Chapter 17: Patterns of Industrialization PDF

# Chapter 17 ## Patterns of Industrialization - **Industrialization:** economy centered around agriculture and handicrafts to industry and machine manufacture (**from technological developments**) - **Factory production,** new labor, expensive equipment ## Foundations of Industrialization - Coa...

# Chapter 17 ## Patterns of Industrialization - **Industrialization:** economy centered around agriculture and handicrafts to industry and machine manufacture (**from technological developments**) - **Factory production,** new labor, expensive equipment ## Foundations of Industrialization - Coal (important to **Great Britain)** - Shortage of wood → coal for iron production, steam engines, mining, industry - Raw materials from the Americas (sugar, cotton) → ecological relief - **British textile manufacturing:** - Replaced calicoes (india) → cotton industry "flying shuttle" - Inventions for productivity "mule" - **"Power loom"** (James Watt) → steam engines for textile industry - **Steam power:** coal → coke (purified coal) - **Iron & Steel Industries:** charcoal → coke - **19th Century:** steel replaced iron → Bessemer converter - **Transportation:** 19th Century: sailing ships → steamships ## The Factory System - **Putting-out system** → factory system: machines, each worker → job → task - **Non-mechanized factories:** - Owner class and industrial workers x defined skill needed, repetitious - 6 days a week, 12-14 hrs a day, supervision, pace change - Toxic chemicals, harmful level of noise, accidents in factories ## Industrial Protests: Luddites - (English Handicraft workers) - Destroyed textile machines - 1811 - 1816 ## The Early Spread of Industrialization - **Great Britain** → Western Europe ## Second Industrial Revolution: - Technological change, standardization - **Europe → North America** - **Economic powerhouse:** - Cotton textile industry - Canals, steamship lines, railroad networks # Industrial Capitalism - Mass production: new manufacturing techniques - **Eli Whitney**, **Henry Ford** - **The corporation:** (monopolies, trusts, cartels) to control supply and eliminate competition - **Industrial Society** ## Industrial Demographics - **Crystal Palace in London (1851) exhibiton of industrial products:** - British textiles, iron goods, machine tools - ↓ cost of clothing, food, furniture etc. - ↑ prosperity, migrations (Europe, America) - Population growth: - high mortality → medical advancements → ↑ population - Birth control developments ## Urbanization & Migration - Countryside → urban centers migration for work - **Urbanization:** environmental pollution (water and air) - Income, wealthy → newly growing suburbs - Overcrowded workers → disease → municipal water safety, sewage etc - **Europe → ppl → America** → improved conditions ## Industry & Society - New social classes → change in social structure - Middle class (most benefited), working class (x skill, low wages) - Less focused on family, individual work, separate lives - More patriarchal, women to stay home, x work - Women & child labor → mandatory education for children ## The Socialist Challenge - **Utopian socialism:** - Charles Fourier, Robert Owen - **Capitalism → The Communist Manifesto**: Marx, Engels - Social reforms, Trade Unions ## Global effects of Industrialization - **International Division of Labor,** Economic Developments ## Multiple Choice Questions - B, B, D, B, C ## Short Answer Questions 1. **A)** One tactic that unions used in the 19th century to benefit the workers was organizing strikes. Strikes involve workers refusing to work simultaneously, demanding better wages, shorter working hours, or improving work conditions by pressuring their employers with these strikes. **B)** One difference between revolutionary socialists and trade unions is their main goals. Socialists hope to replace capitalism with socialism or communism while trade unions seek improvements in the existing capitalism. **C)** One improvement for workers that trade unions accomplished was achieving or advancing towards an equal and just society. Workers' struggle to eliminate abuses and improve their lives by organizing to seek higher wages and better working conditions. 2. **A)** One reason why factory owners early in the Industrial Revolution hired women and children because they had smaller hands better for working machines. **B)** One way that the lives of middle-class women differed from those of working-class women was their roles. Middle-class women generally focused on their households, raising children and rarely worked outside the home. While working-class women worked in factories, mines, or as domestic servants to make money. **C)** One way that middle-class values changed society in the era of industrialization was by focusing less on family and working their individual careers. It began overshadowing traditional family-centered roles.