Plumbing Definitions & History PDF

O V E R V I E W  P l u m b i n g Definition the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other car...

O V E R V I E W  P l u m b i n g Definition the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried- wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property; also the pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’ - NPC 217.6  H i s t o r y Plumbing Practice in the Philippines In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila. In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code for the City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.  H i s t o r y In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay. On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang. Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text. The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.  P r i n c i p l e s 22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code 1 All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage. 2 Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise. 3 Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning. 4 Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.  P r i n c i p l e s 5 Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. 6 Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. 7 Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. 8 The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.  P r i n c i p l e s 9 All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure 10 satisfactory service. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. 11 The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use. 12 Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building. 13 Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.  P r i n c i p l e s 14 Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system. 15 Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. 16 No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated. 17 If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.  P r i n c i p l e s 18 Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. 19 Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers. 20 All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. 21 Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. 22 Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.  C o m p o n e n t s WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PLUMBING FIXTURES SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM  Nature of Water The Water Cycle: 3 Major Phases: Evaporation Condensation Precipitation  The Plumbing Cycle Components & Flow in Water Systems: S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E Pressure, Water Mains, Plumbing Piping Storage Tanks Fixtures Networks S O U R C E COLLECTION Gravity, Lakes, Rivers, Piping Reservoirs Networks TREATMENT DISPOSAL Treated water Sewage Plants, Sanitary and returned to the Natural Storm Sewers original source Purification  The Plumbing Cycle Water Functions Diagram: SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always be only in one direction (from supply to disposal) The two sides should always be carefully separated from each other WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM  Sources of Water For Domestic Use: SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Rain Collected from Water is soft & Only a source roofs of pure and is during the wet Water buildings and suitable for the season; special water hot water sheds and supply system Storage stored in becomes a cisterns or breeding place ponds; for mosquitoes; Cistern water Roofs may not for drinking be clean should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized  Sources of Water For Domestic Use: SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Natural Obtained from Easy to Contains a large Surface ponds, lakes acquire; amounts of and rivers bacteria, organic, Water Usually in large & inorganic quantities; substances; Purification & Used for treatment is irrigation, necessary industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply  Sources of Water For Domestic Use: SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Ground Obtained from Usually has an May have underground by abundant organic matter & Water means of supply; chemical mechanical & elements; manual requires less treatment is equipment; treatment suggested; because of From springs natural filtering Character of and wells and is ground water, its the principal hardness, source of water depends upon for domestic the nature and use in most condition of the rural areas soil and rock through which it passes or percolates  Water Treatment PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION 1. Acidity Entrance of Corrosion of Raising alkaline oxygen and non-ferrous content by the carbon dioxide pipes introduction of Rusting & a neutralizer clogging of (sodium steel pipes silicate) 2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of Boiling magnesium and pipes Use of an ion calcium salts Impaired exchanger laundry and (zeolite cooking process) 3. Turbidity Silt or mud in Discoloration Filtration surface or in Bad taste ground  Quality of Water Water Quality Problems & Their Correction: PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION 4. Color Presence of Discoloration of Oxidizing Iron and fixtures filter manganese and laundry 5. Pollution Contamination Disease Chlorination by organic matter or sewage  Water Treatment Treatment & Purification: OBJECTIONALBLE REASONS FOR TREATMENT ELEMENT Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to plumbing, stains clothing, etc. Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures, interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria clogs pipes Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains clothing Algae Bad taste & odor  Water Treatment Treatment & Purification: OBJECTIONALBLE METHOD OF TREATMENT ELEMENT Carbon Dioxide, Aeration Hydrogen Sulfide Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration Calcium & Addition of water softeners Magnesium Iron Iron Filters Sulfur Chlorination Pathogenic Germs Disinfection Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration  Purification of Water AERATION S praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide COAGULATION & PRECIPITATION A ddition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of.  Purification of Water FILTRATION W ater is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles. SEDIMENTATION W ater is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time CHLORINATION W ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.  Wells & Pumps Types of Wells (General): Shallow Wells Deep Wells Individual Well Springs: (Types According to Method of Construction) Dug Well Most common type Usually dug manually Around 15 m deep a.k.a. ‘shallow well’  Wells & Pumps Bored Well Similar to dug well, but constructed using an auger driven in by hand or with power tools Seldom hand driven below 15 meters, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools Jetted Well Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in the vicinity Makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump riser Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to as “Sand-Point Wells”  Wells & Pumps Driven Well Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen Depths are from 10-15 meters Drilled Well Used for drilling oil Can reach up to 1000 m  Wells & Pumps Locating a Well: 2 Most Common Sources of Contamination: Septic Tank / leach fields Livestock feedlots Location must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources Locate on higher ground The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration  Wells & Pumps Methods of Well Screening: Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass. Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening  Wells & Pumps 2 Basic Types of Pumps Piston Pumps Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston Single Action (water is drawn in with only 1 motion) or; Double Action (water is drawn in with either stroke) Duplex or Twin Piston Pump  Wells & Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force  Wells & Pumps Types/Classifications of Pumps Reciprocating Pumps piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is introduced to regulate the pulsation.  Wells & Pumps Jet Pumps Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up from a well. There are four types of Jet Pumps: Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells Convertible Jet Pumps can be used for deep wells and shallow wells Miniature Jet Pumps are used for small applications  Wells & Pumps Rotary Pumps Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids Submersible Pumps Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage receptacle. Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to be submersible Sump Pumps Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a particular area. Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid  Wells & Pumps Turbine Pumps Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications because of their multiple impellers Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM  Water Tanks & Cisterns Types of Tanks for domestic use: Overhead Tanks -Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below -Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various shapes and sizes Cisterns -Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected with a pump Pressure Tanks Hot Water Tanks  Water Tanks & Cisterns Gravity Supply Tanks Used in Overhead Feed System Main Components: Supply Pipe Inlet Overflow Pipe Drip Pan Gate Valves  Water Tanks & Cisterns Pneumatic Water Tanks: Used in the Air Pressure System Often used with a pump Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure automatically if necessary  Water Tanks & Cisterns Types of Hot Water Tanks: Range Boiler Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length) Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi Storage Boiler Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length) Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint Standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi.  Controls & Valves Function of Valves: Control of the water system - Start or shut down a system - Regulate pressure - Check backflow - Control the direction of water Rules Regarding Location of Valves: Locate & distribute valves in such a manner that they can isolate a certain section of the network in case of system breakdown (before each branch) Locate valves where they are not too visible while remaining accessible to users  Controls & Valves Types of Valves: Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’ Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control flow of water) Best suited to the main supply and pump lines wherein operation is infrequent 2 Types: The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc The Double Disc Valve  Controls & Valves Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle Can reduce water pressure (throttling) Only one side of the valve is an inlet 3 Types: The Plug Type Disc Valve -for throttling The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type) -for shutting The Composition Disc Valve -for steam and hot water  Controls & Valves Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line 4 Types: The Swing Check Valve The Lift Check Valve Vertical Check Valve Horizontal Check Valve  Controls & Valves Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as globe valve (disc & seat design) Used to make a 90° turn in a line Reduces number of joints Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the pumps Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’  Controls & Valves Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines & other pipe lines with excessive pressure  Controls & Valves Types of Faucets/Bibbs: Compression Operates by the compression of a Cock soft packing upon a metal sheet Key Cock Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet. ‘Hose bibb”- has grooves fit for a hose Ball Faucet Constructed with a ball connected to the handle  Water Distribution System Defects in Water Distribution Systems: Water Hammer WATER HAMMER a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off BACK SIPHONAGE abruptly or automatically the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle Back Siphonage the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe ‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.  Water Distribution System Defects in Water Distribution Systems: Expansion / Contraction Expansion/ Contraction Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in temperature Friction Head Loss An air space should be provided to allow for breathing room Friction Head Loss Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings  Water Distribution System Classification of Public Water Distribution: Direct Pressure Distribution DIRECT PRESSURE Water is obtained through a large intake DISTRIBUTION installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water Components: Water basin Receiving well Filtration plant  Water Distribution System Classification of Public Water Distribution: Indirect Pressure Distribution DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Involves individual special mechanical equipment  Cold Water Distribution System Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System (Potable & Tap): Service Pipe pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the SERVICE PIPE building served WATER METER Water Meter HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service Horizontal Supply Main the principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken.  Cold Water Distribution System Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System (Potable & Tap): Riser a water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more SERVICE PIPE to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures WATER METER HORIZONTAL SUPPLY Fixture Branch MAIN the water supply pipe between the RISER fixture supply pipe and the water- distributing pipe FIXTURE BRANCH CONTROLS & VALVES Controls & Valves STORAGE TANKS used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system Storage Tanks  Cold Water Distribution System Types of Cold Water Distribution Systems (within buildings): Upfeed System UPFEED SYSTEM Direct Upfeed - Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public water main  Cold Water Distribution System Air Pressure System (Pneumatic) - When pressure supplied by city water supply is not strong enough - Compressed air is used to raise and UPFEED SYSTEM push water into the system  Cold Water Distribution System Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System UPFEED SYSTEM DOWNFEED OR GRAVITY SYSTEM - Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.  Cold Water Distribution System ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Upfeed System 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & 1. Pressure from water main is tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings. 2. Water supply is affected during peak load hour. Air Pressure System 1. With compact pumping unit. 1. Water supply is affected by loss of 2. Sanitary due to air tight water pressure inside the tank in case of chamber. power interruption. 3. economical (smaller pipe diam) 4. less initial construction & maintenance cost 5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves as purifying agent. 6. Adaptable air pressure. 7. Air pressure serves zones of about 10 stores intervals.  Cold Water Distribution System ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Overheadfeeed System 1. Water is not affected by peak load 1. Water is subject to contamination. hour. 2. High maintenance cost. 2. Not affected by power 3. Occupies valuable space. interruptions. 4. Requires stronger foundation and 3. Time needed to replace broken other structure to carry additional parts does not affect water supply. load of tank and water.  Hot Water Distribution System Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings): Upfeed and Gravity Return System With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation Hot water is immediately drawn form the fixture any time Provided economical circulating return of unused hot water Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the building  Hot Water Distribution System Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings): Downfeed and Gravity Return System Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system) Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity. Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the upper  Hot Water Distribution System Types of Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings): Pump Circuit System For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings  Water Tanks & Cisterns Hot Water Consumption KIND OF GALLONS PER BUILDING PERSONS PER HOUR Office Buildings 4 to 5 School Buildings 2 to 3 Apartment Buildings 8 Hotels 8 to 10 Factories 4 to 6 Residential 10 Working Load of Hot Water Systems AVERAGE WORKING KIND OF BUILDING LOAD School, Office & Industrial types 25% Apartments & Residences 35% Hotels & Restaurants 50%  Hot Water Distribution System 2 Types of Water Heating Systems: Hot Water Space Heating System Water is confined within a system at low temperature Hot Water Supply System Not a closed system which operate on much higher temperature Protection of Hot Water Tank: System Relief Valve Used for Hot Water Space Heating System Temperature & Pressure Relief Used for Hot Water Supply System FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM  Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting Supplying Water for Fire Protection Systems: The Elevated Water Tank The Underground Water Reservoir Types of Fire Protection Systems: Dry Standpipe System Wet Standpipe System Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection Automatic / Sprinkler System  Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting Dry Standpipe System No longer being utilized in new buildings, provided other systems are employed (otherwise must be installed in buildings 4 levels CONNECT TO FIRE HOSE or more) The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of fire How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire department As much as possible, standpipes should be located in stairway landings  Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting Wet Standpipe System How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each level) Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or galvanized steel The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that all portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for those less than 15 meters form the fire service connection. For those more than 15 meters from the fire service connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm  Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection How it works: a piping network directly connected to the main water line, connects to all levels of a building; additionally, a Siamese Connection is located outside the building for additional water supply  Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting Automatic / Sprinkler System There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems: the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry  Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads Spacing of Sprinkler Heads: Spacing of Sprinkler Heads COVERAGE OF ONE KIND OF BUILDING SPRINKLER HEAD Light Hazard Occupancy 20 square meters Extra hazard Occupancy 10 square meters Special Installation Requirements At least one fire department connection on each frontage A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other than fire department connections Special fire walls between protected areas Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste water  Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads Types of Sprinkler Heads Upright- used above piping when piping is exposed Pendent- projects through a finished ceiling when piping is exposed PLUMBING FIXTURES  Plumbing Fixtures Definition: Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to Classifications: Soil Scullery Bathing Water Closets Kitchen Sinks Lavatories Urinals Laundry Tubs Bathtubs Slop Sinks Bar Sinks Shower Baths Bidets Foot/Sitz Tub Shower Receptors Shower Compartments  Soil Fixtures Setting: WATER CLOSETS Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m Water closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m Types: According to Type of Flushing Flush Tank water closets Direct Flush Valve ( DFV water closets) -Flushing action can be obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl  Soil Fixtures According to Flush Tank Types Integral Flush Tank Close Coupled Flush Tank Low Flush Tank High Flush Tank  Soil Fixtures According to Mounting Floor Mounted Wall Hung  Soil Fixtures According to Flushing Action Wash Down - Flushes through a simple wash down action - Discharges waste into a trapway located at the front of the bowl - Has a bulge on the front - Has a small amount of standing water - Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest Soil Fixtures Reverse Trap - Flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway Siphon Jet - Has a larger trapway making it less likely to clog - Quieter flushing action - Retains a large amount of standing water  Soil Fixtures Siphon Vortex - Less noisy and very efficient - Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a complete flush down - Retains a large amount of standing water Direct Flush Valve - flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl  Soil Fixtures Other Types of Water Closets Squat Type Washout Soil Fixtures Soil Fixtures  Soil Fixtures Minimum Requirements for Water Closets OCCUPANCY MIN. WC KIND & NO. OF USERS Dwelling or Apartment 1 family Elementary Schools 1 for 1-20 persons 2 For 21-50 persons 1 per additional 50 persons Assembly Places 1 per 1-100 males (Theaters and Auditoriums- for 2 per 101-200 males public use) 3 per 201-400 males 3 per 1-50 females 4 per 51-100 females 8 per 101-200 females 1 per additional 500 males over 400 2 per additional 300 females over 400 Dormitories 1 per 10 males 1 per 8 females 1 per additional 25 males, 20 females Industrial 1 per 1 - 10 persons 2 for 11 - 25 persons 3 for 26 - 50 persons 4 for 51 - 75 persons 5 for 76 - 100 persons 1 per additional 30 persons in excess of 100  Soil Fixtures Types: URINALS Wall Hung Pedestal Through Stall  Soil Fixtures Setting: Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m Flushing: Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1) Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)  Soil Fixtures Minimum Requirements for Urinals OCCUPANCY MIN. # KIND & NO. OF USERS Schools: Elementary 1 per 75 males Secondary 1 per 35 males Office or Public Building 1 per 1-100 males 2 per 101-200 males 3 per 201-400 males 4 per 401-600 males 1 For each additional 300 males Assembly Places 1 per 1-100 males ( Theaters and auditoriums)- 2 per 101-200 males for public use) 3 per 201-400 males 4 per 401-600 males 1 For each additional 500 males Dormitories 1 Per 25 males 1 per 50 males in excess of 150 Industrial and Commercial 0 0  Scullery Fixtures Materials: Stainless Steel KITCHEN SINKS Cast Iron Enamel Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.  Scullery Fixtures LAUNDRY TUBS Materials: Cement or Cement with Tiles Porcelain SLOP SINKS Where janitors clean & leave their mops BAR SINKS  Scullery Fixtures LAVATORIES Types: Pedestal Wall Hung Pullman or Counter Through  Bathing Fixtures BATHTUBS WHIRLPOOL BATHS with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap pump and circulation piping shall be self draining Brand Name of luxury type bathtubs JACUZZIS  Bathing Fixtures BIDETS Used for cleaning private parts Sometimes referred to as female urinals Setting: Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m  Bathing Fixtures FLOOR DRAINS With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal to the cross- sectional area of the tailpiece Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor SHOWER RECEPTORS Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope. Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door. For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.  Bathing Fixtures SHOWER BATHS/ COMPARTMENTS Metal enclosure containing shower head, valves and faucets Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle. This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails. Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM  Sanitary Piping Layout General Rules in designing the Sanitary system: The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of the Sanitary system Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure efficient circulation Subsystems of the Sanitary System: Waste Collection System Ventilation System  Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System Waste Pipe conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter. Vent Pipe used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals. Trap a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it. Stack the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending through one or more stories and extended thru the roof. Branch any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.  Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System House/Building Drain part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building. House/Building Sewer extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. NPC 203.3  Principles of Waste & Soil (EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep Vertical to Horizontal change in direction 45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep  Principles of Waste & Soil (EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in Horizontal to vertical change in direction use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps. No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross) Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)  Sanitary Drainage Lines UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the amount of waste it carries. A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit (F.U.) The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of required trap.  Sanitary Drainage Lines Maximum Trap Loading ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT Notes: 1 32 mm 1 1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall be determined by the 2 38 mm 3 Administrative Authority. 2.For a continuous flow into a 3 51 mm 4 drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, 4 76 mm 6 air-conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) 5 102 mm 8 fixture units shall be allowed Exception: On self-service laundries. for every 0.063 L/s of flow. 3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s Discharge Capacity ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT 1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1 2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2 3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4 4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6  Sanitary Drainage Lines MINIMUM SLOPE OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot). Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the Administrative Authority  Traps & Interceptors Types of Permissible Traps: The Common P-Trap Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass, Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC. The Deep Seal P-Trap Water seal is about twice the size of The common P-trap Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater  Traps & Interceptors The Stand Trap Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built low in the ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap Serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture The Running Trap Used within the line of the house drain  Traps & Interceptors Types of Permissible Traps: The Drum Trap Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m) Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)  Traps & Interceptors Types of Prohibited Traps: Traps with movable parts or concealed interior partitions No fixtures shall be double-trapped The S-Trap Predecessor of P-traps Used before traps had to connect to a ventilation line  Traps & Interceptors REQUIREMENTS: Traps REQUIRED Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap. Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent) One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.  Traps & Interceptors SIZE OF TRAPS: The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected. Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special conditions.  Traps & Interceptors Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures DRAINAGE ITEM TRAP & TRAP FIXTURE FIXTURE NO. ARM SIZE UNITS 1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2 2 Bidets 38 mm 2 3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2 4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2 5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2 6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3 7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1 8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4 9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6  Traps & Interceptors INSTALLATION OF TRAPS: The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length. Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms TRAP ARM DISTANCE DIAMETER TO VENT Note: In no case shall 32 mm 0.76 m the trap distance be less than 2 times the diameter 38 mm 1.07 m of the trap arm. 51 mm 1.52 m 76 mm 1.83 m 102 mm & larger 3.05 m The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m. For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.  Traps & Interceptors INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS (CLARIFIERS) & SEPARATORS: Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of not less than 152 mm deep. Each interceptor shall be properly vented. Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any establishment which discharges wastewater with considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall drain through a screening device and thence into a grease interceptor. Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected against storm or surface water and shall drain into an interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the effluent reaches the public stream.  Clean-outs REQUIREMENTS: Clean-outs REQUIRED at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135° inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.  Clean-outs Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals. on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)  Clean-outs SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS: Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe served Clean-Out Size SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS PIPE CLEANOUT PER 25.4MM 38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2 51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2 64 mm 64 mm 8 76 mm 64 mm 8 102 mm & larger 89 mm 8  Clean-outs INSTALLATION OF CLEAN-OUTS: Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow except in the case of a wye branch. Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep. Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a front clearance of 450 mm. Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750 horizontal clearance to the means of access. No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or crawl hole.  Vents & Venting System VENTILATION Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.  Vents & Venting System Main Types: VENTS Main Soil & Waste Vent the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary system Connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack The portion where waste does not travel through Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)  Vents & Venting System Main Vent the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected. a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’ serves as support to the Main Soil & Waste Vent  Vents & Venting System Individual Vent or Back Vent a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.  Vents & Venting System Other Types: Unit, Common, or Dual Vent an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe serve two (2) traps.  Vents & Venting System Relief Vent a vertical vent line that provides additional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks.  Vents & Venting System Yoke or By-pass Vent a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.  Vents & Venting System Circuit Vent a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack. a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’ Serves a battery of fixtures  Vents & Venting System Looped Vent a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected there Used in spaces without partitions  Vents & Venting System Wet Vent that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through.  Vents & Venting System Local Vent a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air. Dry Vent a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.  Vents & Venting System Stack Vent the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. Vent Stack the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end above the roof has traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).  Vents & Venting System REQUIREMENTS: Vents REQUIRED Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back- pressure through venting. Vents NOT REQUIRED on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented. Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.  Vents & Venting System SIZE OF VENTS: The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture units connected thereto. The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter of the drain to which it is connected.  Installation of Vents GRADES & CONNECTIONS All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves. Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally. All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof” (VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent. Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an approved double branch fitting.  Installation of Vents VENT TERMINATION VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface nearby. Each vent opening shall terminate: Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window; Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window; Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street boundary lines. Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend not less than 2.10 m above such roof.  Installation of Vents VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent” at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above the same floor to provide a relief vent. The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller. The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed 1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch serving that floor.  Vents & Venting System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS: Trap Seal Loss - Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate ventilation of traps - Attributed to the following conditions: Siphonage- direct and momentum  Vents & Venting System Back Pressure Capillary Attraction Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal Retardation of flow - Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity Deterioration of the Materials - Due to the formation of acids  INDIRECT WASTE PIPING, WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES Indirect Waste Pipe – is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.  House Drain Appliances HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES: GREASE TRAPS: For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters, cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium, factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for individual dwelling units. No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second (54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm). Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet, whichever is greater. No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease interceptor or grease trap.  House Drain Appliances GREASE TRAPS: Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage disposal. 2 Main Types Earth Cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap  House Drain Appliances Operating Principles (separation of grease from water): grease suspended in waste floats to the surface Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap  Traps & Interceptors Grease Trap Capacity TOTAL # OF REQUIRED GREASE FIXTURES RATE OF RETENTION CONNECTED FLOW CAPACITY 1 76 L/ min. 18 Kg 2 95 L/ min. 23 Kg 3 132 L/ min. 32 Kg 4 189 L/ min. 45 Kg  House Drain Appliances HOUSE TRAPS: Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall of the building DRAIN TILES: Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the basement walls & foundation Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house drain or sump pit  House Drain Appliances Garage Traps: a.k.a. garage catch basin Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at the lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.  House Drain Appliances Back Flow Valves: Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of back flows Similar to check valves  House Drain Appliances Sewage Ejectors: Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (which are usually higher than basement levels)  Private Sewage Disposal Systems DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various disposal outlets Definition: SEPTIC TANKS A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids through a period of detention, and allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage  Private Sewage Disposal Systems Bacteria in septic tank to encourage decomposition: Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without oxygen  Private Sewage Disposal Systems Minimum dimensions- L= 1500mm W=900mm D=1200mm  Private Sewage Disposal Systems SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK:  Private Sewage Disposal Systems DESIGN CRITERIA: PLANS: should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed. QUALITY OF DESIGN: shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum accumulations. MATERIALS: constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive corrosion or decay, shall be watertight. Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron  Private Sewage Disposal Systems COMPARTMENTS: have a minimum of 2 compartments: First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m. Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length. maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the manhole MANHOLES: with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS: Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm. LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET: Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the water surface Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe. VENT DIAMETER: equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems AIR SPACE: Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth. Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings. PARTITION (between compartments): An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited. STRUCTURE: Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa  Private Sewage Disposal Systems CAPACITY: The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater. The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field. LOCATION: Should not be located underneath the house At least 15 meters from the water distribution system  SEWERS 3 degrees or grades of waste water: Grey Water (or Area Water) Waste water with the exception of human wastes From laundries, wash basins, sinks, tubs, etc. Black Water Water plus solid and liquid human wastes Storm Water Rainwater only  SEWERS CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS: Combination Public Sewers Oldest variety Carries both storm & sanitary wastes Storm Sewers Sanitary Sewers Carries regular sanitary wastes only Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for treatment Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)  SEWERS 2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWERS: Tributary Sewers Termination points of individual units or structures Usually round shaped, with diameters between 0.60 to 1.2 meters Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often installed by the curb line, before the street Normally laid in the Northern or Eastern side of streets with east-west or north-south orientations  SEWERS Intercepting Sewers a.k.a. ‘collecting sewers’ Termination points of tributary sewers Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30 meters in depth Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2% Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant  SEWERS REQUIREMENTS: Sewers REQUIRED Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system. Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or exterior drainage facility. Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the public sewer.  SEWERS DAMAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER OR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags, flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils, grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause damage to the public sewer or private disposal system. No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into any excreta drainage system. No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under drain system shall be connected to the excreta building sewer leading to a public sewer main. No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a private or public sewage disposal system.  SEWERS SIZE OF SEWER: The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of the total number of fixture units drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building drain.  SEWERS INSTALLATION OF SEWER: Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the point of disposal. Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer, structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in dia may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and those 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)  SEWERS No building sewer shall be installed less than 0.6 M from the outer face of any building foundation, nor less than 0.3 M below the finish surface of the ground. Location of building sewer in relation to other services is shown below. 0.60 m from any building or structure 15.2 m from water supply wells 15.2 m from streams 0.30 m from domestic supply pipes 0.30 m from public water main  SEWERS Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in the same trench as water pipes unless: the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M above the top of the sewer pipe (NPC 1208.1.1), the water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at one side of the common trench with a minimum horizontal distance of at least 0.3 m from the sewer or drain pipe (NPC 1208.1.2).  SEWERS Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or drain pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3 meters away from sewer line in both directions.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems DISPOSAL FIELDS Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for structures with large adjacent open fields  Private Sewage Disposal Systems AREA: dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and; the type of soil found in the excavation. DISTANCE FROM WATER TABLE: No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the water table. WITH SEEPAGE PIT: Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit excavation and the pipe extending from such points to the seepage pit shall be watertight.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems SEEPAGE PITS a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to seep through pit bottom and sides CAPACITY: based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character and porosity of the surrounding soil. SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT: Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than 2.2 m and to be lined with clay or concrete brick.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems STRENGTH: Brick lining shall have a minimum compressive strength of 17225 kPa. MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS: served through a distribution box or shall be connected in series by means of a watertight connection. The outlet shall have a vented leg fitting extending 304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems CESSPOOLS a non-watertight lined excavation in the ground which receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system, designed to retain the organic matter but permitting the liquid to seep through the pit bottom and sides  Private Sewage Disposal Systems TEMPORARY PERMITS: Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water conditions are favorable; As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an existing cesspool; As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or temporary uses.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems PRIVIES Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of organic waste. Consists of a vault constructed of concrete for the collection of raw sewage and a wooden shelter  Private Sewage Disposal Systems COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL REQUIREMENTS: When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other ingredients which may affect the operation of a private sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall be installed. DISPOSAL: Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.  Private Sewage Disposal Systems GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS Location of Sewage Disposal System MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE BLDG SEPTIC DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR SEWER TANK REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL 1 Buildings or 0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m structures* 2 Property line Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m Adjoining private Property 3 Water supply 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m wells 4 Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 5 Trees - 3m - 3m  Private Sewage Disposal Systems GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS Location of Sewage Disposal System MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE BLDG SEPTIC DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR SEWER TANK REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL 6 Seepage pits or - 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m Cesspools 7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m 8 On site domestic 0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m Water service line 9 Pressure public 3m 3m 3m 3m Water main  Sewage Treatment Plan (STP) Some features of STP: An aeration system within the tank; A submersible mixer to mix the waste; A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying; A decanter; Blowers; A fully electronic control system, etc.  Water Recycling 2 Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage Treatment The Activated Sludge Process Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must pass through First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three different filter houses Second Phase- clarifies the effluent Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers Produces water with 99-99.5% purity  Water Recycling Raw sewage inlet The Activated Sludge Process 1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house 4. incinerator 3. Fine screen house 5. Activated sludge tank 6. Aerating 8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet basin 10. Liquid 11. Chemical 9. Drier house extractor house house 13. Vacuum 12. warehouse power house  Water Recycling The Trickling Filter Process a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’ Requires less mechanical elements and less stages Produces water with 95% purity Requires a large ground area for its building STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM  Rainwater Pipes DOWNSPOUTS OR CONDUCTOR PIPES, GUTTERS Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes. Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meters. An ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila. Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least the same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe, except that the ratio of its side dimensions shall not exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used for downspouts. Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure, they shall be installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch from the roof to the ground level.  Rainwater Pipes ROOF DRAINS Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending 102 mm above the surface of the roof surface. With a minimum total net inlet area of 1 – ½ times the area of the outlet pipe to which it is connected. Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a total net inlet area not less than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe to which the drain is connected. Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made watertight by the use of C.I. drain with integrally-cast waterstop ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the concrete roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable flashing material around the drain.  Storm Water System 3 Major Systems of Collecting Storm Water: The Independent System a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’ Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs  Storm Water System The Combined System Combines storm water with sanitary wastes  Storm Water System The Natural System Without using any roof gutters or downspouts Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns Storm Drain Locations  Storm Water System Roofing Elements to Collect Rainwater: The Gutter Usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof The Downspout Located every 8 to 10 meters & at every corner of the roof (but, to avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate them every 4 to 6 m)  Storm Water System The Strainer or Roof Drain Drain designed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a downspout. Designed to prevent clogging. The Shoe At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain- water towards the nearest catch basin  Storm Water System The Catch Basin Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one downspout) Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water The Storm Line Connects to each catch basin  Storm Water System Storm Sewers Carries only rainwater collected from the storm drain or from the streets Terminates at natural drainage areas (i.e. lakes, rivers, and water reservoirs) Require manholes to serve as clean-outs and to make sewers accessible for inspection and repair built at depths of about 2 to 3 meters; diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 meters PIPES and FITTINGS  Pipes & Fittings Cast Iron Soil Pipe Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s. Durable, conveniently installed (