Basic_Fundamental_of_Computer_Part_1_&_2_and_Computer_Science_as.pdf

Basic Fundamental of Computer and Computer Science As Discipline COMP 201 Computer Science & Health Informatics  Learning Objectives: Describe the layers of a computer system. Tell a brief of computer history Distinguish between different computer types Define...

Basic Fundamental of Computer and Computer Science As Discipline COMP 201 Computer Science & Health Informatics  Learning Objectives: Describe the layers of a computer system. Tell a brief of computer history Distinguish between different computer types Define computing as a discipline. List the Subfields of Computer Science. Demonstrate standards of professional behavior, including rules of ethics and professional conduct. Part I: Computer Basics  Computing Systems  A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory  A computing system is a dynamic entity, used to solve problems and interact with its environment. A computing system is composed of hardware, software, and the data that they manage.  Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that make up the machine and its related pieces: boxes, circuit boards, chips, wires, disk drives, keyboards, monitors, printers, and so on.  Computer software is the collection of programs that provide the instructions that a computer carries out. And at the very heart of a computer system is the information that it manages. Without data, the hardware and software are essentially useless.  Computing Systems  Data/ Input Processing Accepts Processing Produces data (Processor + information (input) Storage) (output) Output 5  Layers of a Computing System Communications  A computing system is Software made up of many layers. Hardware  Each layer plays a specific Information role in the overall design of the system. Layers of a Computing System 1- The innermost layer, information, reflects the way we represent information on a computer.  Information on a computer is managed using binary digits, 1 and 0.  Types of information are managed: numbers, text, images, audio, and video.  Layers of a Computing System  2- The hardware layer consists of the physical hardware of a computer system.  Computer hardware includes devices such as gates and circuits - the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), memory and input and output devices.  Most modern computers implement the Von Neumann Architecture  Von Neumann Architecture PRESENTATION TITLE 9  Hardware/ CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit ) It is the brain of the computer. It is a combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit, which interprets and executes instructions.  Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) it performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logical operations (comparison of two values).  Control unit it controls the actions of the other components so as to execute instructions in sequence  Hardware/ CPU Main CPU manufacturers are Intel and AMD Performance Metrics of CPU are:  Clock speed/ Clock rate  is the number of instructions one CPU can process in any given second, measured in gigahertz. E.g. a CPU with a clock speed of 2 gigahertz (GHz) can carry two billion (2,000,000,000) instructions per second.  Multi-core Technology is the number of cores (CPUs) the computer will have to parallelize processing of instructions or computing tasks. E.g. single-core processor, dual-core or quad-core processor…etc. Dual-core: Running two processor units working side-by-side means that the CPU can simultaneously manage twice the instructions every second, drastically improving performance.  Hardware/ Memory Memory works in tandem with the CPU to determine how fast Memory types and difference with regards to your computer performs tasks. speed, size and cost The two main types of memory you might encounter when buying a computer are: Main memory (RAM) External Storage Working memory, when you double-click on an app, or open a storage for later use document, RAM store that data of these app while the computer is working on it Volatile (data disappears when the power is turned Non- volatile (data is permeant off or computer is reset) until you erased them) Size determine the number of opened apps, documents Size determines the amount of and browser tabs at the same time installed apps or stored data Size in gigabytes (8, 16,…) Size in hundreds of gigabytes or terabytes  Hardware/ (I/O) devices  Input device is any hardware device through which data and programs from the outside are entered into the computer E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Camera, Scanning devices  Output device: is any hardware device through which results stored in the computer memory are made available to the outside. E.g. Monitor, Speakers, Printers  Layers of a Computing System 3- The Software layer : the instructions used to accomplish computations and manage data.  Software can take many forms, be performed at many levels, and be implemented in many languages: System Software Development software Applications software  Software Layer A- System Software : programs that directly control the execution of hardware components.  Operating System  Every computer has an operating system (OS) to help manage the computer’s resources.  Operating systems, such as Windows, Mac OS, or Linux, help us interact with the computer system and manage the way hardware devices, programs, and data interact.  The operating system of a computer is the core of its system software. The three main responsibilities of an operating system are: 1- Manage computer resources such as memory and input/output devices 2- Provide an interface through which a user can interact with the computer. 3- Allow application software to access system resource  Software Layer B- Development Software: software that are used as tools in the development of other programs (e.g. Microsoft.NET, Java SDK). C- Applications software: all other software, which perform a wide variety of tasks (e.g., web browsers, word processors, games).  Layers of a Computing System 4- The Communication Layer  Computers are connected to networks so that they can share information and resources. Part II: History of Computers  Hardware History  Generation of computers: 1. First Generation (1951-1959):  Computers in this first generation were built using vacuum tubes to store information. Vacuum tube is a switch ON:1 Off:0  Vacuum tube generated a great deal of heat and was not very reliable.  The machine that used them required heavy-duty air conditioning and frequent maintenance and very large, specially built rooms.  Hardware History  Generation of computers: 2. Second Generation (1959-1965):  A transistor replaced the vacuum tube in computers.  A transistor was smaller, more reliable, faster, more durable and cheaper.  Also, the magnetic disk, a new auxiliary storage device, was developed during this computer hardware generation. Hardware History Vacuum tube vs Transistor (1st generation vs 2nd generation) Vacuum tube Transistor  Hardware History  Generation of computers: 3. Third Generation (1965-1971):  In 2nd generation, transistors and other components for the computer were assembled by hand on printed circuit boards. Example of a Printed circuit boards  However, the third generation was characterized by integrated circuits (ICs), which are solid pieces of silicon that contained hundreds of transistors, other components and their connections.  ICs were much smaller, cheaper, faster, and more reliable. Integrated circuits  Hardware History  Generation of computers: 3. Third Generation (1965-1971): Integrated circuit Printed circuit board  Hardware History  Generation of computers: 4. Fourth Generation (1971 - Present):  This generation is characterized by Large-scale Integration technique, where several thousand transistors or ICs are embedded on a single silicon chip.  This chip is called Microprocessor, which moved the giant room-sized computer to a whole microcomputer on a chip.  Therefore, by the late 1970s, the phrase personal computer (PC) had Microprocessor entered the vocabulary.  The Summery of Hardware History Vacuum tube Transistor Integrated circuit Microprocessor 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 4th generation computer computer computer computer  Computers Types Types of computers include: Desktop and Servers and mobile terminals computers Embedded computers (digital cameras, e-book readers, portable media players, Game devices, etc…)  Desktops and Mobile Computers Personal Computer (PC) is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one person at a time. If a PC is designed to be in a stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table it will be called a desktop computer.  Mobile Computers A mobile computer is a portable personal computer, designed to be easily carried. An example, a laptop, also called a notebook computer, is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base.  Servers Server is a computer dedicated to provide one or more services to other computers or devices on a network. Services provided by servers include  Hosting website or Applications  Storing content (data, movies or pictures..)  Controlling access to hardware, software and other resources (files, folder …) on a network. Server  Examples of Servers A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle requests from hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.  Examples of Servers A Supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer  Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second  Terminals  A terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send Terminal data to and/or receive information from a server, or other computers in a network.  They may include: a monitor and/or touch screen, keyboard, and memory.  A thin client is a terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and components as they do not contain a hard disk.  Special-Purpose Terminals (SPT) SPT are terminals that perform specific tasks and contain features uniquely designed for use in particular industry. Three widely used special-purpose terminals: Most retail stores An is a self-service is a freestanding use a POS terminal banking terminal terminal that to record purchases, that connects to a usually has a touch process credit or host computer screen for user debit cards, and through a network interaction update inventory Automated Self-service Point-of-Sale teller machine kiosk  Embedded Computers  An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.  An embedded system with connectivity to a local network or internet will be classified as IoT (Internet Of Thing) device Embedded computers are found on: Consumer electronics : digital phones, digital televisions, answering machine Home automation devices: thermostats, sprinkling systems, security systems, lights Game Devices: Game Console, Handheld Game device, Game Controllers. Automobiles: antilock brakes, airbag controller, navigation systems and GPS receivers Process controllers and robotics: remote monitoring systems, power monitors, medical devices Computer devices and office machines: keyboards, printers, fax and copy machine Part III: Computing as a Discipline* *a field to study Computer Science Computer science is the study of computation that involves all aspects of problem solving, including:  The design and analysis of algorithms  The formalization of algorithms as programs  The development of computational devices for executing programs  The theoretical study of the power and limitations of computing. Subfields of Computer Science Subfield Definition The study of designing and analyzing Algorithms and algorithms, and effectively using data Data Structures structures in software systems to solve problems. Computer Architecture The study of the design and development of computing technology (including the integration of effective hardware systems, and the development of new manufacturing methods). The study, design and development of software Computer Networks and hardware systems, for managing the components for computers network. Software Engineering The study, the development and application of methodologies for designing, implementing, testing, and maintaining software systems. Artificial Intelligence The study and the development of software and Robotics or hardware systems that solves complex problems through seemingly “intelligent” behavior.  Subfields of Computer Science The study and the application of computing Bioinformatics methodologies to biological research such as the characterization of human genome. Is the study, the design and the implementation Programming of languages that allow programmers to Languages express algorithms so that they are executable on computers. The organization and efficient management of Database and large collections of data, including the Information development of methods for searching and Retrieval recognizing patterns in data. Computer The protection of computer systems from the security, also known theft or damage to their hardware, software or as cyber security or IT security information And many more like human computer interaction, machine learning, graphics…........  The Ethics of Computing A code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specification is ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed. Sample of IT Code of Conduct:  Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all people are stakeholders in computing.  Avoid harm  Be honest and trustworthy.  Be fair and take action not to discriminate.  Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions, creative works, and computing artifacts.  Respect privacy.  Honor confidentiality.