Plumbing Summary 1 and 2 Combine, RNPCP, Fajardo PDF

CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING PLUMBING Plumbing the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, san...

CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING PLUMBING Plumbing the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’. (Section 217.6 The Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999) PLUMBING SYSTEM Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers, including their respective joints and connections; devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same. (Section 217.12 NPC 1999) A Plumbing system, reduced to its simplest terms, consists of a supply pipe leading to a fixture and a drainpipe taking the used water away from this fixture. The system constitutes the following: 1. The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the water source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in the building at which water is used. 2. The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow the occupants of the building to use the water. 3. The drainage system. The piping network within the building which conveys from the plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter (sanitary drainage) as well as rainwater (storm drainage) to a point of disposal or a treatment facility. THE PLUMBER The plumber is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. There are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. They are: 1. Apprentice plumber- a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as helper to a journeyman.  2. Journeyman plumber- has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform the tasks of installing and repairing plumbing. 3. Master plumber- a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with Republic Act 1378, having passed the examinations conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), has received a certificate of registration from the board of master plumbing and possesses the current license to practice. (Section 214.5 NPC 200) THE PLUMBING CODE The improper installation of plumbing may affect the health of the occupants of a building and create a center point for the spread of disease. The possibility is of sufficient public interests to require the regulation of plumbing by law. The right of the government to regulate the details of plumbing is based on the principle of the protection of public health. The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the qualified observance of the latest provision of the plumbing and environmental laws. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE 1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage. 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise. 3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning. 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating. 5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. 6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. 8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. 9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service. 10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.  11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use. 12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building. 13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship. 14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system. 15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. 16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated. 17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank. 18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers. 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. 22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment. BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila. In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila. In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay. On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang. Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text.  The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law. TYPICAL PLUMBING SYSTEM OF A TOILET AND BATH  CHAPTER 2: PROPERTIES OF WATER GENERAL Water plays an important part in the plumbing system. It is a common, but in many ways, an unusual liquid. Large quantities of water are required in buildings for personal use, food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purposes, and possibly also for fire fighting, laundries, swimming pools, irrigation and recreational use. We sometimes tend to think of water as an inexhaustible natural resource. However, our supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation practices are necessary if our needs are to be supplied. THE DEMAND OF WATER DEMAND REQUIREMENT Drinking, Cooking, Dishwashing Must be pure, sterilized and protected from contamination. Supplies taken direct from mains or from exclusive storage. Personal Washing and Domestic Cleaning Similar but moderated to allow cold and hot supplies to be drawn from main storage tank or cistern via distribution network. Laundry Generally clean and wholesome, soft and free form Iron and Manganese staining. Fire Fighting High Pressure. Connections must not permit contamination of mains water. Swimming Clean, filtered and sterilized with free chlorine residue for post-sterilization. Can be recirculated. Boilers and Heating Plants Soft treated water, stored and circulated separate from domestic supplies. Irrigation No special requirement, except reasonably free from solids and slit (result in blocked Pipes and nozzles) and uudecomposed material (pollution). THE WATER CYCLE The cycle basically consists of water entering the atmosphere through evaporation and returning through condensation is that these processes result in natural water purification. When water evaporates, only water molecules leave the surfaces; salts and other solids in solution remain behind. The condensed water is thus purified water- except in so far as it picks up pollutants in the air. Thus evaporation and condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh water on earth. Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually make its way through streams, rivers and lakes to oceans or seas as a result. As precipitation hits the ground, it may follow either of two alternative pathways, which are A molecule of H2O can absorb a maximum capacity of 12 grains. (Relative Humidity) RH= (4/12) x 100= 33% RH= (10/12) x 100= 83.33% Impervious Layer- does not allow H2O to pass through. 9. Purified Water- water that undergoes a process where the pollutants are removed or rendered harmless.  10. Polluted Water- water that contains one or more impurities that make the water unsuitable for a desired use. 11. Gray Water- water drained from lavatories, sink, laundry trays and showers; contains minor pollutants. 12. Black Water- water drained from water closets and urinals; carries body wastes and contains major pollutants. 13. Storm Water- rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspouts. WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION 1. Acidity Contains carbon Corrosion of non- Passing the water dioxide. Cistern and ferrous pipes, through a bed of pond waters rusting and clogging crushed marble or containing decaying of steel pipes. limestone to vegetation are likely achieve alkalinity, or to be acidic adding sodium silicate. 2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of pipes. Introduction of water Magnesium and Impaired laundering softeners made up Calcium and food of Zeolite (a preparation. greenish granular material) 3. Turbidity Silt or suspended Discoloration and Filtration matters picked up in bad taste. surface or near surface flow. 4. Color Presence of Iron Discoloration of Precipitation by and Manganese fixtures and Laundry filtration through manganese zeolite (oxidizing filter) 5. Pollution Contamination by Disease Chlorination organic matter or sewage WATER PURIFICATION Water purification is any method that will remove one or more materials that make the water unsuitable for a given use. The methods that are commonly used in water purification are: 1. Settling or Sedimentation 2. Filtration 3. Adsorption/ Flocculation-Coagulation  4. Aeration 5. Distillation 6. Disinfection/ Chlorination The natural water includes all of these purification methods except disinfection. Sitting in lakes, ponds, or the oceans, water is subject to settling (sedimentation). As it percolates through soil or porous rocks, it is filtered (filtration). Soil and humus are also good chemical adsorbents (coagulation/ flocculation). As water flows down streams and rivers, detritus is removed by biological oxidation (aeration). As water evaporates and condenses, it is distilled (distillation). Thus, numerous freshwater sources might be safe to drink were it no for human pollution. The most serious threat to human health is contamination with disease- causing organisms and parasites, which come from the excrements of humans and their domestic animals. In human settlements, one can see how the organisms may get into water and be passed onto people before any of the natural purification processes can work. THE METROPOLITAN CEBU WATER DISTRICT (MCWD) The Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) is the sole commercial provider in Metro Cebu comprising of four cities and four municipalities. As of year 2000, MCWD served 40% of the total population of Metro Cebu. MCWD is primarily tasked to deliver adequate, safe, potable and affordable water to is conssionares. MCWD has two sources or its water supply: 1. Ground Water 2. Surface Water GROUND WATER TREATMENT PRECESS USED BY MCWD Ground water sources are naturally and presumably purified by a compact thick filter media layer of ungraded sands, soils and rocks at considerable depth. Hence, disinfection using Chlorine Gas and other Chlorine Salts is the only treatment process employed. Here, water that is extracted from their ground through a pumping equipment is allowed to pass through chlorination facility using chlorine gas to kill any presence of coliform organisms and other froms of bacteria. Water is the stored in a reservoir ready for distribution into each concessionaire’s faucet. At certain areas in the distribution network, Direct feed pumping stations are employed to augment the water supply. These are strategically located in different areas Metro Cebu. SURFACE WATER BASIC TREATMENT PROCESS EMPLOYED BY MCWD  Runoff or surface water is first stored in dam. From this, water goes through a series of treatment processes. The Buhisan Dam (Tisa Filtration) Buhisan Dam is Cebu’s first and only dam MCWD’s only surface water source. It supplies the Tisa (Labangon) filter plant with up to 600 cubic meter per hour (600,000 liters per hour or 158,400 gallons per hour) or about an average of 4,000 cubic meter daily (4 million liters or 1.05 million gallons). This dam is located in Buhisan, a southern mountain baranggay of Cebu City. This was designed by 27 year-old Eusebius Julius Halsema. AG and P, the winning bider, asked Php 463, 628.00 to do the work. On November 10, 1911, the dam was completed and ready to be filled. With a height of 27 meters, the concrete dam has a conical arch design which transfers the stress in the reservoir (caused by water strain) to the sides of the dam thereby anchoring it firmly in place. Three 4.5 meter wide flood gates exist for flood control purposes. Its long concrete spillway allows overflow water to escape safely when the dam gates are raised. Two kilometers of raw water main pipes extend from the dam to the distribution reservoir in Tisa. From the latter, a four kilometer pipeline distributes water to concessionaires in Cebu City. Another 21 kilometers of pipelines were also laid for improved water distribution. Today the almost 100 year old Buhisan Dam is as strong as when it first operated. TREATMENT PROCESS MCWD treats the surface water using the conventional process comprising of the following: 1. Aeration 2. Coagulation- Flocculation 3. Sedimentation 4. Filtration 5. Disinfection/ Chlorination 1. Aeration- Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb additional oxygen for better taste.  2. Coagulation- Flocculation- This is the process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation. This process includes physical and chemical process: a. Coagulation- is the chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment to make it capable of combining into larger particles. This is called destabilization. b. Flocculation- is the physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each other and stick together. 3. Sedimentation- This is the process by which suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and deposition. This process usually follows coagulation-flocculation. The objective of this process is to remove most of the suspended solids, reducing the loads on the filters. 4. Filtration- This is the passage of fluid through a porous medium suspended matter which did not settle by gravity. In water purification, matter to be removed includes suspended silt, clay, colloids, and microorganisms including algae, bacteria, and viruses. A filter bed consists of a granular non-porous material held one place by the force of gravity or by the direction of flow. 5. Disinfection/ Chlorination- This is the most important process used in the production of water of a safe and sanitary quality. Chlorination is the method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in order to attain a desired degree of disinfection. After the processes, water is stored in a reservoir, then to the transmission mains, then to the, distribution lines, down to the service connections and lastly to the concessionaire’s faucet. SURFACE WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT SYSTEM Water is taken from the water shed reservoir and piped to the treatment plant. At the plant, (1) water is aerated to release trapped gases and to absorb oxygen for better taste, (2) Alum/tawas (aluminum sulfate) is added to coagulate organic particles, and (3) the water is put into a settling basin for several hours to allow coagulated particles to settle. It is then (4) filtered through sand filters, (5) Chlorine is added to kill bacteria and put into a storage tank for distribution to concessionaires.  CHAPTER 3: PLUMBING FIXTURES FIXTURES- receptacles attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system. COMMON TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES USED IN RESIDENCES 1. Water closet 4. Urinal 2. Lavatory 5. Bidet 3. Kitchen sink 6. Bath tub WATER CLOSET- A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. Water closets are classified according to design, make, flushing mechanism, shape and installation. A. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO DESIGN 1. Siphon washdown 3. Siphon Vortex 2. Siphon jet 4. Reverse trap 1. SIPHON WASHDOWN- The least expensive but the noisiest; only small amount of standing water- susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence, it is widely used and entirely acceptable where price is the main consideration. 2. SIPHON JET- The jet being submerged introduces its water underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled. It has a large amount of standing water to prevent fouling. It is mechanically efficient but expensive. 3. SIPHON VORTEX- this type of bowl develops its flushing action through the water entering through diagonal holes around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms a vortex in the center. It is considered to be the most quiet, most efficient and most sanitary water closet. 4. REVERSE TRAP – the trap way located at the rear of the water closet eliminated the buldge at the front. The design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than siphon wash down. B. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO MAKE 1. One-piece 3. Pail Flush 2. Close Coupled 4. Squat bowl 1. ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET- The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the bidet. 2. CLOSED COUPLED WATER CLOSET- a water closet where in the flush tank is separate but is attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model. 3. PAIL FLUSH WATER CLOSET- a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used in areas where running water systems are not available. 4. SQUAT BOWL WATER- A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern type” since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position. C. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO FLUSING MECHANISM 1. Flush tank 2. Flush Valve (flushometer) 1. FLUSH TANK- holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water closet. It has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons. 2. FLUSH VALVE- valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes. It is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank. It is also known as Flushometer or Flushometer valve. The flush valve requires 10 to 20 psi flow pressure. D. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO SHAPE 1. Round Front  2. Elongated Front 1. ROUND FRONT- intended for installation on a limited space. 2. ELONGETED FRONT- is more comfortable but occupies a larger space. E. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO INSTALLATION 1. Free Standing (Flour mounted) 2. Wall Hung (Wall Mounted)  MINIMUM WATER CLOSET CLEARANCES ROUGHING-IN DIMENSIONS OF WATER CLOSET PLUMBING FIXTURE MATERIALS (GENERAL REQUIREMENTS)  QUALITY OF FIXTURES i. Dense ii. Durable iii. Non-absorbent iv. Smooth, Impervious Surface v. Free form unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces  MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE i. Water closet private installation 76mm Φ (3 “) 4 DFU, 4” Φ ii. Water closet public installation 76mmv Φ (3”) 6 DFU, 4” Φ *use 6 DFU when computing for septic tank size  SIZE OF WATER SUPPLY AND WSFU VALUE  i. Water closet, Flush tank 12 mm Φ (1/2 “)  3 (Private)  5 (Public) ii. Water closet, Flush Valve  25mm Φ (1”)  6 (Private) 10 (Public)  MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT i. The minimum size of vent for water closet is 51mm Φ.  VENTILATION OF T &B i. Ceiling mount exhaust fan duct type. ii. Thermal exhaust fan  TILES IN TERMS OF DESIGN FOR T&B i. 200mm x 200mm for ceramic LAVATORY- a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as wash basin. TYPES OF LAVATORY 1. Wall Hung lavatory 2. Pedestal Lavatory 3. Counter Type Lavatory  a. Over Counter b. Under counter 4. One- Piece Lavatory TYPES OF LAVATORY FAUCET a. Center Set b. Wide Spread ROUGHING-IN OF LAVATORY  MINIMUM LAVATORY CLEARANCE MATERIALS FOR LAVATORIES a. Vitreous China b. Enameled Cast Iron c. Stainless Steel d. Plastic MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER & DFU VALUE o Wash basin, in sets  38mmΦ 2 DFU o Wash basin, single  38mm Φ 1 DFU SIZE OF WATER SUPPLY PIPE & WSFU VALUE o Lavatory 12mmΦ (1/2”)  1 (Private use)  2(Public use) MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT FOR LAVATORY o The minimum size of vent for a lavatory is 32mmΦ. BIDET- a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath.  - Setting and clearance for bidet shall be the same as in the water closet. - Bidet minimum trap diameter is 38mm and its DFU value is 2. - Size of water supply is 12mm and WSFU is 2 (private) or 4 (public) BATH TUB- a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet. *minimum size of vent is 38mmΦ (1 ½”) *bathtub minimum trap diameter is 38mm and the DFU value is 2. *size of supply pipe is 12mm and WSFU value is 2 (private) and 4 (public). *REQUIREMENTS FOR WHIRLPOOL BATHTUBS (SEC. 411 NPC 1999) a. Provide removable access panel to the pump. b. Locate the circulation pump above the crown weir of the trap. c. The pump and the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water retention. d. Suction fittings on whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the listed standards. URINAL- A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away urine. TYPES OF URINAL 1. Wall hung Urinal 2. Pedestal Urinal 3. Stall Urinal  4. Trough Urinal MINIMUM CLEARANCES FOR URINALS   MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE a. Urinal, Wall-mounted  51mm (2”)  6 DFU b. Urinal, Stall  51mm (2”)  6 DFU c. Urinal, Trap arm  51mm (2”)  3 DFU  SIZE OF SUPPLY PIPE AND WSFU VALUE a. Urinal, Wall-mounted 19mm (3/4”) 5 WSFU b. Urinal, Stall 19mm (3/4”) 5 WSFU  MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT a. The minimum size of vent is 38mmΦ SINKS MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE Kitchen Sink (Residential); 1 ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 DFU 51mm minimum waste pipe Bar Sink (Commercial) 1 ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 DFU 51mm minimum waste pipe Bar Sink (Private) 1 ½ “Φ  38 mm Φ  1 DFU 38mm minimum waste pipe Sink (Commercial, Industrial, Institutional) 1 ½ “Φ  38 mm Φ  3 DFU 58mm minimum waste pipe Sink (Clinic); Flushing Rim 3 “Φ 76mm Φ  6 DFU Service sink (Slop) 2 “Φ  51 mm Φ  3DFU Laundry Tub 1 ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 DFU SIZE OF SUPPLY PIPE AND WSFU VALUE Kitchen sink ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 (Private); 4 (Public) Scullery sink 3/4 “Φ 38 mm Φ 2 (Private); 4 (Public) Slop Sink ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 (Private); 10 (Public) Laundry Tub ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 (Private); 4 (Public) Bar sink ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  1 (Private); 2 (Public) DRINKING FOUNTAIN Minimum trap diameter is 31mm and DFU value is 1. Size of waste supply is 12mm Φ and the WSFU value (each faucet) is 1 (private use) or 2 (public use). Minimum size of vent is 32mm Φ (1 ¼”) SHOWER BATH Minimum trap diameter is 51mm and the DFU value is 2.  Size of water supply is 12mm Φ and the WSFU value (each head) is 2 (private use) or 4 (public use). Minimum size of vent is 38mm Φ. FLOOR DRAINS Minimum trap diameter is 51mm and the DFU value is 2. HOSE BIBB Size of water supply is 12mm Φ and the WSFU value is 3 (private use) or 5 (public use) KITCHEN SINK- a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected with a drain. TYPES OF KITCHEN SINK a. Single Bowl- Single Drain b. Double Bowl- Single Drain c. Double Bowl- Double Drain  d. Triple Bowl e. Corner Sink OTHER PLUMBING FIXTURES SLOP SINK- A deep sink, usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pails of dirty water and mop cleaning. DRINKING FOUNTAIN- A fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a water jet designed to provide potable water for human consumption. LAUNDRY TUB- A deep wide sink or but used for washing clothes. It is also known as Laundry Tray or Set Tub. SHOWER BATH- An apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from above. Drain is through the shower bath floor drain. SCRUB SINK- a plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure; the hot and cold water supply is activated by a knee-action mixing valve or by wrist or pedal control. PLUMBING UNIT (Sec. 217.13 NPC 1999) The minimum standard quantities of plumbing fixtures that discharge waste into a plumbing installation include; 1 water meter 1 water closet 1 lavatory 1 shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall 1 kitchen sink 1 laundry tray 3 floor drains 4 faucets/ hose Bibb 13 Total numbers of fixtures and fittings that comprise a plumbing unit NOTES ON SHOWER RECEPTOR (NPC 1999) 1. Each shower receptor shall be constructed to have a finished dam, curb or threshold of at least 25.4 mm lower that the outside floor. 2. The dam or threshold shall not be less than 51mm nor more than 228mm in depth, when measured from the top of the dam or threshold to the top of the drain. PLUMBING ACCESSORIES  1. Soap holder 2. Paper holder 3. Toothbrush and tumbler holder 4. Towel holder/ tower bar 5. Seat Cover TYPICAL FIXTURE LAYOUT FOR TOILET AND BATH (minimum dimensions) TOILET FIXTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS (per BP 344 The Accessibility Law) GRABRAIL HEIGHTS AT URINALS MOUNTING DIMENSIONS FOR TOILET & BATHROOM ACCESSORIES MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS AT SHOWER AREA MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS AT BATH TUB/ SHOWER  CHAPTER 4: DRAINAGE SYSTEM The drainage system is composed of the piping network within a structure which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from their point of origin to a point of disposal, such as a public sewer or a private treatment facility (septic tank). This system is often known as the DWV System (Drainage, Waste and Vent). The complete drainage system is subdivided into four (4) sub-systems, as follows. 1. SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other fixtures. 2. WASTE DRAINAGE SYTEM or SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of fecal flow. 3. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping system that receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded. 4. VENT SYSTEM- the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage or back pressure. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM a. The piping must be air tight, gas tight and water tight. b. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped by an approved type water seal trap. This is to prevent odor-laden and germ-laden to rise out of the drainage system and contaminate the surrounding air in the room. c. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. This is to protect the drainage system against siphonage and back pressure and to assure air circulation throughout the drainage system. d. A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run. The location of the cleanout shall be: - At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe. - At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5 degrees  - Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer connection - At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe e. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal. f. All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3 meters. g. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases. DEFINITION FROM NPC 1999 EDITION HOUSE / BUILDING DRAIN- part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system, which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building. HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER - extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. No house/building sewer shall be smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in size than the house/building drain WASTE PIPE - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter. SOIL PIPE- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. SOIL STACK PIPE- a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water. VENT PIPE - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals. VENT STACK- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. SEPTIC TANK- A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal. PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM- a septic tank with the effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be permitted by the plumbing code. ROOF GUTTER- the water collector at the eaves of the building. DOWN SPOUT- A vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also known as conductor or rain water. STORM DRAIN- Receives storm water , clear, rain or surface-water waste (SD) CATCH BASIN- A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time to allow materials to settle to deposit. TRAP- A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM APPROVED BY THE 1999 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE. EXCRETA DRAINAGE PIPING 1. Cast iron 2. Ductile iron 3. Galvanized steel (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm above ground) 4. Galvanized wrought iron (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm above ground) 5. Lead 6. Copper 7. Brass 8. Series 1000, pvc, dmv 9. Extra strength vitrified clay pipe (shall not be used above ground. At least 300mm below finish ground level.) 10. Approved material having smooth and uniform bore NOTE: ABS and PVC DWV can be used in high rise buildings at the discretion of the RMP and with the full consent of the owner. DRAINAGE FITTING 1. Cast Iron 2. Malleable 3. Lead 4. Brass 5. Copper 6. ABS 7. PVC 8. Vitrified clay VENT PIPES 1. Cast iron 2. Ductile cast iron 3. Galvanized steel 4. Galvanized wrought iron 5. Lead 6. Copper 7. Brass 8. Schedule 40, ABS, DWV 9. Series 1000, PVC, DWV VENT STACKS  1. Copper 2. Cast iron 3. Galvanized wrought iron 4. PVC VENT FITTINGS 1. Cast Iron 2. Galvanized malleable iron 3. Galvanized steel 4. Lead 5. Copper 6. Brass 7. ABS 8. PVC DOWN SPOUT (INTERIOR) 1. Cast iron 2. Galvanized steel 3. Iron 4. Brass 5. Copper 6. Lead 7. Sched 40, ABS, DMV 8. Series 1000, PVC, DWV DOWNSPOUT (MEDIUM HEIGHT BUILDING) 1. G.I. pipe, sch. 30 2. CISP, S.W. 3. Copper tube, type DWV 4. Sch. 40, ABS, DWV 5. Series 1000, PVC, DWV DOWN SPOUT (EXTERIOR/ LOW HT. BLDG) 1. 26 GA, Galvanized sheet metal with steel pipe or cast iron at its lowest section draining to the catch basin. DOWN SPOUT (HIGH RISE) 1. Shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure. ROOF DRAIN  1. Cast iron 2. Copper 3. Other corrosion resistant materials TRAPS (SEC. 1003 NPC 1999) 1. ABS 2. Cast brass 3. Cast iron 4. Lead 5. PVC Figure 2- The function of the trap and one of the several functions of a vent preventing siphonage. LOSS OF TRAP SEAL- This failure can be attributed directly to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures which occur in the piping system. See figure 3. Five (5) Cause of Trap Seal Loss 1. Siphonage- The withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a suction caused by liquid flow in a pipe. a. Direct Self- siphonage b. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage  2. Back Pressure- pressure developed in opposition to the flow of liquid in a pipe due to friction, gravity or some other restriction to flow of the conveyed fluid. Excessive pressure at the lowest branch causing trap seal to look for opening. 3. Evaporation- Occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time. A Deep seal is the best solution but clogs the pipe due to accumulated solid wastes. 4. Capillary Attraction- foreign objects in the traps absorbing trap seal 5. Wind Effects- strong winds through the vent system forcing water out of the trap SUPPORTS- are devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling, floors or structural members. Supports include hangers, anchors, brackets, and cradles. INDIRECT WASTE PIPING (Section 810 NPC 1999)   The drains of the following equipments shall not be directly connected to any soil, waste and vent pipes. 1. Evaporative cooler 2. Air Washer 3. Air Conditioner 4. Cold Storage Room 5. Refrigerator 6. Cooling Counter 7. Food and Drinks Storage 8. Culinary/ Dishwashing Sink for food preparation Room  Cooling and air conditioning equipments may be separated by an *airbreak.  Food equipments shall be separated from the drainage system by a full *airgap. *Airbreak- a physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected, at least 25mm. *Airgap, drainage.- the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance conveying waste to the flood level rim of the receptor. DRAINAGE, WASTE AND VENT (DWV) PIPING SYSTEM The drainage system is composed of groups of pipes and fittings that convey waste from the building to the proper means of disposal system. 1. Building Sewer- That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which system which extends from the end of the building and which receives the discharge of the building drain and conveys it to the public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal. 2. Building drain- the part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer. 3. Sewage Disposal System. A system for the treatment and disposal of domestic sewage by means of a septic tank, cesspool, or mechanical treatment, all designed to serve a single establishment, development or building. The drainage piping system contains fittings that serve as drains, traps and vents. Drains- fittings used for draining fluid from point of use to the piping system. Traps- fittings or device designed and constructed to provide a liquid seal which prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or water through it. Vents-pipes and fittings installed in the system to provide air circulation so as to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure. TYPES OF TRAP COMMONLY USED IN RESIDENTIAL FIXTURES 1. P- Trap used at lavatories, sinks, floor drain and scuppers. 2. Drum Trap used at bathtubs and bidets 3. House Trap 4. Other Appliances a. Back flow valve b. Flow control valve c. Grease trap/ grease interceptor Drum Trap- A cylindrical trap commonly used on the drain pipe from a bathtub or under the bathroom floor.  Back Flow Valve- Device that prevents the reversal of flow which might flood and cause damage to the building. SIZESS AND CAPACITIES OF GREASE TRAPS SIZES DIMENSIONS PIPE SIZE INLET FLOW RATE (mm) AND OUTLET LxWxH (mmФ) GPM LPS - 279 Ф x 216 51 2 0.13 - 301Ф x 203 51 3 0.19 - 330Ф x 241 51 4 0.25 - 356 x 279 51 5 0.32 100 381 x 305 x 283 51 7 0.44 200 406 x 356 x 298 51 10 0.63 300 470 x 400 x 302 51 15 0.95 400 629 x 495 x 381 51 20 1.26 500 699 x 429 x 441 76 25 1.8 600 762 x 470 x 470 76 35 2.21 700 832 x 502 x 518 76 50-55 3.15 800 873 x 559 x 584 76 House Trap-75 a device 4.73 900 902 x 724 x 890 76 installed to prevent 95 6.00 1000 1083 x 851 x 953 76 circulation of100 air between the6.31 1100 1248 x 1016 x 1006 76 drainage of the 125building and 7.89 1200 1422 x 1054 x 1029 102 the building sewer. 150 9.46 1300 1549 x 1105 x 1156 102 200 12.62 1400 1800 x 1308 x 1270 102-127 250 15.77 1500 2029 x 1486 x 1416 127-152 300 18.93 Note: Minimum height of 89mm required from cover of grease trap to bottom of fixtures served. Source: Metma Trading and Industrial corporation CAT. No. 1005 POT. No. 24187 FREE LEVEL HANDLE DRAIN FLOW CONTROL VALVE IS (METMA BRAND) RECOMMENDED FOR INSTALLATION BEWEEN USING FREE LEVEL HANDLE FREE LEVEL HANDLE DRAIN DRAIN IS FOR EASY AND GREASE TRAP TO DRIPPING OF WASTE PREVENT FATS FROM WATER FROM KITCHEN CLOGGING INTO PIPES. SINK.  GREASE TRAP. A DEVICE FOR REMOVING FAT AND GREASE FROM WASTE WATER BY ALLOWING THE RETAINED LIQUID TO COOL AND THE GREASE TO SOLIDIFY; THEN THE GREASE IS SEPARATED BY FLOATATION; IT RISES TO THE TOP OF THE TRAP, WHERE IT IS HELD. THE PRIME PURPOSE OF A GREASE TRAP IS TO ASSURE A FREE FLOWING DRAINAGE THROUGH PIPE LINES AT ALL TIMES BY INTERCEPTING, ACCUMULATING AND RECOVERING GLOBULES OF GREASE FAT AND OILS FROM WASTE WATER. GREASE TRAP/ GREASE INTERCEPTOR NOTE: Grease trap is not required for individual dwelling units or for any private living quarters. (sec. 1011.1, NPC 1999) : No food waste disposal unit shall be connected to or discharged into any grease trap. (Sec 1013, NPC 1999) SIZING OF GRESE INTERCEPTORS (TABLE 10-4, NPC 1999) C= M x W x R x F NOTE: 1 Cubic meter= 264 gallons WHERE: C= size of grease interceptors (liquid capacity) M= Number of meals served at peak hour R= Waste flow rate; With dishwashing machine  6 gallon flow (per meal/ day) Without dishwashing machine  5 gallon flow (per meal/ day) Single service kitchen  2 gallon flow (per meal/ day) Food waste disposer  1 gallon flow (per meal/ day) Hospital kitchen  25 gallon / bed / day F= Storage Factors Fully equipped commercial kitchen 8 hour operation: 1 18 hour operation: 2 24 hour operation: 3 Single service kitchen: 1.5 SAMPLE PROBLEM; Determine the capacity and volume of the grease trap for a canteen that serves an average of 50 meals a day that is open from 11:00 am to 7:00pm.  SOLUTION: S= M x W x R x F = 50 x 5 x 2.5 x 1 S= ? = 625 gallons M= 50 meals W=5 cal/ meal/ day R= 2.5 hours F= 1 Solve for volume of grease trap (V) m3 (cubic meter) V= 625/ 264 = 2.37 cubic meter  volume of grease trap OTHER METHODS USED FOR SIZING THE GREASE INTERCEPTOR For grease traps the serve non-scheduled meals to a nonspecific number of occupants, as in restaurants, fast foods services and luncheonettes; C = 0.09 (K x N x H x G x S) Where: C= Liquid capacity K= Facility access coefficient = 1.25 for freeways = 1.00 for recreation areas = 0.80 for main highways = 0.5 for lesser roads N= number of seats (use fractional value if occupancy is rarely full) H= Number of hours per day of operation G= Waste flow rate (general value is 4.5 Gals) S= Sewage capacity factor = 1.7 for outflow to public sewer = 2.5 for outflow to opposite disposal For grease traps that serve scheduled meals to a specific number of occupants as in hospitals , nursing homes and schools; C= 0.14 (M x G x S) Where; M= number of scheduled meals served per day; 1, 2 or 3 TYPES OF VENTS 1. Main soil and waste vent 2. Main vent 3. Individual vent or back vent 4. Unit vent 5. Circuit vent or loop vent 6. Relief vent 7. Yoke vent 8. Wet vent 9. Looped vent 10. Utility vent  Individual vent or back vent. The portion of the vent pipe system which serves a single fixture. Main soil and waste vent. The portion of soil stack pipe above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof. Main vent. The principal portion of the vent pipe system to which vent braches may be Unit vent. The portion of the vent pipe system connected. It serves as a collecting vent which ventilates two fixture of similar design line. installed on opposite sides of a partition.  The vent stack is installed between the 2nd and 3rd fixture as a precaution. In the case the soil branch becomes clogged, the 3rd fixture scours the pipe of fecal waste which may obstruct the vent. Circuit vent or loop vent. The portion of the drainage system which ventilates two or more fixture traps that discharge into a soil or waste branch. SOIL APPLICATION RATE PERCOLATION (GPD/ SQ. METER) RATE (25mm) (1”) 1 minute 57.00 2 minutes 46.22 5 34.40 10 24.73 15 19.35 20 16.12 30 11.83 field area: Disposal A= (1.50 + 25 + 1.50) 1.80 45 8.60 A= 50.4 m2 < 70 m2 (rule of thumb) 60 * Revise 5.34 distance of trenches D= 70/ 28 = 2.5 m Relief Vent. The portion of the vent pipe installation that permits additional circulation of air around the drainage pipes to eliminate back pressure and retardation of waste flow.  CHAPTER 5: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT To protect water resources and the greater environment, all waste from buildings and industrial processes must be treated to meet certain standards of quality. Domestic sewage from dwellings and DWV systems in buildings are permitted to be discharged into the public sewers system, which provides the necessary treatment prior to tits discharge into nature. Water Treatment and Disposal Basic Purposes of sewage treatment 1. To destroy pathogenic micro organisms. Pathogens are disease-causing bacteria. 2. To remove most suspended and dissolved biodegradable organic materials. Raw or untreated sewage is mostly pure water since it comprises about 99.9% water and only about 0.1% impurities. However, sewage contains biodegradable organic material, which is very likely to contain pathogenic micro organisms. The amount of pathogens in the waste water is expected to be proportional to the concentration of fecal coliform bacterium cal E. coli (Escherichia coli). The E. coli concentration in raw sanitary sewage is about 1 billion/ liter, but it is not a pathogen. In fact, our bowels will not function properly without it, but as an indicator organism, the presence of E. coli indicates that water is contaminated with fecal wastes and pathogens maybe present. DENR standard is 10,000 MPN/ 100ml. For water to be safe for drinking the E. coli count shall not be more than 1 E. coli per 100ml (about 0.4 cup) of water. shall not be more than For water to be considered safe for swimming the E. coli shall be more than 200 E. coli per 100ml of water. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The measure of the strength of the sewage in relation to the total amount of organic material it contains. Untreated domestic sanitary sewage has an average BOD of about 200mg/ liter. DENR standard is 50 mg/ liter. Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The measure of the strength of the sewage in relation to the total amount of suspended solids. Untreated domestic sanitary sewage has an average TSS of 240 mg/ liter. Another group of impurities that is of major significance in waste water is the compounds of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from plant nutrients. Raw sanitary sewage contains an average of 35mg/ liter of nitrogen and 10 mg/liter of phosphorous. THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS The sewage treatment process may be divided into four major steps: 1. Preliminary treatment. 35% of BOD and 60% of TSS are removed. 2. Primary Treatment, which is subdivided into: Sedimentation and retention: raw sewage is retained for the preliminary separation of indigestible solids and the start of aerobic action. Aeration: introduction of air through natural convection or mechanical blowers to accelerate the decomposition of organic matters. Skimming: Removal of scum that floats on top of the partially treated sewage. Sludge Removal: disposal of heavy sludge at the bottom of treated sewage. In the primary treatment, 85% of BOD and 85% TSS are removed. 3. Secondary Treatment, namely, the removal of colloidal and dissolved organic material. 4. Tertiary Treatment, that is, the removal of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous and disinfection of effluent by the addition of chemicals, such as chlorine (10 mg/liter). Sewage Treatment Plants The design of sewage treatment plants for large buildings, building complexes and municipalities follows precisely the same processes described above. However, modern treatment plants do require considerable mechanized equipment and controls in order to be efficient and reliable. Sanitary Engineers or Plumbing Engineers who specialized in the subject do the design of these treatment plants. Following are the definitions of some commonly used terms related to the subject of sewage treatment methods and disposal processes: 1. Digestion- That portion of the sewage treatment process in which biochemical decomposition of organic matter takes place, resulting in the formation of simple organic and mineral substances. Also known as aerobic (bacterial) digestion. 2. Influent- Untreated sewage flowing into a treatment system. 3. Effluent- Treated or partially treated sewage flowing out of a treatment system. 4. Sedimentation- Formation of layers of heavy particles in the influent 5. Aerobic (bacterial) digestion- Digestion of the waste through the natural bacteria digestive action in a tank or chamber. 6. Active Sludge- The sewage sediment, rich in destructive bacteria, which can be used to break down fresh sewage more quickly. 7. Filtration- a means of filtering out any solid matter from the effluent. 8. Disinfection- A process to disinfect the effluent with chemicals. 9. Percolation- the flow or trickling of a liquid downward through a filtering medium. A summary of waste water treatment. CHAPTER 6: PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS Drainage pipe. This is the pipe that conveys waste from the building to an approved point of disposal. Drainage Fittings. This are pipe accessories in the drainage system such as a coupling, bend, wye, etc; used to join two or more pipes together or to change their directions. TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPES 1. Waste pipe 2. Soil pipe 3. Storm pipe 4. Vent pipe 1. Waste pipe. The pipe which carries only liquid waste, free of human excrement or fecal matter. 2. Soil pipe- the pipe which carries the waste from water closets, urinals or fixtures of similar function to the building drain. This contains human excrements. 3. Storm pipe- the pipe which convey rainwater from the roof gutter and down spout to the building storm drain. 4. Vent pipe- the pipe connected to the drainage system that conveys air to and from the system and keep the water from being siphoned from the trap.
Branch- is the drainage pipe that runs horizontally.
Stack- is the vertical drainage pipe. The selection of piping materials for the drainage system depends on the following: 1. Pressure 5. Initial cost 2. Velocity 6. Installation cost 3. Temperature 7. Operating problem 4. Corrosiveness of the medium conveyed within Common drainage pipes and fittings materials used a. Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP) b. Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP) c. Concrete pipe d. Vitrified Clay Pipe e. Plastic Pipe i. Polyethylene (PE) ii. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)  iii. Acrylonitrile- Butadiene- Styrene (ABS) f. Iron Pipe Size (IPS)- Iron, Steel, Brass g. Lead i. Safe spans is 10.56 kg/m2 and 1.6mm thick ii. For flushing or vent terminals- 14.63 kg/ m2 and 1.2 mm thick iii. Lead bends and lead trap shall not be less than 3.2mm in wall thickness. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers combined under pressure with Portland cement and silica to form a dense and homogeneous material. It is dense cured for strength. TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE 1. Pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process piping, working pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi. 2. Non-pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer casings for electric cables and as storm drains. Properties: Diameter: 75mm (3’) to 900 mm (13’) Length: 3.00m (10’) or 4.00m (13’) For 75, 100, 150mm. 4.00m (13’) for 200mm. (8”0 Through 900 mm. (36”) Grades: 1500, 2400, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Lbs/ft. Joints: rubber gasket joint and cement joint Note: Asbestos cement pipe (ACP) is remarkably suited for embedment in concrete structure since both materials have the same properties. COMMON TYPES OF PIPE FITTINGS 1. Bends (elbows)- are used to complete change of direction in soil, waste and drain lines in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. 2. Y (wye) branches- are used for change of direction (diagonal) and branch connections of soil, waste and drain pipes. 3. T (tee) branches- are used to join 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions. CAST IRON SOIL PIPE Cast iron soil pipe (CISP) is made from an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is primarily used for sanitary drain, waste and storm systems. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Class A- extra heavy (xh)- is often used for underground applications. 2. Class B- Service weight (SV)- is used for general building installations. TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Single hub- is equipped with one hub and one spigot end and used in the installation of plumbing in its full length.  2. Double hub- is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two pieces when a short piece of pipe is needed. 3. Hubless (no hub)- there is no hub on either ends of the pipe, it is used in lieu of the single hub calking of the pipe is difficult. PROPERTIES Available diameter (Nom. I.D.) 2”, 3 ”, 4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 15” Hydrostatic Test: 50 psi for service weight 100 psi for extra heavy Length: 5’ and 10’ TYPES OF JOINTS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Lead and Oakum (calk joint) 2. Neoprene Compression gasket 3. Stainless Steel Couplings (for Hubless pipe) *Oakum- a hemp treated with pitch to make it moisture proof and resistant to the elements contained in the waste. *Calking- plugging an opening with oakum and lead that are pounded into place. *HUB- that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint. It is also known as Bell. *SPIGOT- the end of the pipe that fits into a bell or spigot. FITTINGS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE CONCRETE PIPE Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the molds (centrifugal casting). TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE 1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe- is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravity- flow water supply lines if the joints are carefully made. Diameters available range from 100mm. (4”) to 900mm (36”). 2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)- is made by the addition of steel wire or steel bars and is primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters available range from 300mm (12”) to 3600mm (144”) VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay and fired in kilns producing an extremely hard and dense corrosion resistant material. It is generally used for underground public sewers, house sewers, drainage (sanitary and storm) systems and for industrial wastes such as acids. Vitrified clay pipe is suitable for most gravity-flow systems and is not intended for pressure service. It is brittle and cracks when laid on unstable ground or base. PROPERTIES *Diameter- 100mm (4”) to 1050 mm (42”) *Grades- standard - extra strength - perforated *Joints - cement joint - pre-fabricated compression seals  VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE FITTINGS PLASTIC PIPES Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for various applications including drain, waste and vent. (DWV) BASIC TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPE 1. Thermosel Plastic- has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiber glass are example of this. 2. Thermo Plastic- is a material having the property of softening when heated and hardening when cooled. TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM 1. Polyethylene (PE)- the high density P.E. spiral pipe (HDPE) is used as drainage and sewer pipe for housing complex, playground, golf course, industrial farm and stock farm. It is sufficiently flexible to follow ground contours of snake around obstacles. HDPE SPIRAL PIPE Properties *Diameter- 100mm (4’) to 900mm (36”) *Color- black *Joint- Screw-type couplings *Brand- Atlanta HIDE PIPE FITTINGS 2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- is a thermoplastic type which is composed of molecules of polymers. Each molecule is a long chain made of carbon, hydrogen and other atoms which are melted down and molded. TYPES OF PVC PIPES USED FOR DRAINAGE 1. uPVC Sanitary pipes (unplasticized)- (DWV) is designed for above and underground sanitary piping system. It is ideal for drain, waste and vent installation. 2. uPVC Sewer Pipe- can be used for main sewer system and other underground waste piping system which requires big diameter pipes.  CHAPTER 7: BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS FOR DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS THE COMMON TOOLS USED IN THE DRAINAGE PIPES AND FIITINGS ARE: 1. Hacksaw 2. Closet auger 3. Plunger 4. Rule 5. Blow torch 6. Lead pot 7. Pouring ladle Rule/ Push-pull tape. This is 8. Joint runner used to measure pipes to be Blow Torch- this is used as a 9. Ball peen hammer cut and for measuring the run of source of heat when melting 10. Cold chisel the pipes. lead and heating the soldering 11. Caulking irons copper for calk joint. 12. Soldering copper 13. Tin snip 14. Plumb bob 15. Plumb level 16. File Lead Pot. This is used as a Pouring Ladle- this is used for vessel for holding lead to be scooping up melted lead to be melted. This is also known poured into cast iron soil pipes as Melting Pot. to make a calk joint. Hacksaw. This is used for cutting pipes. Joint runner. This is used to close the gap between the hub Ball Peen hammer- this is and the spigot of a cast iron used for caulking. soil pipe while molten lead is poured into the joint of a Closet Auger. This is used for horizontal pipe run. This is also removing clogs in drain pipes, known as Pouring rope. usually at water closet, urinal and lavatory stoppage. Gold chisel- this is used for cutting cast iron pipes and for boring holes.  Calking Iron- this is used for Tin snip. This is used for caulking oakum and lead for cutting G.I. sheets for straps to bed and spigot joints. anchor pipes. Plunger. This is used to clear the trap at floor drains, or minor obstructions through a pumping action. This is also known as Plumber’s friend or Plumber’s helper. Soldering Copper. This is used for soldering lead on Plumb Level. This is used to flashing of vent pipes on G.I. establish and guide grades on Roofing. horizontal drain pipe runs. File. This is used to remove the burrs of cut pipes. Plumb Bob. This is used for establishing vertical runs for pipes. CHAPTER 8: WATER SUPPLY SOURCES Providing water in buildings is one of the most critical utility requirements. A building without water supply is unfit for human habitation. Generally speaking, potable water is supplied from a local utility through a public water system. For buildings without public water system, an alternative source of water must be considered, such as springs, wells and rain water. SPRING WATER SOURCE In most conditions, springs are shallow wells with water supply just a few meters from the ground surface. If this is the source of domestic water supply, careful attention must be given to yield and purify. The flow may stop during dry season or surface water may get contaminated. Spring water can be developed so as to secure maximum protection from contamination by excavating sufficiently to locate the true spring openings and to insure a secure foundation for the encasing structure. This structure is known as a spring box which serves as a collector for spring water. Water collected from the spring box flows to a larger storage tank and then to the distribution pipes. The determination of the yield of the spring water source employs a very simple procedure. They are as follows: 1. Channel the flow of the spring into a collection basin. Make sure that the basin collects all available flow. 2. Place an overflow pipe through the dam so that the collected water flows freely through the pipe. There should be no leakage around the pipe. 3. Put a bucket of known volume (for example, a 10-liter bucket) under the overflow pipe to catch the flow. 4. With a watch, measure the amount of time it takes to fill the bucket. At this instance, the rate of flow can be determined. 5. Check the rate of flow per day if it is sufficient to supply the daily water demand of the occupants. SAMPLE PROBLEMS (DETERMINATION OF SPRING YIELD) It takes a spring 60 seconds to fill a 10-liter bucket. Determine if its daily yield is sufficient to the water demand of the community of 200 people. The average daily water consumption per person is 60 liters. Solution:  Determine the rate of flow ( in liters/ second) Rate of Flow= 10 liters = 0.16 liters/ second 60 seconds  Determine the daily yield ( liters/day) Daily yield= 0.16 liter x 60 seconds x 60 minutes x 24 hours Second 1 minute 1 hour 1 day = 13, 824 liters per day   Determine total daily water demand Total demand= 200 persons x 60 liters/ person / day = 12,000 liters per day Therefore, the spring with the daily flow of 13,824 liters can sufficiently meet the demand of the community of 200 people. WELLS Wells are holes or shafts sunk into the earth to obtain water from an aquifer. An aquifer is a water-bearing formation of gravel, permeable rock or sand that is capable of providing water, in usable quantities, to springs or wells. The design and proper construction of a well require scientific knowledge of hydrogeology, common sense and practical experience. The types of wells generally refer to the method of its construction, which are: 1. Dub 2. Bored 3. Driven 4. Drilled a. Percussion or standard b. Rotary c. Reverse-circulation rotary d. Jetting 1. Dug wells- These are wells 60 centimeters or more in diameter dug through the soft upper soil. The sides may be of masonry or concrete to prevent from caving-in. It is necessary that the well should be impervious to a depth of at least 3 meters. 2. Bored wells – these are constructed using either hand or power driven earth auger. A well casing is lowered to the bottom of the hole. After the boring is complete, cement grout is poured to fill the gap between the bored hole and the well casing. This is to prevent contamination. 3. Driven wells- a driven well is done by forcing into the earth a 60 to 90 centimeter long piece of perforated steel tube attached to a pointed screen called a “drive point”. This type of well varies from 32 mm diameter at a depth of 3 to 12 meters. 4. Drilled Wells- A drilling rig is used to drill the well hole and then a casing or tubular pipe is forced down the hole to prevent it from caving-in. when a water-bearing stratum of sufficient capacity is found, a well screen is set in place to permit the water to flow into the casing and to hold back the fine material. The depth of this well is limited only by the distance one must dig to obtain an adequate supply of fresh water, even down to 450 meters. RAIN WATER SOURCE In terms of resource conservation, rainwater is an attractive alternative. Rain water is soft and is near to the purest state in the hydrological cycle. However, air pollution causes rainwater to be acidic which corrode non-ferrous pipes and cause rusting and clogging of steel pipes. In spite of these conditions, rainwater collection system remains a viable water source alternative. This system typically employ a cistern or covered reservoir tanks to store water collected from roofs or other relatively clean, impervious surfaces. The collected rain can be used for flushing water closets and urinals, as well as for landscape purposes wherein potable water is not necessary. The city council of Cebu promulgated City Ordinance No. 1711 otherwise known as the “water conservation and Flood Prevention ordinance”. This ordinance requires all projects to provide a permanent rainwater tank or container proportionate to the roof area. These are stated as follows: A. For commercial, Industrial and Institutional buildings One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof area and deck, up to a maximum of seven (7) cubic meters. B. For Residential Buildings (Php 500,000.00 and above project cost) One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof area and deck, up to a maximum of three (3) cubic meters. SIZING OF RAIN WATER CISTERN There are two methods that can be used in determining the size of the storage tank for rain water: 1. The use of Cebu city Ordinance 1711 which states that for every fifteen (15) square meter of roof area, one (1) cubic meter of rain water can be collected. This is the short method of sizing the cistern. 2. The use of the rain fall data of the locality. This is the long method of determining the size of the cistern. SAMPLE PROBLEM1: SIZING OF RAINWATER CISTERN BY LOCAL RAINFALL DATA  As part of the design problem, it was required that 5 water closets, 2 urinals and 2 slop sinks of a school building in Cebu city be provided with an alternative source of water supply, specifically from rainfall catchment. Your are to determine the size of the rainwater cistern based on the following givens or assumptions: 1. Water closets shall be flush tank types 2. Rainfall data of Cebu is available from PAGASA 3. Roof area is 1,000 square meter. 4. Capacity of cistern to satisfy 30 minute duration of water demand 5. Rainfall catchment efficiency is 80%. Solution 1. Solving for rainwater demand load Water closet: 5 x 5 WSFU = 25 Urinal : 2 x 5 WSFU = 10 Slop Sink : 2 x 10 WSFU= 20 Total demand= 55 WSFU  From tables of valves, the equivalent for 55 WSFU is 29 GPM  The estimate daily demand is: Daily demand = 29 gallons x 30 mins. = 870 gallons Mins  The estimated annual demand is: Annual Demand= 870 gallons/ day x 365 days = 317,550 gallons Or 1,201,926.75 liters  The estimated average monthly demand is: 1,201,926.75 liters / 12 = 100,160.56 Or 100.16 cubic meters 2. Determining the rain fall data from PAGASA ( average precipitation rate in millimeters) January 109.00m July 196.70 February 71.10 August 152.70 March 54.60 September 186.70 April 58.60 October 201.40 May 120.90 November 162.30 June 177.00 December 137.70 Average annual rainfall: 1628.70 mm  3. Solving for the amount of available rain water per month: Available rain water = monthly rain fall x roof area x 80% Therefore: January 109.00 x 1000 x 0.80 87, 200 liters February 71.10 x 1000 x 0.80 56, 880 March 54.60 x 800 43,680 April 58.60 x800 46,880 May 120.90 x 800 96,720 June 177.00 x 800 141,600 July 197.70 x 800 157,360 August 152.70 x 800 122,160 September 186.70 x 800 149,360 October 201.40 x 800 161,120 November 162.30 x 800 129,840 December 137.70 x 800 110,160 TOTAL 1,302,960 liters Average Monthly supply: 1,302, 960 / 12 = 108,580 liters 4. Add the available rain water cumulatively January 87,200 liters July 630,320 February 144,080 August 752,480 March 187,760 September 901,840 April 234,640 October 1,062,960 May 331,360 November 1,192,800 June 472,960 December 1,302,960  CHAPTER 9: DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY Definition The domestic cold water supply of the plumbing system consists of the piping and fittings which supply cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bath, tubs, water closets and kitchen sinks. This is also known as water distribution system. Elements of water Distribution system 1. Water service or house service 2. Water meter 3. Horizontal supply main or distribution main 4. Riser 5. Fixture branches 6. Valves and control 7. Storage tanks General types of water distribution system 1. Upfeed Distribution system a. Direct b. Pneumatic air-pressure system 2. Down feed distribution system Materials for Mains, Risers and Branches 1. Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Pipes and fittings, schedule 40- is moderately corrosion resistant and suitable for mildly acid water. It is connected to its fitting with threaded connections. It is available in diameters form 12 mm (1/2”) to 300 mm (12”) at a length of 6 meters (20 feet). 2. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Pipes and fittings, schedule 40- is economy and ease of instruction make it popular, especially on low budget projects. 3. Polybutilyne (PB) pipe 4. Polyethylene (PE) pipe 5. Copper Pipes and Tubing a. Type K- used primarily for underground water service. It is color-coded in green. b. Type L- is most popular for use in water supply system. It is color-coded in blue. c. Type M- it has the thinnest wall and is used where water pressure is not too great. It is color-coded in red. Fittings A variety of fittings must be used to install the piping in the project. Fittings are accessories usually standardized, used for joining two or more pipes together. Fittings include: 1. Nipple- a short of piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male threads) at both ends, used to join couplings or other fittings a. Short nipple- below 75mm in length. Also known as shoulder nipple. b. Long nipple- over 75mm in length. c. Close nipple- where threading meet. 2. Couple- a short internally threaded (female thread) at both ends and used to connect two pipes in straight line. 3. Elbow- a pipe fitting having a bend and makes an angle (90o or 45o) between adjacent pipes for a change in direction. It is also known as ell or straight elbow. a. Reducing elbow- Joins two pipes of different diameters at right angle of each other. When specifying reducer fittings, the bigger diameter is stated first, (followed by the smaller diameter. (example: reducing elbow, 25mm x 20mm) b. Street elbow- an elbow fitting having a 45o or 90o bend with an inside thread on one end and outside thread on the other. It is also known as service ell or street ell. 4. Tee- a T-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions. a. Straight tee c. reducing tee b. Straight cross tee d. reducing cross tee THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ELEMENTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. WATER SERVICE OR HOUSE SERVICE 2. WATER METER 3. HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN OR DISTRIBUTION MAIN 4. RISERS 5. FIXTURES BRANCHES 6. VALVES AND CONTROLS 7. STORAGE TANKS SERVICE TAP CONNECTION DETAIL CORPORATION COCK- a valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service connection. GOOSE NECK- the part of a pipe curve like the neck of a goose, usually flexible. CURB STOP- A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed in case of emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued. WATER CONNECTION DETAIL WATER METER- a mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a pipe. METER STOP- A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling device for the building installation. GENERAL TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. UPFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM a. Direct system b. Pneumatic air-pressure system 2. DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 5. Reducer- a pipe coupling with inside threads, having one end with a smaller diameter than the other and used for connecting pipes of different size. Both openings have the same center line. 6. Bushing- a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside and used to reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a different size. 7. Plug- is used to close an opening in a fitting. 8. Cap- is used to close the end of a pipe.  9. Union- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which can be turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down occasionally. Its parts are: a. Thread piece b. Center piece c. Shoulder piece 10. Flange- a ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provided with holes for bolts, to allow joining the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe. The resulting joint is a flanged joint. 11. Extension Piece- VALVES Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply system. The proper location of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being served. There are usually valves at: a. Risers b. Branches c. And pipes to individual fixture or equipment Types of valves 1. Gate valve 2. Globe valve 3. Check Valve 4. Angle valve 5. Ball valve/ stop cock 6. Faucet/ Bibb TYPES OF PIPE JOINTS 1. Threaded joints- used in Galvanized Iron (G.I.) pipes and fittings. The thread extensions of the G.I. pipe are as follows: PIPE SIZE THREAD EXTENSION NO. OF THREAD PER 25MM (1”) 6mm (1/4”) 9mm (3/8”) 18 9mm (3/8”) 9mm (3/8”) 18 12mm (1/2”) 12mm (1/2”) 14 19mm (3/4”) 14mm (9/16”) 14 25mm (1”) 17mm (11/16”) 11 ½ 32 mm (1 ¼”) 17mm (11/16”) 11½ 37mm (1 ½”) 17mm (11/16”) 11½ 50mm (2”) 19mm (3/4”) 11½  2. Solder joints- for rigid and flexible copper tubing. 3. Flared joints- for flexible copper tubing. 4. Solvent weld or cement joint for plastic pipe. COUPLING- a short internally threaded (female thread) at NIPPLE- a short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male both ends and used to connect threads) at both ends, used to join couplings or other fittings. two pipes in a straight line. REDUCING ELBOW- joins two ELBOW- a pipe fitting having a pipes of different diameters at STREET ELBOW- a pipe fitting bend and makes an angle right angle of each other. having 45o and 90o bend with an between adjacent pipes for a When specifying reducer fittings inside thread on one end and an change in direction. the bigger is stated first, outside thread on the other. followed by the smaller Also know as ELL diameter. It is also known as SERVICE (example: reducing elbow 25mm ELL or STREET ELL x 20 mm) REDUCER- a pipe coupling, with inside threads, having one end with smaller diameter than the other and used for connecting TEE- a t-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular pipes of different size. directions. Both openings have the same center line. BUSHING- a pipe fitting which is PLUG- is used to close CAP- is used to close EXTENSION PIECE threaded on both the an opening in a fitting. the end of a pipe inside and the outside and used to reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a different size UNION- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of FLANGE- a ring sharped plate screwed two pipes, neither of which can be turned. on the end of a pipe and provided with It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down holes for bolts; to allow joining the pipe Occasionally. to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe. The resulting joint is a flanged joint. WATER SUPPLY STORAGE TANKS In the interest of economy and speed in delivery, it is recommended that standard sizes of water supply tanks be used wherever possible. Types of Water supply storage tanks 1. Pressure tanks- used for hydro pneumatic water supply systems. These are most advantageous used where the peak water demand rate is relatively low, such as in small buildings. 2. Gravity tanks- are elevated tanks recommended for large buildings and high peak water demand rates. Requirements for Water Supply Tank Design and Construction 1. Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be: a. Water tight b. Vermin-proof c. Corrosion resistant d. Capable of withstanding the pressure under which they are to be operated e. Provided with safe and easy means of access for inspection 2. The capacity of any single tank in or on a building shall not exceed 113,000 liters (30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters. 3. Tanks shall not be located over openings in floor and roof construction.  4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for standpipe or automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed to furnish water in sufficient quantity and pressure for such systems. 5. The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following pipes: a. Intel Pipe- located not less than 100mm (4”) above the top of the overflow pipe. b. Overflow Pipe- shall be at least one pipe size larger than the inlet pipe and not less than the sizes given in Table 1. Overflow pipe shall discharge above and within 150mm (6”) of a roof or catch basin. c. Emptying Pipe- shall be located and arranged so as to prevent damage from water discharged. Sizes shall be in accordance to the sizes given in Table 2. d. Outlet Pipe- connected to the down feed pipe and sized according to the water demand. e. Air vent pipe- shall be provided with durable screens of not less than 100 mesh. Table 1. Sizes of Overflow Pipes TANK CAPACITY SIZE OF OVERFLOW PIPE Liters Gallons mm inches 0 - 2,842 0 - 750 25 1 2,843 – 5,684 751 – 1,500 37 1½ 5,685 – 11,369 1,501 – 3,000 50 2 11,370 – 18,948 3,001 – 5000 62 2½ 18,949 – 28,421 5,001 – 7,500 75 3 Over 28,421 More than 7,500 100 4 TANK CAPACITY SIZE OF EMPTYING PIPE Liters Gallons mm Inches 0 – 18,948 0 – 5,000 62 2 1/2 18,949 – 36,895 5,000 – 10,000 72 3 Over 36,896 More than 10,000 100 4 SIZING OF GRAVITY TANKS Tanks storage capacity required for domestic water supply should be based upon the peak demand load on the water supply system and should be adequate to satisfy that demand for at least 30 minutes. METHOD 1. Using Load Values (WSFUs) Assigned to Fixtures The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) is a factor so chosen that the load producing effects of different kinds of fixtures and their conditions of service can be expressed as multiples of that factor. As an aid in this regard, tabulated values to given loads in water supply fixture units are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3. Demand Load of Fixtures in Water Supply Fixture Units FIXTURE TYPE WSFU Private Public Bathtub 2 4 Bidet 2 4 Drinking Fountain 1 2 Kitchen Sink 2 4 Lavatory 1 2 Laundry Tray 2 4 Shower (Each head) 2 4 Service sink 2 4 Urinal - 5 Water Closet (Flush Tank) 3 5 Water Closet (Flush valve) 6 10 Note: In estimating demand for water closet, use the value for flush value type. Table 4. Estimating Demand SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS FOR FLUSH VALVES Loads, WSFU Demand, GPM Load, WSFU Demand, GPM 6 5 8 6.5 10 8 10 27 12 9.2 12 28.6 14 10.4 14 30.2 16 11.6 16 31.8 18 12.8 18 33.4 20 14 20 35 25 17 25 38 30 20 30 41 35 22.5 35 43.8 40 24.8 40 46.5 45 27 45 49 50 29 50 51.5 60 32 60 55  70 35 70 58.8 80 38 80 62 90 41 90 64.8 100 43.5 100 67.5 120 48 120 72.5 140 52.5 140 77.5 160 57 160 52.8 180 61 180 87 200 65 200 91.5 225 70 225 97 250 75 250 101 275 80 275 105.5 300 85 300 110 400 105 400 126 500 125 500 142 750 170