Philippine State College of Aeronautics Tools Used in Airframe Maintenance & Repair PDF

MODULE 3: *TOOLS USED IN AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE & REPAIR* MODULE 3: *TOOLS USED IN AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE & REPAIR* **PREPARED BY:** MS. RIZA M. IGNACIO **LEARNING OUTCOMES:** At the end of this module, the student will Identify tools used in airframe maintenance & repair and discuss how to use them...

MODULE 3: *TOOLS USED IN AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE & REPAIR* MODULE 3: *TOOLS USED IN AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE & REPAIR* **PREPARED BY:** MS. RIZA M. IGNACIO **LEARNING OUTCOMES:** At the end of this module, the student will Identify tools used in airframe maintenance & repair and discuss how to use them properly. **TOPIC OUTLINE:** - Measuring tools used in airframe maintenance & repair - Holding Tools - Bending and Forming Tools - Cutting Tools - Pounding Tools - Punches **TABLE OF CONTENTS** Course Mapping.................................................................. i Table of Contents................................................................. ii Academic Honesty Statement........................................................ iii +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | TOPICS | Page | Time Allotment | | | | | | | | (minutes) | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | MEASURING TOOLS USED | 1 | 20 | | IN AIRFRAME | | | | MAINTENANCE AND | | | | REPAIR | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | HOLDING TOOLS | 4 | 20 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | BENDING AND FORMING | 5 | 20 | | TOOLS | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | CUTTING TOOLS | 6 | 20 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | POUNDING TOOLS | 9 | 30 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PUNCHES | 10 | 15 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Activity 4 | 12 | 69.4 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Appendix D | 13 | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Seatwork 2 | 14 | 60 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Key Points | 15 | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Summary | 15 | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | References | 15 | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Formative Assessment | Google Form | 60 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT** The undersigned pledged that the content of the submitted work is of his ideas, except those parts which are appropriately documented. The definitions of plagiarism enumerated below are fully understood by the undersigned. 1. Any literal repetition of the writings with significant phrases, clauses, or passages without the acknowledgment of the author, is considered plagiarism. Those writings which are directly from source materials must be enclosed in quotation marks, with the acknowledgment of the text itself. 2. Copying and/or borrowing someone's ideas and expressing them as your own is plagiarism. Paraphrasing the thoughts of another writer without an acknowledgment is plagiarism as well. Passages or writings that are paraphrased and put into your own words must be correctly acknowledged in the text. 3. Utilizing another person or organization in preparing your work and submitting it after as your work is another way of plagiarism. The undersigned fully understood that if plagiarism is found evident in this paper, the Instructor will act by the policy procedures on the student handbook that the school has been implementing. *Signature Over Printed Name of Student Date* **PAPER ACTIVITY 4**: Read The Tools used in Airframe Maintenance & Repair: List the Different tools used for airframe maintenance and repair, discuss what is their use of it and how important it familiarize it is not less than 500 words. Write it in the Learning Module Activity 4 sheet after you read this module. A scoring rubrics will be used on this activity. See Appendix D. **MEASURING TOOLS USED IN AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR** Aviation manufacture and maintenance became an exact science rather than art with the advent of mass production and the requirement for interchangeability of parts. This step increased the importance of accurate measurement. For many years all dimensions in the United States were noted in such units as inches and fractions, both common and decimal, and in feet, yards, and miles. This system was formerly called the English system, but today is more accurately referred to as the U.S. Customary system, or simply \"U.S.\" The metric system, in which the basic unit of length is the meter, has been legal in the United States since 1866, but it has not been universally accepted except in scientific applications. The U.S. Congress enacted the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 and established the U.S. Metric Board to coordinate the voluntary conversion to the metric system. This transition is gradually taking place, and as we enter the twenty-first century, many technicians have two sets of wrenches and measuring tools-one set in U.S. sizes and one in metric **Steel Rule** One of the most common measuring tools in a technician\'s toolbox is the six-inch steel rule or scale. The better rules are made of flexible satin-finish stainless steel and are graduated in [\$\\frac{1}{32}\$]{.math.inline}- and [\$\\frac{1}{64}\$]{.math.inline}inch increments on one side, and 0.1- and 0.01-inch increments on the other. Metric rules are also availed- able graduated in centimeters and millimeters. When measuring with a steel rule, do not use the end of the rule; rather, for greater accuracy, measure the distance between two marks away from the end (Figure 1) **Hook rules** Hook Rule is a special type of steel rule that is usually stiff and has a hook on one end accurately aligned with the end of the rule. Hook rules are used to measure from the edge of an object when a radius is involved. (See Figure 2) **Combination Set** In addition to the flexible six-inch steel rule, most technicians have a combination set (Figure 3) which consists of a 12-inch steel rule with three heads held onto the rule by clamps. One head is the stock head, which converts the rule into a square for measuring 90\" and 45\" angles. The stock head also has a bubble level and a scriber. A protractor head can be attached to the rule, and it can be set to measure an angle between the rule and the bottom of the head. The third head is the center head, in which one edge of the rule bisects the two arms of the head that are 90\" apart. When the two arms are held against a circular object, the edge of the rule passes across the object\'s center **Dividers**\ Dividers are used to transfer distances from a steel rule to a piece of sheet metal that is being laid out. They are also used for dividing a line into equal increments (see Figure 4). **Calipers** **Vernier calipers** Vernier calipers (Figure 7) are used to make rapid and accurate inside and outside measurements over a greater range than that of a micrometer caliper. The accuracy of these calipers is based on the vernier principle. Each inch on the main scale is divided into 10 numbered increments that represent. 1/10 inch (0.1 inches). There are 4 spaces between each small number, each representing 1/40 of an inch or 0.025 inches. One inch on the vernier scale is divided into 25 increments, with each increment representing 1/25 inch or 0.040 inches. The difference in the space between the marks on the main scale and the marks on the vernier scale is 1/25 of 0.025 inches, or l/l,000 inch (0.001 inches). To read the vernier caliper in Figure 8, note that the 0 on the vernier scale has moved beyond the 3-inch mark on the main scale (3.000). It has also moved past the Yolo-inch mark (0.400) and one of the %-inch marks (0.025). There is only one mark on the vernier scale that aligns with a mark on the main scale; this is the 11 mark, as identified by the asterisks. Add 0.01 1 to the total just found: 3.000 + 0.400 + 0.025 + 0.01 1 = 3.436 inches. **Micrometer Calipers** Micrometer calipers are one of the technician\'s most widely-used precision measuring instruments (Figure 9). They are available as inside and outside calipers, with ranges from 0 to 1 inch, to special calipers that measure up to 60 inches. When the thimble of the micrometer caliper is rotated, the spindle moves out to adjust the space between the two measuring faces. When the measuring faces touch, the zero on the thimble aligns with the reference line on the barrel, or sleeve. When the thimble is rotated one complete revolution, the zero is again lined up with the reference line. But the edge of the thimble has moved out to the first mark that crosses the reference line on the barrel. This line represents 25 thousandths (0.025) of an inch. Each mark on the beveled edge of the thimble represents one-thousandth of an inch (0.001 inches). An ordinary micrometer caliper can be read directly to one-thousandth of an inch.  A vernier micrometer caliper can be read directly to one ten-thousandth of an inch (0.0001 inches) by using the vernier scale, which is a series of parallel lines on the barrel that are parallel with the reference line. These lines are so placed that only one of them lines up with a mark on the thimble at any time. When the thimble has moved out enough for the next vernier line to align with one of the thimble marks, the spindle has moved out one ten-thousandth of an inch (0.0001 inches). In the vernier micrometer caliper scale in Figure 10, the thimble has been screwed out more than eight complete turns, which has moved the spindle out two-tenths of an inch (0.200). It has almost moved out another complete turn but has stopped with the reference line on the barrel between the 22 and 23 thousandth-inch marks on the thimble. The measuring faces are between 0.222- and 0.223-inch apart. The 5 lines on the vernier scale are lined up with one of the marks on the thimble. This means that the spindle has moved out 5 ten thousandths of an inch beyond 0.222. The total separation of the measuring faces is 0.2225 inches. **HOLDING TOOLS** Holding tools are some of the most widely varied tools in aircraft maintenance shops. They range from vises installed on workbenches to the various types of pliers in technicians\' toolboxes. **Bench Vise**  Bench vises are the standard vise found in most aviation maintenance shops. Normally they have replaceable serrated jaws to hold the material without slipping and are mounted on a swiveling base. The size of a vise is indicated by the width of the jaws, which normally range from 3[\$\\frac{1}{2}\$]{.math.inline} to 6 inches. It is important when using a vise to hold finished products or soft material, to install soft metal jaws or cover the steel serrated jaws with a smooth protector made of soft aluminum or brass. The vise in Figure 14-20 also has a set of jaws for holding pipes and round stock. **Drill- Press Vise** Drill-press vises have a flat bottom with slots that allow them to be bolted to the table of a drill press (Figure 12) **Pliers** Pliers are some of the handiest tools in a technician\'s toolbox-they are an extension of a technician\'s hand for gripping and holding. They are available in a variety of styles for specific purposes. **Combination/Slip-Joint Pliers** These are the standard pliers with serrated jaws for gripping round objects and flat jaws for holding flat materials (Figure 13). When the jaws are open wide, the handle pivot may be slipped from one pivot hole to the other, allowing the jaws to open wider to hold larger objects. Most of these pliers have a short wire-cutting blade between the jaws near the pivot. Combination/slip-joint pliers are available in lengths from 4[\$\\frac{1}{2}\$]{.math.inline} to more than 9 inches **Water Pump Pliers** These handy pliers are also called adjustable-joint pliers (Figure 15). They have long handles for applying force to the jaws and torque to the object being turned. They are available with a slip-joint adjustment, or with a tongue-and-groove type of adjustment that cannot slip. These pliers are available in lengths from 4[\$\\frac{1}{2}\$]{.math.inline} inches (with parallel jaws that open to 1/2 inch), to 16 inches (with jaws that open to more than 4 inches). **Vise-Grip Pliers** These patented locking pliers have a knurled knob in the handle that adjusts the opening of the jaws (see Figure 15). When the handles are squeezed together, a compound-lever action applies a tremendous force to the jaws, and an over-center feature holds them tightly locked on the object between the jaws. A trigger in the handle of the movable jaw may be squeezed to release the jaws from the object. These pliers are available in lengths from 4 to 10 inches with a wide variety of jaw configurations to hold objects of various shapes. **Needle-Nose Pliers** There are several types of needle-nose pliers used to hold wires or small objects and to make loops or bends in electrical wires. Some have straight jaws and others are bent to reach into obstructed areas. These pliers are available in lengths from 4[\$\\frac{1}{2}\$]{.math.inline} to more than 10 inches, and many have wire cutters and insulated handles for use with electrical equipment. **Bending and Forming Tools** Because most modern aircraft are made of thin sheet metal, the AMT must be familiar with the shop and hand tools for bending and forming this material in straight and compound curves. **Cornice Brake** The cornice or leaf brake is found in most aviation maintenance shops that do extensive sheet metal repair (Figure 17). These heavy shop tools are used to make straight bends across a piece of sheet metal. The bend radius appropriate for the thickness and temper of the metal can be chosen by using the appropriate radius block on the upper jaw of the brake. **Box or finger brake** A box or finger brake is similar to a cornice brake, except instead of the upper jaw being solid, it is made up of several heavy steel fingers so all four sides of a box can be folded up (see Figure 18). To form a sheet metal box: 1\. Fold up two opposite sides in the way they would be folded on a cornice brake; 2\. Adjust the fingers so the folded-up edges will pass between adjacent fingers; 3\. Raise the leaf to fold the other sides. **Press Brake** When a large number of duplicate pieces of material having the same amount of bend must be made, a press brake is used. This tool is normally found in aircraft factories. The metal is placed over the female die whose inside radius is the same as the outside radius of the finished bend. A matching male die, or punch, with the correct radius, forces the material into the die with energy stored in a large flywheel, or with hydraulic pressure. Angles and channels are formed on press brakes (see Figure 19). **Slip Roll Former** **CUTTING TOOLS** It is extremely important to use the correct tool to cut metal both sheet metal and bars or plates. There are three basic types of cutting tools used in aviation maintenance shops: shears, saws, and files. **Shears** As their name implies, shears cut metal by shearing it between two sharp blades in much the same way scissors cut across the paper. Aviation maintenance shops normally have square shears to cut across large sheets of metal and several forms of smaller shears for cutting metal by hand **Squaring Shears** Squaring shears are large enough to accept a 48-inch-wide sheet of metal. Foot-treadle-operated shears like the one in Figure 21 can make a straight cut across aluminum alloy sheets up to approximately 0.05 1-inch thickness and mild steel of 22-gage or thinner. Power-operated shears that use a small electric motor to store a large amount of energy in a heavy flywheel can cut much thicker sheets. The metal to be cut is placed on the bed, or table, of the shears and is squared by holding it against the squaring fence. A hold-down clamp, locked in place with a toggle handle, holds the metal tight on the table and keeps the operator\'s fingers out of the way of the blade. The blade is angled so that it slices its way through the sheet when the foot-treadle is pressed, or when the energy stored in the flywheel forces the blade down. **Throatless Shears** Throatless shears (Figure 22) have two short cutting blades that cut much like a pair of scissors. The lower blade is fixed to the base and the upper blade is operated by a long handle. Throatless shears can cut completely across any size sheet of metal and can cut metal considerably thicker than squaring shears can cut. **Scroll Shears** Scroll shears (Figure 23) are used to pierce a piece of sheet metal and cut irregular curves on the inside of the sheet without having to cut through to the edge. The upper blade, which has a sharp point for piercing the metal, is fixed to the frame of the shears, and the lower blade is raised against the upper by the compound action of a hand-operated handle. **Tin Snips**  These hand shears are widely used in commercial sheet metal shops. They are used in aviation maintenance shops to cut sheets of aluminum alloy of up to about 0.032-inch thick, to roughly the size needed to fabricate a part. Final cutting and trimming are done with other tools. Tin snips have relatively short blades, similar to those of a pair of scissors, and long handles to provide the needed leverage. See Figure 24. **Compound Shears** Compound shears are the most useful sheet metal cutting hand tool available to the aviation maintenance technician. They are also known as aviation shears or Dutchman shears. These shears have short serrated blades, actuated by a compound action from the handles. There are three shapes of blades, one designed to cut to the left, one to cut to the right, and one to make straight cuts. The serrated blades leave a rough edge that must be filed off to prevent stress risers. The handles of these shears are often color-coded, as shown in Figure 25. Shears with red handles cut to the left, green handles cut to the right, and yellow handles cut straight. **Chisels** Chisels are used to cut metal with a shearing action when the end of the chisel is hit with a hammer. Two types of chisels that are found in most aviation maintenance shops are the flat chisel and the cape chisel. A flat chisel is made of a piece of hardened steel ground with a cutting angle of 70°, and the cutting edge is ground to a convex shape to concentrate the force of the hammer blows at the point the cut is being made. Cape chisels (Figure 26) have a narrow cutting edge used to remove the head of a solid rivet after the head has been drilled through. The shank of a chisel takes a tremendous amount of pounding and, over time, it becomes mushroomed from the hammer blows. The mushroomed end must be ground off to prevent chips from being broken off and injuring anyone near and to prevent its cutting your hand as you hold the chisel *Diamond-point chisels* are forged to a sharp-compared square and the end is ground to an acute angle to form a sharp-pointed cutting edge. Diamond-point chisels are used for cutting V-shaped grooves, and for cutting the sharp corners in square or rectangular grooves. *Round-nose chisels* look much like the diamond-point chisel in Figure 14-48 except the cutting edge is ground to a circular point. They are used for cutting radii in the bottom of grooves (Figure 28). **Files** Files are used to remove small amounts of material to get the final dimensions of a part and to smooth a surface. Files are available in several lengths, shapes, and tooth cuts (see Figure 29). Standard lengths range from 6 to 12 inches (this does not include the tang), and the tooth cuts are made in single-cut, double-cut, rasp, and vixen, or curved-tooth.  **POUNDING TOOLS** Hammers and mallets are some of the simplest tools, yet they do have specific purposes. Care must be taken that the wrong type of pounding tool is not used on a job. **Carpenter\'s Claw Hammer** **Ball Peen Hammer** This is the most widely-used hammer for general aviation maintenance, and it is available with head weights from a few ounces to several pounds. The face of the hammer is flat with slightly rounded edges, and the opposite end of the head is rounded like a ball, as shown in Figure 30. **Metalworking Hammers** There are sheet metal applications that call for a hammer with a flat face like the ball peen hammer but with a wedge-shaped peen end. If the wedge is parallel to the handle, it is called a straight peen hammer, and if it is across the handle, it is a cross peen hammer. **Planishing hammer** When forming compound curves in sheet aluminum, the metal may be stretched by hammering it into a sandbag. Then it is smoothed out by hammering it over a smooth, steel dolly block with a planishing, or body hammer. This is a lightweight hammer that has a large-area smooth face (Figure 32) **Mallets and Soft-Face Hammers** Sheet aluminum is formed by first stretching it and then smoothing it so the stretched metal forms the desired curves. The initial stretching is done by pounding the metal into a sandbag or around a form with a soft-face hammer or mallet. These hammers may have replaceable faces of soft metal, resilient plastic, or coils of rawhide. Some of the faces are domed to better stretch the metal; some are flat to do some of the initial smoothings. **PUNCHES** Several punches are useful to the AMT. Figure 34 shows some of the most widely-used punches.  A *prick punch* has a sharp point and is used to mark the exact location for drilling a hole in a piece of sheet metal. The location for the hole is identified, the point of the prick punch is placed at this location, and the punch is tapped with a lightweight hammer. This leaves a small indentation at the location for the hole. A *center punch* is similar to a prick punch, but its point is blunter and ground to an angle of approximately 60\" (which is correct for starting a properly-ground twist drill to cut). The point of the center punch is placed in the indentation formed by the prick punch, and the punch is hit with a hammer to create a depression to hold the drill as it begins to cut. A *drift or starting punch* has a tapered shank and is used to drive bolts from their holes and to align parts for assembly. Drift punches are especially useful when installing wings or other large components on an airplane. The wing is put in place, and a drift punch is used to align the holes in the wing spars and the fuselage before the bolts are put in place. *Pin punches* are used to remove rivets after the manufactured head has been drilled through. A punch of the proper size is placed in the drilled hole, and the rivet head is broken off. The punch is then tapped with a lightweight hammer to punch the rivet shank from the hole. Pin punches are also used to align components being assembled. *Transfer punches* are used to locate rivet holes when making a new air-craft skin using the old skin as a pattern. The skins are placed together, and a transfer punch whose outside diameter is the same as the diameter of the rivet hole is placed in the hole in the old skin. The punch is tapped with a lightweight hammer and the sharp point in the center of the flat end of the punch makes a small indentation in the new skin. This indentation is used as a location for a center punch. Automatic NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DATE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ INSTRUCTOR: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_­­­­­­­­­­­\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ COURSE YR& SEC \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **LEARNING MODULE ACTIVITY 4** 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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **APPENDIX D** *Scoring Rubric for Leaning Module Activity 4* +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Criteria* | **Inadequat | **Adequate* | **Above | **Exemplary | | * | e** | * | Average** | ** | | | | | | | | | **(Below | **(Meets | **(Exceeds | **(Far | | | Standard)** | Standard)** | Standard)** | Exceeds | | | | | | Standard)** | | | **1** | **2** | **3** | | | | | | | **4** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Organizat | Writing | Writing is | Writing is | Writing | | ion** | lacks | coherent | coherent | shows a | | | logical | and | and | high degree | | | organizatio | | | of | | | n. | logically | logically | attention | | | It shows | organized. | organized | | | | some | Some | with | to logic | | | | | | and | | | coherence | points | transitions | reasoning | | | but ideas | remain | used | of points. | | | lack | misplaced | between | Unity | | | | and | | | | | unity. | | ideas and | leads the | | | Serious | stray from | paragraphs | reader to | | | errors. | the topic. | to create | the | | | | | | | | | | Transitions | coherence. | conclusion | | | | evident but | Overall | and stirs | | | | not | unity of | thought | | | | | | regarding | | | | used | ideas are | | | | | throughout | present | the topic. | | | | the essay. | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Level of | Shows some | Content | Content | Content | | Content** | thinking | indicates | indicates | indicates | | | and | thinking | original | synthesis | | | | | | of ideas, | | | reasoning | and | thinking | in-depth | | | but most | reasoning | and | analysis, | | | ideas are | applied | develops | and | | | | with | ideas | evidence | | | underdevelo | | | original | | | ped | original | with | | | | and | thought on | sufficient | thought and | | | | a few | and firm | support for | | | unoriginal. | | | the topic. | | | | ideas. | evidence. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Developme | The main | The main | The main | The main | | nt** | points lack | points are | points are | points are | | | detailed | presented | well | well | | | development | with | developed | developed | | |. | | | with high | | | Ideas are | limited | with | | | | | detail and | quality | quality and | | | vague with | | supporting | quantity | | | little | development | | support. | | | evidence of |. | details and | Reveals | | | | Some | quantity. | | | | critical | critical | Critical | a high | | | thinking. | | | degree of | | | | thinking is | thinking is | critical | | | | present. | weaved into | thinking. | | | | | points | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Grammar | Spelling, | Most | An essay | An essay is | | &** | punctuation | spelling, | has | free of | | | , | punctuation | spelling, | distracting | | **Mechanics | and | , | | spelling, | | ** | | | punctuation | | | | grammatical | and grammar | , | punctuation | | | errors | are correct | and | , | | | create | allowing | grammatical | and | | | | | | grammatical | | | distraction | the reader | errors | errors; | | | , | to progress | allowing | | | | making | through | the reader | absent of | | | reading | | to | fragments, | | | | the essay. | | comma | | | difficult; | Some errors | follow | splices, | | | fragments, | remain. | ideas. Very | | | | comma | | | and | | | | | few | run-ons. | | | splices, | | fragments | | | | run-ons | | or run-ons. | | | | evident. | | | | | | | | | | | | Errors are | | | | | | frequent. | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Style** | Mostly in | Approaches | Attains | Shows | | | elementary | college | college-lev | outstanding | | | form with | level | el | style going | | | little or | | style; | beyond | | | no variety | usage of | | | | | in | some | the tone is | usual | | | | variety in | appropriate | college | | | sentence | | and | level; | | | structure, | sentence | | rhetorical | | | diction, | patterns, | rhetorical | devices | | | | diction, | devices | | | | rhetorical | and | used to | and tone | | | devices or | | | used | | | | rhetorical | enhance | effectively | | | emphasis. | devices. | content; | ; | | | | | sentence | creative | | | | | | use | | | | | the variety | | | | | | used | of sentence | | | | | effectively | structure | | | | |. | and | | | | | | coordinatio | | | | | | n | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Format** | Fails to | Meets | Meets | Meets all | | | follow | format and | format and | formal and | | | format and | assignment | assignment | assignment | | | | | | | | | assignment | requirement | requirement | requirement | | | requirement | s; | s; | s | | | s; | generally | margins, | and | | | | | | evidence | | | incorrect | correct | spacing and | attention | | | margins, | margins, | indentation | to | | | spacing | spacing, | s | | | | | and | are | detail; all | | | and | | | margins, | | | indentation | indentation | correct; | spacing and | | | ; | s; | essay is | | | | the | essay is | neat and | indentation | | | neatness of | neat but | | s | | | | | correctly | are | | | the essay | may have | assembled. | correct; | | | needs | some | | essay is | | | attention. | assembly | | neat | | | | | | | | | | errors. | | and | | | | | | correctly | | | | | | assembled | | | | | | with | | | | | | | | | | | | professiona | | | | | | l | | | | | | look. | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+  NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DATE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ INSTRUCTOR: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_­­­­­­­­­­­\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ COURSE YR& SEC \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1. It is a [tool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool) consisting of a weighted \"head\" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. **These are used to measure distances from an edge when a radius is involved.** Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. **These** are used to make rapid and accurate inside and outside measurements over a greater range than that of a micrometer caliper. **Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 4. What is the normal range size of Bench vise jaw width? Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. It is used to hold wires or small objects and to make loops or bends in electrical wires. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6. ­­These heavy shop tools are used to make straight bends across a piece of sheet metal. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7. This tool is use when a large number of duplicate pieces of material having exactly the same amount of bend must be made. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8. It is used for making large radius bends across a piece of sheet metal. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9. This are used to pierce a piece of sheet metal and cut irregular curves on the inside of the sheet without having to cut through to the edge. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10. This are used to cut metal with a shearing action when the end of the chisel is hit with a hammer. Ans:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **KEY POINTS** **Measuring Tools Used in Airframe Maintenance and Repair** are rules, combination set, divider, caliper, Vernier caliper, and micrometer caliper they are calibrated in English and Metric system. **Holding tools** are some of the most widely varied tools in aircraft maintenance shops. They range from vises installed on workbenches to the various types of pliers in technicians\' toolboxes. **Bending and Forming Tools** are cornice brake, box brake, press brake, and slip roll former these are used to make material in straight and compound curves. **Cutting tools** are extremely important to use the correct tool to cut metal both sheet metal and bars or plates. There are three basic types of cutting tools used in aviation maintenance shops: shears, saws, and files. **Pounding tools** are hammers and mallets and some are the simplest tools, yet they do have specific purposes. Care must be taken that the wrong type of pounding tool is not used on a job. **Punches** are used to mark a hole and make a hole in sheet metal. **SUMMARY** Measuring Tools Used in Airframe Maintenance and Repair are rules, combination set, divider, caliper, Vernier caliper, and micrometer caliper they are calibrated in English and Metric system. They are important in sheet metal work to make an accurate measurement in a layout and not only the measuring tools are important in making a layout, but it is also important to use holding tools when cutting or drilling in the layout, bending and forming tools when bending the sheet metal, cutting tools when cutting the sheet metal, pounding tools when pounding the sheet metal and punches when marking, aligning and making a starting hole in sheet metal. **REFERENCES** **Call number/e-provider** -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **ISBN 1-56027-71 1-4 978-1-56027-7 11-8** Crane Dale, 2005, Aviation Maintenance Technician Series. General Third Edition, Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc., 7005 132nd Place SE Newcastle, Washington 98059-3 153 **ISBN 978-1-56027-591** Crane Dale, 2006, Mechanic Handbook, Fifth Edition, Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc., 7005 132nd Place SE Newcastle, Washington 98059-3 153 **ISBN 978-007-108853-4** Reithmaier Larry, 2010, Standard Aircraft Handbook for Aircraft mechanics and Technicians. Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), Philippines **FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3:** (through Google Forms, the link will be sent to you after you finished this module in a scheduled time)