the Manunggal Jar found in Palawan.  One of the most popular artisans of weaving is the people from the Cordilleras. They are known for their colorful woven cloth, which also have both religious and practical value. The T’boli people from Mindanao are also known for their woven abaca cloth called t’nalak. They use this particular cloth to make ornaments, which also represent their In Mindanao, the Tausug and Maranao people are known for their okir, which are designs applied to their woodcarvings. Their common subjects include the sarimanok, naga and the pako rabong. The sarimanok is a stylized design of a mythical bird either standing on a fish or holding a piece of fish on its beak. The story of the sarimanok was a central figure to a number of legends. Art became one of the avenues for Filipino patriots and nationalist. Probably one of the most famous works that expressed Filipino nationalism and stood against the colonizers would be Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium.” Juan Luna's Spoliarium is one of the most iconic and significant paintings in Philippine history, symbolizing not only artistic excellence but also the Filipino people's struggle for freedom and dignity under colonial rule. Painting is one of the fine arts that depict various intrinsic values of man through imaginative aggregation of line and color. It expresses the artist’s perceptions and feelings on a particular selected subject. Painting Media and Techniques a. Fresco The word fresco has its origin from the Italian word “fresco” which mean fresh. There are two types of fresco, according to Cabalu: Buon fresco (true fresco) In true fresco painting watercolour paints are applied to fresh plaster so that the pigments and plaster fuse chemically. The colors are limited to those that resist the action of the lime in the plaster. “In true fresco, the painting must be done quickly and confirmed to the essentials.” Fresco secco (dry fresco) In dry fresco, the paint is applied to dry plaster; it requires a binding medium such as a gum and may flake. The effect of dry fresco is inferior to true fresco. “The colors are not as clear, and the painting is less durable.” b. Tempera Tempera painting involves the application of powdered pigments mixed with egg yolk to a panel, usually wood (often covered with line), on which several coats of gesso (plaster of Paris mixed with glue) have been carefully rubbed down to create a glassy-smooth surface. Aside from fresco, tempera was the principal paint medium before the c. Oil This refers to art of applying oil-based colors to surface to create a picture or a design. d. Acrylics Acrylics are water-based paints made from acrylic resins. Since these paints appeared in the 20th, many painters have used them in preference to oils, especially the op artists, minimalists, and hard-edge painters. Among the many advantages of acrylics are their quick-drying properties (over painting may be done within minutes), durability, and adaptability to almost any surface. Elements of Painting 1. Subject- Answer the question “What is the painting about?” 2. Medium- refers to the materials used by the artist in his painting. 3. Line- the pattern made by the outlines of the painting. 4. Color- the complexion of the painting. 5. Texture- the quality produced by the arrangement, treatment or handling of a medium or material. 6. Volume- the loudness of fullness of the painting 7. Perspective- the art of representing three-dimensional objects on a flat surface. 8. Form- the relationship of the parts of a work of art in the organization of the whole. 9. Style- the distinguishing way of the painter and his paintings. Cinema is an art of presentation in lights that made picture possible to appear on a two-dimensional surface. It does not carry pigments on surface since the subjects are viewed in a certain limited space. Music is the art of combining sounds into a coherent perceptual experience, typically in accordance with conventional patterns and aesthetic purpose. It is also considered as the art of combining tones in such a way that it is pleasing, expressive and intelligible. Thank You 