Introduction to Computer Systems PDF

DFT10173 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM 1  Chapter 1 Computer Hardware 2  1.0 Computer Hardware 1.1 Identify cable types and connectors 1.2 Describe computer motherboards. 1.3 Configure and install power supplies and cooling. 1.4 Se...

DFT10173 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM 1  Chapter 1 Computer Hardware 2  1.0 Computer Hardware 1.1 Identify cable types and connectors 1.2 Describe computer motherboards. 1.3 Configure and install power supplies and cooling. 1.4 Select and install storage devices. 1.5 Describe system memory. 1.6 Describe printer and multifunction devices. 3 1.1 Identify cable types and connectors. 1.1.1 Identify cable and connectors: a. Universal serial bus (USB) b. High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) c. Thunderbolt and lightning d. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Hard Drive 1.1.2 Identify legacy cable types: a. Video Cables b. Small Computer System Interface c. Integrated Drive Electronics Interface d. Serial Cablese. Adapter Cables 4  Universal Serial Bus (USB) USB 1.0 provided a low-speed transfer rate at 1.5 Mbps for keyboards and mice and a full-speed channel at 12 Mbps. USB 2.0 made a significant leap, increasing transfer rates up to High Speed at 480 Mbps. USB 3.0 increased the transfer rate to SuperSpeed 5 Gbps. USB 3.2 the latest USB-C specification supports speeds of up to SuperSpeed+ 20 Gbps. 5  High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) HDMI carries the same video information as DVI but is also capable of providing digital audio and control signals. HDMI uses a 19-pin connector. Smaller portable electronic devices have a smaller 19-pin Mini-HDMI port. 6  Thunderbolts & Lightning The ports allow data transfer, video output, and charging through the same cable. The Lightning connector is used to connect Apple mobile devices like iPhones, iPads, and iPods to host computers, external monitors, cameras, USB battery chargers, and other peripherals. 7 Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Hard Drive SATA is an interface type used connect SATA hard drives and other storage devices to the motherboard inside the computer. SATA cables are long (up to 1 meter) and thin with a flat and thin 7-pin connector on each end. 8  Video Graphics Array (VGA) VGA is an analog port and is the oldest graphics port likely still used on some PCs, although it is quickly becoming a legacy technology. VGA ports are colored blue and accept a 15-pin connector, with the pins arranged in three rows. 9  Digital Visual Interface (DVI) Variants of the DVI interface are configured to support multiple transmission modes. DVI-A (analog) supports analog only DVI-D (digital) supports digital only DVI-I (integrated) supports both digital and analog There are two forms of DVI connections : Single-link connections that use a single Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) transmitter Dual-link connections that use two TMDS transmitters to provide higher-resolutions to larger monitors. 10  Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Small Computer System Interface a set of standards used by an input device to interface with the computer. SCSI systems can daisychain up to 7 seven devices to a single connection. It attach disk drives, printers, scanners and other peripherals to the computers. 11  Integrated Drive Electronics Interface (IDE) IDE ribbon cables look very similar to internal SCSI cables however IDE uses 40-pin connectors. There are typically three connectors on the cable. One to connect to the IDE port on the motherboard and two for attachment of IDE drives (hard disk PATA, CD ROM or DVD ROM). 12  Serial Cable A serial cable is a cable used to transfer information between two devices using a serial communication protocol. The form of connectors depends on the particular serial port used. VGA ports are similar to serial port connectors only difference is, that serial connector has pins and VGA has holes. 13  Adapter Cable A jumper cable is a mechanical device and is also known as an adapter. It converts alternating current to direct current and connects two connectors. There are many connection standards in use today. These components are called adapters and converters : Converter – performing the same function as an adapter but also translates the signals from one technology to the other. Adapter – physically connecting one technology to another. 14  Example of Adapter Cable DVI to VGA Adapter HDMI to VGA converter Molex to SATA adapter DVI to HDMI adapter USB to Ethernet adapter USB to PS/2 adapter 15  POP QUIZ Which connector supports both video and audio? a. DVI – D b. S-Video c. HDMI d. DVI – I 16 POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 2. Select the CORRECT cable to connect a desktop computer to a monitor. a. USB – B cable b. SATA cable c. Serial cable d. HDMI cable 17  1.2 Describe computer motherboards 1.2.1 Explain motherboard functions 1.2.2 Explain motherboard slot and connectors: a. Computer Process Unit (CPU) slot b. System memory connectors c. Motherboard storage connectors d. Motherboard adapter connectors 1.2.3 Define motherboard form factors 1.2.4 Recognize motherboard headers and power connectors 1.2.5 Define adapter cards 18  Motherboards Functions The motherboard is the backbone of the computer. It is a printed circuit board (PCB) that contains buses, or electrical pathways, that interconnect electronic components. These components may be soldered directly to the motherboard, or added using sockets, expansion slots, and ports. 19  Motherboard Slot And Connectors Major components on a motherboard include: Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Expansion slots Chipset SATA connectors Internal USB connector Basic input/output system (BIOS) chip Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) chip 20  Motherboard Chipset Chipset consists of the integrated circuits on the motherboard that control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard. Most chipsets consist of the following two types: Northbridge – Controls high speed access to the RAM and video card. Southbridge – Allows the CPU to communicate with slower speed devices including hard drives, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, and expansion slots. 21 Motherboard Chipset 22  Motherboards Form Factors The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. There are three common motherboard form factors: Advanced Technology eXtended (ATX), Micro-ATX, and ITX. The choice of motherboard form factor determines how individual components attach to it, the type of power supply required, and the shape of the computer case. 23  Motherboards Form Factors Advanced Technology Micro-ATX Mini ITX eXtended (ATX) The ATX case accommodates Smaller than ATX The Mini-ITX form factor uses the integrated I/O ports on the motherboards and have very little power, so fans are not standard ATX motherboard. fewer expansion slots. needed to keep it cool. 24  Motherboard Headers And Power Connectors On a motherboard, the headers are the ports attached directly to the board such as USB , Video, or sound. 25  Adapter Cards Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports. There are a variety of adapter cards available that are used to expand and customize the capability of a computer : TV Card Tuner Allows television signals to be received by a computer. 26  Adapter Cards Wireless NIC A wireless NIC connects a computer to a network using radio frequencies. Network Interface Card (NIC) A NIC connects a computer to a network using a network cable. Video adapter Video adapters provide video capability. 27  Adapter Cards eSATA Adapter Card An expansion card is installed in the computer to provide eSATA ports. Universal Serial Bus (USB) controller card Provides additional USB ports to connect the computer to peripheral devices. Sound adapter Sound adapter provide audio capability. 28  POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 4. Select the CORRECT motherboard type. I. Mini - ATX a. I, II and III II. Nano - ITX b. I, III and IV III. Mega - ATX c. I, II and IV IV. ATX d. II, III and IV 29 POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 9. Identify the CORRECT purpose of building a computer using an ITX motherboard. a. To build a laptop b. To build a non – portable PC c. To build a dedicated firewall server d. To build a small form factor PC 30  1.3 Configure and install power supplies and cooling 1.3.1 Define Power Supply Units & Connectors 1.3.1 Explain power supply units and connectors 1.3.2 Explain wattage rating 1.3.3 Explain cooling system 31  Power Supplies Takes electricity from the wall socket and transforms it into electricity to run the motherboard and other internal components. All components inside a computer require direct current (DC) power. To obtain DC power, computers use a power supply, to convert AC power into a lower voltage DC power. 32  Power Supply Connectors A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector Connects to the motherboard Molex keyed connector Connects hard drives, optical drives, or other devices SATA keyed connector Connects disk drives 33  Power Supply Connectors Berg keyed connector Connect to legacy floppy drives 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector Connector has two rows of two to four pins and supplies power to different areas of the motherboard 6/8-pin PCIe power connector Connector has two rows of three to four pins and supplies power to internal components 34  Power Supply Wattage Rating The most common voltages supplied are : 3.3 volts 5 volts 12 volts The 3.3 volts and 5 volts supplies are typically used by digital circuits, while the 12 volts supply is used to run motors in disk drives and fans. 35  Cooling System The flow of current between electronic components generates heat. Computer components perform better when kept cool. If the heat is not removed, the computer may run more slowly. If too much heat builds up, the computer could crash, or components can be damaged. Computers are kept cool using active and passive cooling solutions. 36  Cooling System Active solutions require power while passive solutions do not. Passive solutions for cooling usually involve reducing the speed at which a component is operating or adding heat sinks to computer chips. Heat Sink (Passive Cooling) Case Fan (Active Cooling) 37  Cooling System CPU Fan The fan moves heat away from the metal fins of the heatsink. This is known as active cooling. CPU Fan Thermal Paste A silvery-gray substance is used to apply on a processor before installing a cooling solution. It allows for an efficient transfer of heat from the processor to the base plate or water block of the CPU cooler that is designed to dissipate that heat. Thermal Paste 38  Cooling System Graphics Card Cooling System Video adapter cards have their own processor called a graphics-processing unit (GPU) which generates Graphics Card Cooling System excessive heat. Water Cooling System The water is pumped to a radiator to disperse the heat into the air and the water is then recirculated. Water Cooling System 39  POP QUIZ What are the typical DC voltages of an ATX power supply? a. 3 VDC, 6 VDC, 12 VDC b. 3.3 VDC, 5 VDC, 12 VDC c. 2.1 VDC, 6VDC, 24 VDC d. 2 VDC, 5 VDC, 18 VDC 40  POP QUIZ What must be installed between a CPU and the heat sink? a. Electrical insulation pad b. Anti-vibration pad c. Thermal paste d. Liquid cooling oil 41  1.4 Select and install storage devices. 1.4.1 Recognize mass storage devices: a. Solid-State Drives (SSD) b. Hard Disk Drives (HDD) c. Removable Storage Drives (RSD) d. Optical Drives (OD) e. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) 42  Solid-State Drives (SSD) A solid state drive (SSD) or Solid-state device (SSD) is called solid- state because it has no moving parts. The drives are built using nonvolatile memory which is similar to that used for USB flash drives. This type of memory does not lose its data after the power is turned off. Because flash memory is expensive, solid-state drives are much more expensive than magnetic hard drives, they are faster, more reliable, last longer and use less power than magnetic drives. 43  Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Type of data storage device that is used in laptops and desktop computers. HDD is a non-volatile storage drive, which means it can retain the stored data even when no power is supplied to the device. 44  Removable Storage Drives (RSD) A removable disk is a storage medium that can easily insert and remove from a computer or other compatible devices. It typically comes in the form of a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive or an external hard drive. USB Drive External Hard Drive 45  Optical Drives (OD) An optical drive is an internal or external computer disk drive that uses laser beam technology to read and write data. Tiny lands and pits on the surface of a disc represent bits which a laser beam can read. This is why called optical storage technologies. There are three types of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD) - audio and data Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) - digital video and data Blu-ray Disc (BD) - HD digital video and data 46 Optical Drives (OD) 47 Redundant Array Of Independent Disks (RAID) RAID is a disk configuration technology that contains multiple disk drives as an array and operates using striping and/or mirroring methods to provide better performance, error tolerance and more storage capacity at a moderate cost. 48  POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 5. Select the CORRECT non-volatile storage type for a computer system. I. Floppy disk a. I, II and III II. Solid-State Disk b. I, II and IV III. Optical Drive c. I, III and IV IV. Random Access Memory d. II, III and IV 49 POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 15. Identify the CORRECT storage failure in a computer system. a. RAID Failure b. GPU Failure c. CPU Failure d. RAM Failure 50  1.5 Describe system memory. 1.5.1 Define system memory a. System Random Access Memory (RAM) and virtual memory b. RAM Types and memory modules c. Multi-channel system memory d. Error-Correcting Code (ECC) RAM 1.5.2 Define CPUs a. CPU architecture and features b. CPU socket types c. CPU types and motherboard compatibility 51  Memory System A computer might use different types of memory chips. All memory chips store data in the form of bytes. A byte is a block of eight bits stored as either 0 or 1 in the memory chip. Two types of memory : Read-Only Memory Random Access Memory Adding more RAM in a computer enhances the system performance. However, the maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is limited by the motherboard. 52  Virtual Memory Virtual memory is a memory management technique where secondary memory can be used as if it were a part of the main memory. As a rule of thumb, the paging file should be a : Minimum of 1.5 times the size of installed RAM Maximum of 3 times of RAM size. For example, if you have 8 GB RAM, Minimum would be 1024 x 8 x 1.5 = 12,288 MB Maximum would be 1024 x 8 x 3 = 24,576 MB 53  Read Only Memory (ROM) ROM (read-only memory) is a non-volatile memory type. ROM stores firmware, which is permanent software that is hard- wired with integrated circuits. The manufacturer fits a specifically designed ROM chip into a device during the building process. 54  Types Of Memory Types of Read-only Memory (ROM) include: ROM chips. PROM chips. EPROM chips EEPROM chips. 55  Random Access Memory (RAM) Random access memory (RAM) temporarily holds data instructions as the CPU process them. Two categories of RAM. SRAM DRAM Fast Slower Used as a memory cache Requires constant refreshing Flip flop Capacitor Expensive Cheap 56  Static Random Access Memory SRAM on this motherboard is stored in individual chips. SRAM has access times as fast as 10ns. A memory cache (SRAM) temporarily holds data in expectation of what the CPU will request next. 57  Cache Memory Cache is a very fast chip memory that is used to hold data and instructions that are most likely to be requested next by the CPU. The three most common types of cache memory are: L1 cache – integrated into the CPU L2 cache – was original mounted on the motherboard, but now integrated into the CPU L3 cache – used some high-end workstations and server CPUs 58  Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM on most motherboard stored on DIMM. DRAM access times come in at 60 nanoseconds (ns). DRAM chips are cheaper to manufacture than other types because they are less complex. Dynamic refers to the memory chips’ need for a constant update signal (also called a refresh signal) in order to keep the information that is written there. If this signal is not received every so often, the information will cease to exist. 59  Types of Memory Synchronous Dynamic RAM SDRAM that operates in synchronization with the memory bus Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM DDR SDRAM transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM Able to support two writes and two reads per CPU clock cycle DDR2 Synchronous Dynamic RAM DDR2 SDRAM also transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM Runs at higher clock speeds than DDR 60  Types of Memory DDR3 Synchronous Dynamic RAM DDR3 SDRAM expands memory bandwidth by doubling the clock rate of DDR2 DDR4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM DDR4 SDRAM quadruples DDR3 maximum storage capacity GDDR Synchronous Dynamic RAM The “G” stands for Graphics RAM specifically designed for video graphics Used in conjunction with a dedicated GPU Family: GDDR, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5 61  Multi Channel System Memory A technology that increases the data transfer rate between the DRAM memory and the memory controller by adding more channels of communication between them. 62  Error Correction Code (ECC) RAM Error correction code (ECC) memory is a type of RAM memory found in workstations and servers. It’s valued by professionals and businesses with critical data for its ability to automatically detect and correct memory errors, thus fighting data corruption. It’s also supposed to lead to less crashes of a server / workstation over non- ECC memory, 63  Central Processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for interpreting and executing commands. It handles instructions from the computer’s other hardware, such as a keyboard, and software. The CPU interprets the instructions and outputs the information to the monitor or performs the requested tasks. 64  CPU Architectures And Features The main components of a CPU are : arithmetic logic unit (ALU) processor registers control unit. The ALU executes arithmetic and logic operations. The registers supply operands to the ALU and save the results of ALU operations. The CU orchestrates the fetching (from memory) and execution of instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the CPU Architectures ALU, registers and other components. 65  CPU Socket Types Pin Grid Array (PGA) - the pins are on the underside of the processor package and is inserted into the motherboard CPU socket. Land Grid Array (LGA) - the pins are in the socket instead of on the processor. Pin Grid Array (PGA) Land Grid Array (LGA) 66  CPU Types & Motherboard Compatibility Socket Type: Verify that the CPU socket type matches the motherboard’s socket type. Ensure that the physical design and pin layout of the CPU align with the motherboard’s CPU socket. CPU Generation and Model: Check that the motherboard’s chipset and BIOS supports the CPU. Ensure that the motherboard’s chipset is compatible with the CPU’s generation and model. TDP (Thermal Design Power): Ensure that the CPU’s TDP falls within the supported TDP range of the motherboard. Using a CPU with a TDP higher than what the motherboard can handle may lead to overheating and instability. 67  POP QUIZ Which of the following is used to data and programs for repeated use? Information can be added and deleted at will and it does not lose its data when power is removed. a. Hard drive b. RAM c. Internal Cache Memory d. ROM 68  POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 8. Select the CORRECT hardware and its function that is needed to power up a computer system. a. RAM is needed to power up a computer system as its stores volatile data. b. ROM is needed to power up computer system as its stores non-volatile data. c. A power supply is needed to power up a computer system as it carries electric charges. d. Air cooler is needed to power up a computer as it cools it down. 69  1.6 Describe printer and multifunction devices 1.6.1 Clasify printer unboxing and setup location 1.6.2 Clasify print device connectivity 1.6.3 Clasify printer drivers and page description languages 1.6.4 Clasify printer configuration: a. Printer properties b. Printing preferences c. Printer sharing d. Printer security 1.6.5 Describe scanner configuration 70  Printers Printers are output devices that create hard copies of files. A hard copy might be a on a sheet of paper. It could also be a plastic form created from a 3D printer. Different types of printers: Inkjet, impact, thermal, laser, and 3D printers Printers use wired or wireless connections All printers require printing material (such as ink, toner, liquid plastic, etc.) Printers use a driver to communicate with OS 71  Characteristics of Printers Inkjet printers using electrostatic spray technology. Inkjet Printer Laser printers using imaging drums. Laser Printer Thermal printers are commonly found in retail. Most are used to print receipts. Thermal Printer 72  Characteristics of Printers 3D printers are used in design and manufacturing. 3D Printer Dot matrix printers using impact technology are used in applications that require carbon copies. Dot Matrix Printer 73  Printer Speed, Quality, and Color Speed and Quality Speed – measured in pages per minute (ppm) Quality – measured in dots per inch (dpi) Color Cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) Black for inkjets is the base or key color 74  Reliability and Total Cost of Ownership Warranty Scheduled servicing Mean time between failures (MTBF) Total cost of ownership (TCO) Initial purchase price Cost of consumable supplies Price per page Pages per month Maintenance costs Warranty costs 75  Automatic Document Feeder and Networking Scanning Automatic Document Feeder (ADF) Used with some laser and inkjet models Feeds paper into the printer Might provide collation (ordering of pages) 76  Automatic Document Feeder and Networking Scanning Network Scanning An MFD can be configured as a device on the network to provide scanning and copying to network locations. There are three popular places to direct these scans: Scan to cloud – upload to a storage in the cloud Scan to folder – send to a network folder on LAN Scan to email – create as a file attachment in an email 77  Laser Printer Characteristics Advantages Low cost per page High PPM High capacity High quality Fast (uses a laser beam or LEDs to create an image) Print comes out dry Disadvantages High initial cost Toner cartridges can be expensive 78  Laser Printer Parts Imaging Drum Transfer Roller Pickup Rollers Toner Cartridge Fuser Assembly Duplexing Assembly 79  How Laser Printing Works SEVEN (7) steps of the Laser Printing Process 1. Processing – Convert data into a printable form 2. Charging – drum is conditioned for new image 3. Exposing – write the image to the drum using a laser beam 4. Developing – toner is applied to the image on the drum 5. Transferring – As the paper rolls through, the image is transferred to the paper due to a charge applied to the paper 6. Fusing – Heat and pressure are applied to the paper 7. Cleaning – Excess toner removed from the drum 80 How Laser Printing Works 81  Inkjet Printer Characteristics Easy to use Cheaper than laser printers Advantages Low cost High resolution Disadvantages Some nozzles prone to clog Cartridges can be expensive Ink can be wet for a few seconds after printing 82  Inkjet Printer Parts Roller Carriage/Belt Printer Head Duplexing Assembly Feeder Ink Cartridge/ Paper 83  Thermal Printer Characteristics Thermal printers are used in retail as part of a cash register system and within older fax machines. Heat from the print head makes the image on the paper. Advantages Last a long time due to few moving parts Quiet No cost for ink or toner Disadvantages Thermal paper is expensive and must be stored at room temperature Images on thermal paper degrade over time, are poor quality, and cannot be in color 84  Impact Printer Characteristics Impact printers – dot matrix and daisy wheel Have print heads that strike an inked ribbon with a specific number of pin. Higher number of pins means better quality Advantages Ribbons are less expensive supplies than other types Can use regular paper or continuous feed paper Can print carbon copies Disadvantages Noisy Graphics are low-resolution Limited color capabilities 85  3D Printer Characteristics Used to create three dimensional objects. Use plastic filament or other media to create the object. Also known as additive manufacturing machines. 86  3D Printer Parts Filament Feeder Axis Hotend Nozzle Print Bed 87  Virtual Printer Characteristics Print to file Print to PDF Print to XPS (XML Paper Specification) Print to image (such as.JPG or.TIF) 88  Printer Connectivity Using USB USB is a common interface for printers and other devices. When a USB device is added to a computer system that supports plug and play, the device is automatically detected and starts the driver installation process. USB Connector USB Port 89  Printer Connectivity Using FireWire FireWire, also known as i.LINK or IEEE 1394, is a high-speed communication bus that is platform independent. FireWire connects digital devices such as printers, scanners, cameras, and hard drives. FireWire Connector FireWire Port 90  Printer Connectivity Using Ethernet Connecting a printer to the network requires cabling that is compatible with both the network and the network port installed in the printer. Most network printers use an RJ-45 interface to connect to a network RJ45 Connector network Port 91  Printer Connectivity Using Wireless Many printers come with built-in wireless capability which enables them to be connected to a WiFi network. Some come equipped with the ability to connect to devices through Bluetooth pairing. 92  Cloud Printing Sends a print job to a remote printer somewhere on the network. Some printing companies have software that can send print jobs to their closest location. Google Cloud Print allows you to connect your printer to the web and you can send something to your own printer no matter where you are located. 93  Installing A Printer Follow manufacturer’s installation instructions. Remove all packing material and keep if a return is needed. Sometimes the printer driver needs to be installed before the printer is connected to the computer. Connect the cable to the printer and computer or connect the network cable. Attach power cord and on the printer. Connect a printer 94  Test Printer Functions The installation of any device is not complete until you have successfully tested all its functions. Functions of a printer may include : Print double – sided documents. Use different paper trays for different paper sizes. Change the settings of a color printer so that it prints in black and white or grayscale. Print in draft mode. Use an optical character recognition (OCR) application. Print a collated document. 95  Test Printer Functions Functions for an all-in-one printer include: Fax to another known working fax. Create a copy of a document. Scan a document. Print a document. 96  Test Printer Functions Test all functions including Double-sided documents Different paper trays Grayscale and color Draft mode Collation 97 Common Configuration Settings 98  Software Optimization Use the print driver software to Configure print spool settings Calibrate the printer (color) Set paper orientation Printers are calibrated using the printer driver software. Calibration makes sure that the print heads are aligned and that they can print on different kinds of media, such as cardstock, photographic paper, and optical discs. 99  Hardware Optimization Printers might be upgraded to print faster and to accommodate more print jobs by adding hardware. Updating Firmware Similar to installing printer drivers Adding Printer memory Upgrading the printer memory increases the printing speed and enhances complex print job performance. 100  Printer Sharing Users who connect to the shared printer must have the correct print driver. Windows can automatically download the correct drivers to these users Potential data privacy and security issues when sharing printers: Hard drive caching User authentication Data privacy 101  Wireless Printer Connections Bluetooth Pairing between computer and printer Also allows for printing from mobile devices Wi-Fi Printer’s Wi-Fi adapter supports an 802.11 standard The device must also support the same standard In wireless ad-hoc mode, client devices connect directly to the printer 102  Purpose Of Print Servers Provide client access to print resources. Administrate print jobs by storing them in a queue until the print device is ready. Provide user feedback about the state of the print device. 103  Software Print Servers Use print server software. If the computer sharing the printer is Mac OS, you can use Apple’s free Bonjour Printer Server. Disadvantages Sharing a printer might cause slow downs. If the computer sharing the printer is down, the printer is unavailable to others. 104  Hardware Print Servers A hardware print server is a simple device with a network card and memory. It connects to the network and communicates with the printer to enable print sharing. 105  Dedicated Print Servers For larger networking environments with multiple LANs and many users, a dedicated print server is needed to manage printing services A dedicated print server must have the resources to meet the requests of print clients: Powerful processor Adequate storage space for queued documents Adequate memory 106  Printer Security Limit or disable network printing. Make sure to review and disable anything that involves printing over the internet. Secure your printing port. Unsecured ports are probably the easiest avenue for hackers to access your printer. Use a firewall. Windows user already comes with a pre-installed firewall. Update your printer firmware to the latest version Change the default password to a strong passphrase. Most printers also have default administrator usernames and passwords that hackers can easily look up and use in order to gain access. 107  1.6 Describe printer and multifunction devices 1.6.6 Identify print device consumables : a. Laser printer imaging process and maintenance b. Inkjet printer imaging process and maintenance c. Thermal printer maintenance d. Impact printer maintenance e. 3D printer maintenance 108  Laser Printer Preventive Maintenance When cleaning a laser printer, use only a vacuum cleaner with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtration. HEPA filtration catches microscopic particles within the filters. Laser printers do not produce blank pages. Some printers have LCD message screens or LED lights that warn users when toner supplies are low. Some types of prints use more toner than others do. 109  Inkjet Printer Preventive Maintenance If the wrong type of ink is installed, the printer might not work or the print quality might deteriorate. Avoid refilling ink cartridges because the ink can leak. When an inkjet printer produces blank pages, the ink cartridges might be empty. Some inkjet printers may not print any pages if one of the ink cartridges is empty. Printer may not work well or could stop working when the parts of printer is full of dust. 110  Thermal Printer Preventive Maintenance Refer to the printer’s documentation. Replace the paper. Clean the heating element with a cotton swab dampened with isopropyl alcohol. Use compressed air or a ling-free cloth to remove debris. 111 Impact Printer Preventive Maintenance Refer to the printer’s documentation. Replace the ribbon. Check character quality – might need to replace the print head. 112  3D Printer Preventive Maintenance Clean your 3D printer regularly with a soft, dry cloth or brush to remove dust and other debris. Replace worn or damaged components as needed. Use Phrozen’s high-quality resins to improve print quality and success rate. Regularly check for the availability of firmware and software updates to ensure optimal performance and compatibility. Do not attempt to self-repair the 3D printer unless you are fully qualified and experienced in repairing such devices. 113  1.6 Describe printer and multifunction devices 1.6.7 Identify troubleshoot print device issues: a. Printer connectivity issues b. Print feed issues c. Finishing issues d. Print job issues 114  Troubleshooting Printing Issues Six steps of the troubleshooting process 115 Identify The Problem 116 Establish A Theory Of Probable Cause 117 Test The Theory To Determine Cause 118 Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Implement the Solution 119  Verify Full System Functionality and, If Applicable, Implement Preventive Measures 120 Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes 121  Printer Troubleshooting Printer does not print The printer it self Connectivity between the computer and its local printer Connectivity between the computer and network printer The OS and printer drivers The application attempting to use the printer 122  Printer Troubleshooting Problems with the printer it self Check the printer is on. Try print a printer self-test page by using controls at the printer. If the self-test does not print, check the paper of a printer. If paper is jammed inside the printer, remove the paper by follow the directions in the printer documentation. Check for jammed paper from the input tray. Is the paper not feeding, try to remove the paper tray and check the metal plate at the bottom of the tray. Damp paper can cause paper jams or the printer to refuse to feed the paper or to wrinkle or crease the paper. 123  Printer Troubleshooting Problems with connectivity for network printer or shared printer If pinging does not work, try using another network cable. Check the status indicator lights on the printer network port. 124  Printer Troubleshooting Problems printing from windows The print spool might be stalled. Try deleting all print jobs in printer’s queue. Verify the correct printer is used. Verify the printer is online. Verify the printer cable or cable connections are solid. Stop and restart the Windows Print Spooler service. If still cannot print, reboot the computer. Try deleting and reinstall the printer driver. 125 Identify Printer Problems and Solutions Paper jams when printing : Probable Causes Possible Solution Printer is dirty Clean the printer The wrong paper type is being used Replace paper with suitable paper type Humidity causes the paper to stick Insert new paper in the paper tray together Printer jobs are sent to the print queue but not printed : Probable Causes Possible Solution The printer has been installed on the Use printer properties and setting to configure the wrong port printer port 126 Identify Printer Problems and Solutions An application document does not print : Probable Causes Possible Solution There is a document error in the print Manage the print jobs by cancelling the document queue from the print queue and print again Printer cannot be added or there is a print spooler error: Probable Causes Possible Solution The printer service is stopped or not Start the print spooler and if necessary, reboot the working properly computer 127 Identify Printer Problems and Solutions The printer is printing blank pages : Probable Causes Possible Solution The printer is out of ink or toner Replace the ink or toner cartridge The printer head is clogged Replace the ink cartridge The corona wire has failed Replace the corona wire The high voltage power supply has failed Replace the high voltage power supply The print jobs are faded: Probable Causes Possible Solution The toner cartridge is low Replace the toner cartridge Toner cartridge is defective Replace the toner cartridge The paper is incompatible with the paper Replace the paper 128 Identify Printer Problems and Solutions The printer display has no image : Probable Causes Possible Solution The printer is not turned on Turn on the printer The contrast of the screen is set too low Increase the screen contrast The display is broken Replace the display User receives a “Document failed to print” message : Probable Causes Possible Solution A cable is loose or disconnected Check and reconnect the USB or power cable A printer is no longer shared Configure the printer for sharing 129  Advanced Problems And Solutions For Printers Printer prints unknown characters : Printed pages show ghost images : Probable Causes Possible Solution Probable Causes Possible Solution An incorrect print driver is Uninstall the incorrect print driver The drum is scratched or dirty Replace the drum or replace toner installed and install the correct driver The drum wiper blade is worn Replace the drum or replace toner The printer cables are loose Secure the printer cables Paper is not being fed into the printer : Printer will not print large or complex image : Probable Causes Possible Solution Probable Causes Possible Solution The pickup rollers are Clean or replace the pickup rollers The printer does not have Add more memory to the printer obstructed, damage or dirty enough memory Each time a network printer is restarted, users Laser printer prints vertical lines or streaks on every page : receive a “Document failed to print” message : Probable Causes Possible Solution Probable Causes Possible Solution The drum is damaged Replace the drum or replace the Printer’s IP configuration set Assign a static IP address to the toner cartridge when it contains for DHCP printer the drum A device on the network has Assign a different static IP address Toner is not evenly Remove and shake the toner the same IP address as the to the printer distributed in the cartridge cartridge network printer 130 POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 6. Select the CORRECT method to connect a printer to a computer desktop. a. Connect printer via infrared connection b. Connect printer via RFID card c. Connect printer via USB cable d. Connect printer via Optical Disk 131 POP QUIZ (FE Session 2:2023/2024) 10. Select the impact of improper printer maintenance. a. Slower printer b. Save ink usage c. High quality printing d. Save paper usage 132  SCANNER SCANNER transfers an image from a physical object such as photographs and letters into your computer as a data file for storage or editing. 133  Characteristics of Scanner Flatbed scanner - A mechanism rolls under the scan document to obtain the image. Flatbed scanner Sheet fed scanner - The image is fed through the scanner and moves along the beam to be read rather than the beam moving. Sheet fed scanner 134  Characteristics of Scanner Handheld scanner- To capture text and other data while you are on the go. Hand held scanner Drum scanner - Used mainly for capturing a picture and producing at a very high resolution rate Drum scanner 135  Scanner Parts The reason a scanner is so named is because the data is converted one line at a time or scanned down the page as the scanning head moves down the page. Components inside most scanners : 1. Lid / cover 2. Glass plate 3. Scanning head and stepper motor 136  Scanner Parts Glass plate and cover Is the transparent plate that the original is placed on so the scanner can scan it. The cheaper scanner is using the clear acrylic plates. Scanning Head It is the component that does the actual scanning. It moves down the page underneath the glass plate, controlled by the computer and moved by the stepper motor. 137  Scanner Parts Stepper Motor A stepper motor used to make movements within the device. It moves the scan head down the page during the scan cycle. It is located either on the scan head itself or attached to a belt to drive the scanner head. 138  Scanner Troubleshooting Scanner don’t have any moving parts that most technicians can fix other than lid. There are several problems unique to scanner such as : Scanner won’t turn on Strange noises from scanner Scanner won’t scan 139  Scanner Troubleshooting Scanner Won’t Turn On It is because the power cord has become unplugged. Check the both ends of the power cord for the scanner are plugged in correctly. 140  Scanner Troubleshooting Strange Noises From Scanner The scanner will make noise when first turned on as it performs its own internal calibration. The stepper motor will run, the light source will turn on and off. 141  Scanner Troubleshooting Scanner Won’t Scan Try to shutting down and rebooting the computer. Software isn’t always written with the greatest care and bugs can and do happen. Something that doesn’t work after multiple tries may work after a reboot. 142  Identify Scanner Problems and Solutions Scanning Problem Possible Solution  Restart the computer and see if the Scanner does not work. scanner is identified.  Install the necessary software from the The scanner buttons do not work. accompanying CD-ROM or download the software from the internet.  Increase the resolution. Scan quality is poor (Image  Some application program does not displayed on the monitor) display the image clearly if the image is too small. Set the view mode to 100%. 143  STRUCTURE QUESTION (FE Session 2:2023/2024) QUESTION 1 i. List FIVE (5) types of computer connectors. (5m) ii. Identify FIVE (5) types of legacy cables. (5m) iii. Explain the power supply unit. (2m) iv. Explain THREE (3) printer device issues. (6 m) v. Identify FOUR (4) printer selection criteria (4m) 144