AWS B5.16:2006 PDF Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers

AWS B5.16:2006 An American National Standard Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers  AWS B5.16:2006...

AWS B5.16:2006 An American National Standard Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers  AWS B5.16:2006 An American National Standard Approved by the American National Standards Institute March 24, 2006 Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers Supersedes AWS B5.16:2001 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) B5C Subcommittee on Qualification of Welding Engineers Under the Direction of the AWS Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee Approved by the AWS Board of Directors Abstract This specification establishes the requirements for qualification of Welding Engineers employed in the welding industry. The minimum experience, examination, application, qualification, and requalification requirements and methods are defined herein. This specification is a method for engineers to establish a record of their qualification and abilities in welding industry work such as development of procedures, processes controls, quality standards, problem solving, etc. 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 AWS B5.16:2006 International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-043-9 American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 © 2006 by American Welding Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:. ii  AWS B5.16:2006 Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern- mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties. AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards. AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition. Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard. Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so. On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Personnel and Facilities Committee. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Personnel and Facilities Commit- tee and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS Personnel and Facilities Committee to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. iii AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. iv  AWS B5.16:2006 Personnel AWS Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee P. R. Evans, Chair PCI Energy Services W. F. Behnke, 1st Vice Chair Ford—Sterling Plant P. A. Michalski, 2nd Vice Chair Dominion East Ohio S. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding Society K. W. Coryell Consultant J. A. Grantham Welding & Joining Management Group P. A. Grimm Modern Welding Company J. F. Harris Ashland Chemical Company V. Kuruvilla Genesis Quality Systems R. D. Messer Consultant B. W. Phillips Oil States Industries, Incorporated R. Poe Welding Alloys USA J. R. Reid Reid Consulting Y. Senechal Canadian Welding Bureau D. L. Twitty Dona Ana Branch Community College T. W. Wallace Metro Water District of Southern California AWS B5C Subcommittee on Qualification of Welding Engineers J. F. Harris, Chair Ashland Chemical Company S. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding Society Y. F Adonyi LeTourneau University J. N. Carney Ferris State University N. A. Chapman Entergy P. R. Evans PCI Energy Services D. G. Howden Consultant J. Klapp Collins & Associates Technical Services L. G. Kvidahl Northrop Grumman Ship Systems *S. Liu Colorado School of Mines P. D. O’Leary Montana Tech/Welding Services G. S. Pike Northrop Grumman NNS K. Stump Caterpillar, Incorporated *Advisor v AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. vi  AWS B5.16:2006 Foreword This foreword is not a part of AWS B5.16:2006, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers, but is included for informational purposes only. The Qualification and Certification Committee of the American Welding Society was formed in 1973. In 1996, it was divided into two committees. The Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee is now responsible for creating Amer- ican National Standards for welding personnel and welding facility qualification requirements. The AWS Certification Committee is now responsible for creating certification programs from these and other recognized standards. This is the second edition of this specification. Several minor editorial changes were made. This specification for the qualification of welding engineers was developed to provide a qualification basis which defines minimum requirements for a welding engineer to demonstrate competence through a combination of education, experience, and examination. The welding engineer is a person who determines weld requirements which may be governed under a specific code, con- tract, drawing, specification, purchase order, or other documents. The welding engineer either prepares or reviews writ- ten instructions for the production of welded joints. The welding engineer must be thoroughly familiar with various codes, specifications, other standards, base materials, filler materials, heat treatment, mechanical properties, welding and joining processes, procedures, weld joint design, welding equipment, thermal cutting, inspection methods, acceptance criteria, tests, welding qualification requirements, fabrication tolerances, and other aspects of fabrication and assembly. The welding engineer shall also prepare and produce reports which accurately reflect professional judgment. For the welding engineer to be effective, the activities they perform must be consistent with specified requirements, technical and ethical principles. The welding engineer must be able to work with management representatives, inspection person- nel, welders and support crafts, and should be able to understand the role of each in the development of weldments. It is recommended that an individual pursue certification as a Welding Engineer by a recognized authorized body. Certi- fication is defined as the act of determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to the qualification of personnel in accor- dance with specified requirements. Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS B5 Committee on Qualification, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society (see Annex B). A formal reply will be issued after it has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures. vii AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. viii  AWS B5.16:2006 Table of Contents Page No. Personnel......................................................................................................................................................................v Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................vii 1. Scope.....................................................................................................................................................................1 2. Referenced Documents.......................................................................................................................................1 3. Qualification........................................................................................................................................................1 3.1 Welding Engineer.........................................................................................................................................1 4. Terms and Definitions.........................................................................................................................................1 5. Functions..............................................................................................................................................................2 5.1 Activities.......................................................................................................................................................2 6. Education and Experience Qualification Requirements.................................................................................2 7. Definition of Experience.....................................................................................................................................3 8. Body of Knowledge..............................................................................................................................................3 8.1 Basic Sciences...............................................................................................................................................3 8.2 Applied Sciences...........................................................................................................................................3 8.3 Welding Related Disciplines........................................................................................................................4 9. Examination Requirements................................................................................................................................5 9.1 Basic Science Fundamental Examination.....................................................................................................5 9.2 Applied Science Fundamental Examination.................................................................................................5 9.3 Welding Related Disciplines Examination...................................................................................................5 9.4 Practical Welding and Related Applications Examination...........................................................................5 9.5 Passing Requirements...................................................................................................................................5 10. Maintenance of Qualification.............................................................................................................................6 Annex A (Informative)—Suggested Reference Library..............................................................................................7 Annex B (Informative)—Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.........................................................9 ix AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. x  AWS B5.16:2006 Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers 1. Scope with Clauses 6, 7, and 9 of this specification and who successfully passes the required examinations, shall be 1.1 This specification establishes qualification require- considered qualified as a Welding Engineer. ments for Welding Engineers. It describes how qualifi- cations are determined, and the practice by which 3.1.1 The title of Welding Engineer, as specified qualification may be attained and maintained. herein, DOES NOT imply the status of a registered Pro- fessional Engineer (P.E.) under the laws of any state or 1.2 The user of this specification will evaluate the quali- other governmental entity. fications of each individual, and provide examinations to test the individual’s knowledge in engineering skills and PRECAUTION: While the Welding Engineer has es- knowledge as well as their ability to apply the principles tablished excellent credentials, qualification to this spec- of welding engineering. ification alone may not legally qualify the engineer to 1.3 This specification is intended to supplement the min- provide technical services to the public. Contract docu- imum requirements of employers, codes, other standards, ments, and building or jurisdiction laws may require or documents and shall not be construed as a preemption technical services to be performed under the direction of the employer’s responsibility for the work or for the and responsibility of others such as a registered Profes- performance of the work. sional Engineer. The Welding Engineer designation DOES NOT imply the status of a registered Professional 1.4 It shall be the responsibility of employers to deter- Engineer (P.E.) under the laws of any state or other gov- mine that their employee, who, having qualified as a ernmental entity. Welding Engineer, is capable of performing the specific duties involved in their career assignments. 1.5 As used in this specification, the word shall denotes a requirement, the word should denotes a guideline, and 4. Terms and Definitions the word may denotes a choice. Terms used in this standard are defined below. All other terms used herein are defined by AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. 2. Referenced Documents Committee. The Personnel and Facility Qualification 1. AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Committee of the American Welding Society, 550 Definitions.1 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. contact hours. One contact hour has been defined as 50 minutes of classroom time (lecture or lab hours). 3. Qualification continuing education unit (CEU). One CEU is defined 3.1 Welding Engineer. A person with the demonstrated as 10 contact hours. education, experience, and knowledge in accordance nondestructive examination (NDE). The act of deter- mining the suitability of some material or component 1 AWS standards are published by the American Welding for its intended purpose using techniques that do not Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. affect its serviceability. 1 AWS B5.16:2006 qualification. Process of demonstrating whether an 5.1.4 Welding, Cutting, and Joining Processes. The entity or individual is capable of fulfilling specified Welding Engineer shall demonstrate a working knowl- requirements. edge of arc welding, resistance welding, brazing, and soldering. The Welding Engineer shall demonstrate working knowledge of oxyfuel gas cutting, arc cutting, 5. Functions and high energy beam cutting. The Welding Engineer shall demonstrate a working knowledge of solid state The Welding Engineer shall be capable of directing those welding, high energy beam welding, and processes ap- operations associated with weldments and other types of propriate for nonmetallic materials. applied joints that are completed in accordance with the 5.1.5 Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and appropriate contract documents, codes, and other stan- Welding/Joining Economics. The Welding Engineer dards to produce a satisfactory product. The welding en- shall understand quality assurance systems and be able to gineer’s activities begin before production welding, participate in the implementation of quality assurance continue through the production process and end when programs. the production process is complete. The Welding Engineer shall be knowledgeable in all Each employer shall be responsible for defining the aspects of quality control. The Welding Engineer shall specific duties of a welding engineer in the place of understand procedure and welder performance qualifica- employment. tion, including destructive and nondestructive testing. The Welding Engineer shall be able to demonstrate that The Welding Engineer shall be capable of performing he/she can perform the activities defined in this standard. visual inspection of welds and specifying the appropriate nondestructive examination (NDE) methods for a partic- 5.1 Activities. The detailed activities of a Welding Engi- ular weldment. The Welding Engineer shall understand neer include the following (note: Demonstration of the the advantages and limitations of NDE. The Welding required knowledge related to these activities is ad- Engineer shall be familiar with the qualification require- dressed in Clauses 6, 7, and 9): ments of NDE personnel. 5.1.1 Safety. The Welding Engineer shall be knowl- The Welding Engineer shall have a practical knowledge edgeable of safety practices as they pertain to welding, of manufacturing systems, including material control, cutting, and joining processes. production scheduling, and quality assurance. The Weld- ing Engineer shall be able to evaluate the relative cost 5.1.2 Design. The Welding Engineer shall be capable effectiveness of competitive welding/joining processes. of applying generally accepted engineering principles to the design of welded structures or structures manufac- 5.1.6 Mathematics. The Welding Engineer shall have tured using other related processes. This includes meet- a working knowledge of algebra, trigonometry, solid and ing specific service requirements as well as compliance plane geometry, calculus, and statistical methods (see to applicable codes or specifications. 8.1.1). 5.1.3 Materials and Welding/Joining Metallurgy. 5.1.7 Physics. The Welding Engineer shall have a The Welding Engineer shall possess a practical knowl- working knowledge of mechanics, heat, electricity, elec- edge of ferrous and nonferrous materials including: car- tronic systems, and magnetism. The engineer shall dem- bon steel, various types of alloy steels, stainless steels, onstrate competence in understanding the mechanics of nickel and nickel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, arc plasmas, the dynamics of heat transfer, and fluid copper and copper alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, mechanics (see 8.1.2). ceramics, and plastics. 5.1.8 Chemistry. The Welding Engineer shall have a The Welding Engineer shall possess a knowledge of the working knowledge of physical, organic and inorganic welding metallurgy for ferrous and nonferrous materials. chemistry (see 8.1.3). This includes an understanding of melting, solidification, solid state transformations, thermal strains, and residual stress phenomena. The Welding Engineer shall be able to 6. Education and Experience demonstrate a practical knowledge of how the different Qualification Requirements welding processes and pre- and post-welding heat treat- ing processes affect the metallurgy of ferrous and nonfer- 6.1 Each individual for qualification as a Welding Engi- rous materials. This knowledge shall also include an neer shall possess one of the following combinations of understanding of oxidation-reduction reactions. education and relevant experience to be eligible for the 2  AWS B5.16:2006 Welding Engineer examination. The experience require- without further evaluation of education, experience, or ments are further defined in Clause 7. examination. 6.1.1 Individuals with a Baccalaureate of Science 7.3 Individuals possessing a diploma indicating suc- (B.Sc.) degree in engineering shall have a minimum of cessful completion of the requirements for either the one (1) year of related experience. International Welding Engineer, IIW, or European Welding Engineer, EWF, shall have a minimum of 6.1.2 Individuals with a Baccalaureate of Science one (1) year of experience (may be obtained before, or (B.Sc.) degree in engineering technology shall have a after the diploma) to be eligible for the Welding Engi- minimum of two (2) years of related experience. neer examination. 6.1.3 Individuals with other related Baccalaureate of 7.4 Other organizations may petition the Committee for Science (B.Sc.) degrees shall have a minimum of five (5) acceptance as in 7.2 and 7.3. years of related experience. 6.1.4 Individuals with an Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree shall have a minimum of ten (10) years 8. Body of Knowledge of related experience. 8.1 Basic Sciences 6.1.5 Individuals who have successfully completed 8.1.1 Mathematics. Simple calculations (multiple high school or an equivalent program shall have a mini- choice); special functions (exp, log); trigonometric func- mum fifteen (15) years of related experience. tions (sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, csc, degrees, radians); alge- braic equations (linear, quadratic, polynomial); graphs and equations (slope, intercept, roots, derivatives, mini- 7. Definition of Experience mum, maximum, interpolation, and extrapolation); ge- ometry (common geometric shapes); hyperbola, 7.1 Experience as required in 6.1 shall be defined as ac- parabola; complex numbers; calculus (fundamentals of tivities in one or more of the following areas: differential equations); statistics (population and sam- 7.1.1 Manufacturing. Experience shall consist of the ples: normal distribution, mean, standard deviation, vari- design, application, or operation of welding process lines ance; simple correlation: linear regression via least or cells for the manufacture of welded products such as squares method, r2 correlation). automobiles, appliances, welded pipe, or other welded 8.1.2 Physics. Unit conversion (dimension, mass, standard products. temperature, time, energy, power); mass, weight, vol- 7.1.2 Fabrication. Experience shall consist of the de- ume, density; force, energy, work done, power; stress, sign, application, or operation of welding facilities that strain, Hooke’s Law (elasticity); moment and momen- fabricate welded products. Fabricated products may be tum; temperature, heat, temperature measurement, ther- covered by national, customer, or internal standards or mocouples, pyrometers; thermal properties of materials specifications. (thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal stress and strain). 7.1.3 Construction. Experience shall consist of de- sign on welding construction of projects such as build- 8.1.3 Chemistry. Symbols (elements and inorganic ings, pipelines, ships, plants and power generation compounds—gases, fluxes, etc.); molecular weight and facilities. stoichiometry; acids and bases; balance chemical equa- tions; gas combustion reactions (chemical heat genera- 7.1.4 Research and Development. Experience shall tion) and oxidation-reduction reactions; ideal gas law consist of research and development to enhance welded (pressure, volume, temperature); mass balance (as in products or processes, welding materials, manufacturing, E7018 coating decomposition to gas, slag and metal); fabrication, field erection of welded products, or the bulk and chemical analysis methodologies); reactivity, design of welding manufacturing systems. toxicity, environmental effect, disposal. 7.1.5 Training. Experience shall consist of instructing 8.2 Applied Sciences courses in various welding topics or related technologies. 8.2.1 Strength of Materials. Load, deformation 7.2 As an alternate to the qualification requirements (elastic and plastic, buckling), stress-strain, Young’s of this specification, individuals possessing a State Pro- Modulus, shear modulus, stress-strain curve (yield stress, fessional Engineering License in Welding Engineering ultimate tensile stress, elongation), tensile stress and shall be qualified in accordance with this specification shear stress computation; welded member cross-section 3 AWS B5.16:2006 effect; mechanical testing (tensile, bend, fracture tough- monotectic, lever rule calculation) metallurgy and weld- ness, hardness, creep, and fatigue) and data interpreta- ability of typical engineering materials (low carbon tion; Law of Conservation of Energy/Momentum; stress structural steels, cast irons, stainless steels, nickel alloys, analysis; typical engineering material properties. aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, etc.) microstructure (e.g., ferrous alloys—grain boundary ferrite, acicular fer- 8.2.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics. Heat rite, bainite, martensite, austenite, delta ferrite, etc.) and conduction, convection, and radiation, thermal conduc- mechanical properties; carbon equivalent (CEIIW, Pcm, tivity and diffusivity, heat transfer coefficients of engi- expressions, alloying content and carbon content effect); neering materials, Fourier’s Law; heating rate and hydrogen assisted cracking (heat-affected zone cracking, cooling rate; industrial heating methods and power con- cold cracking) base metal matching (e.g., electrodes with sumption, gas flow rates; laminar and turbulent flow high strength steels); solidification cracking (segregation (Reynold’s Number), dew point and relative humidity, of impurity atoms, shrinkage cracking, lamellar tearing); pressure and regulators; venturi effect and gas velocity delta ferrite in stainless consumables, specifications for calculation; atmospheric pressure and hyperbaric condi- consumables (categories; all position, rutile, basic); flux- tions; vacuum equipment and measurements. metal reactions (oxygen and sulfur control in weld pool); 8.2.3 Electricity. Current, voltage, resistance, imped- typical temperature range of a heat source; temperature ance, and circuits; Ohm’s Law; Kirchoff’s Law; resis- distribution in a weldment; HAZ formation; multipass tance loss and current rectification; power generation; thermal experience, reheated weld metal properties; weld AC/DC, polarity; power factor; electromagnetic proper- macro and micro-graph interpretation; solidification pro- ties, right-hand rule; current and voltage measurements file and preferred grain orientation (epitaxial growth); (devices and principles). origin of weld ripples; special attributes of base metal (as-cast structure, deformation texture, oxide on flame- 8.3 Welding Related Disciplines cut surfaces); thermal treatments (preheat, postheat, 8.3.1 NDE/Weld Discontinuities. NDE processes interpass influence on weld cooling rate and residual (radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid pene- stress distribution); solid-state transformations in welds trant, eddy current, etc.—characteristics, advantages, and (different forms of ferrite, bainite, and martensite, sigma limitations). NDE symbols. phase in stainless steels, Guinier-Preston type precipi- tates zones and aging in aluminum alloys); corrosion 8.3.2 Welding Heat Sources and Arc Physics. (sensitization in stainless steel welds, stress corrosion Power source static and dynamic characteristics (open cracking in welds). circuit voltage and short circuiting current, slope); differ- ences between CC and CV designs (principle of self- 8.3.5 Weld Design. Structural fabrication require- adjusting); welding arc characteristics (current and volt- ments, sectional properties, stress gradient; stress triaxi- age relationship, arc length effect); electron emission ality, weld symbols, hardness and microhardness (e.g., (ionization potential, work function, electrode material, across a weld cross section); tensile properties, ductility, shielding gas, arc stability); arc temperature and degree toughness, fillet break test (influence of second phase of ionization (shielding gas influence); magnetic arc and porosity), ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fatigue blow (work lead location and condition); Lorentz Force (initiation, propagation, failure, high-cycle, low-cycle), (effect on droplet detachment and on adjacent power temperature and strain rate effect. cables); shielding gas drag force (effect on droplet de- 8.3.6 Brazing and Soldering. Characteristics of braz- tachment and metal transfer mode) weld penetration and ing and soldering, fluxes and substrates, capillary action, width for different shielding gases. wetting and spreading, contact angle, joint clearance, 8.3.3 Welding Processes and Controls. Arc welding viscosity, liquidus and solidus, flow of molten filler in processes (SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, SAW, horizontal and vertical joints (maximum penetration and PAW); resistance welding processes (RW, high fre- rate), filler metal systems (Sn-Pb solders, Ni and Cu quency RW), high energy density welding processes based alloys, Ag-Cu based brazing alloys), and inter- (LBW, EBW); cutting processes (OFC, CAC, and PAC); metallic compound formation. surfacing processing (SW, THSP); solid-state welding 8.3.7 Safety. Recognize health hazards relating to processes (FRW, FW). welding, (fumes, toxic gases, noise, radiation). Recog- 8.3.4 Welding and Joining Metallurgy. Crystal nize safety hazards, (electric shock, compressed gases, structure of metals (FCC, BCC, HCP, unit cells, lattice fire, welding in a confined space, welding on containers parameter, c/a ratio, atom positions, interstitial posi- and piping, moving equipment). Recognize precautions tions); melting, and solidification, phase transformations to avoid injury, and possess a working knowledge of and phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and safety and fire codes. 4  AWS B5.16:2006 9. Examination Requirements 9.4 Practical Welding and Related Applications Ex- amination. The individual shall pass an examination Individuals seeking qualification as a Welding Engi- with references on the application of welding engineer- neer shall successfully complete the following exami- ing concepts in the areas of welding safety, weldment de- nations, drawn from the Body of Knowledge given in sign, welding metallurgy, materials, welding process Clause 8, except as permitted by 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4 (when selection, NDE including visual weld inspection, quality applicable): assurance, quality control in accordance with codes, specifications, other standards, and/or drawings. 9.1 Basic Science Fundamental Examination. The individual shall pass an examination without references consisting of questions from each of the three Basic 9.5 Passing Requirements. Each of the four examina- Science topics: tions shall not have an individual score less than sixty percent (60%). Each individual examination shall be Percent of weighted and the resulting composite score from sections Topic Examination Questions shall not be less than seventy percent (70%). Mathematics 25% 1. Basic Science Examination: Physics 50% Raw Score × 0.15 = Weighted Score1 Chemistry 25% Total 100% 2. Applied Science Examination: Raw Score × 0.15 = Weighted Score2 9.2 Applied Science Fundamental Examination. The individual shall pass an examination without references 3. Welding Related Disciplines Examination: consisting of questions from each of the three Applied Science topics: Raw Score × 0.30 = Weighted Score3 Percent of 4. Practical Examination (combined exercise): Topic Examination Questions Raw Score × 0.40 = Weighted Score4 Strength of Materials 40% Heat Transfer and Fluid 30% Weighted Score1 + Weighted Score2 + Weighted Score3 Mechanics + Weighted Score4 = Composite Score Electricity 30% 9.6 The Basic and Applied Science portion of the exami- Total 100% nation requirements described in 9.5 may be complied with by successful completion of the Engineering Funda- 9.3 Welding Related Disciplines Examination. The mentals Examination, (formerly the E.I.T. examination). individual shall pass an examination with references on This examination shall be administered by the State the application of engineering concepts in the areas of: Board of Engineering or other governmental entity. Use 85 × 0.30 in calculating the individual’s score for the Percent of Basic Science and the Applied Science Examinations. Topic Examination Questions NDE/Weld Discontinuities 10% 0.30 (85) + Weighted Score3 + Weighted Score4 = Composite Score Welding Heat Sources and 20% Arc Physics PRECAUTION: While the Welding Engineer has es- Welding Processes and 20% tablished excellent credentials, qualification to this spec- Controls ification alone may not legally qualify the engineer to provide technical services to the public. Contract docu- Welding and Joining 20% ments, and building or jurisdiction laws may require Metallurgy technical services to be performed under the direction Weld Design 20% and responsibility of others such as a Registered Profes- Brazing and Soldering 5% sional Engineer. The Welding Engineer designation DOES NOT imply the status of a registered Professional Safety 5% Engineer (P.E.) under the laws of any state or other gov- Total 100% ernmental entity. 5 AWS B5.16:2006 10. Maintenance of Qualification tion of continued education every five (5) years to main- tain the qualification. Continued education shall relate to The Welding Engineer shall maintain the qualification the functions in Clause 5. and shall be equivalent to through continued education. This education shall be 80 contact hours in the five year period or combination restricted to the functions as defined in Clause 5. The of contact hours plus continuing education units totaling Welding Engineer shall demonstrate successful comple- 80 contact hours. 6  AWS B5.16:2006 Annex A Suggested Reference List This annex is not a part of AWS B5.16:2006: Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers, but is included for informational purposes only. The following references have been identified as useful study guides for the Body of Knowledge covered in Clause 8 of this specification. This does not preclude the use of other potentially beneficial references. Reference Title Author Publisher ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes AWS Applied Fluid Mechanics, 4th Ed. Mott Merrill Publishing Company ASM Handbook Vol. 17, NDE ASM ASM Handbook Vol. 6 Welding/Brazing 10th Ed. ASM AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code—Steel AWS Design of Weldments Omer W. Blodgett The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation Engineer in Training Manual Essentials of Engineering Economics, 2nd Ed. Riggs & West McGraw Hill Fracture & Fatigue Control in Structures, Application of Fracture John M. Barson & Prentice Hall Mechanics Stanley T. Rolfe Second Edition, 1987 Fundamentals of Engineering: The Most Effective FE/EIT Review Merle C. Potter Great Lakes Press Fundamentals of Welding Technology, Modules 1–19 Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning Handbook of Arc Welding James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation Introduction to the Practice of Statistics, ISBN: 0 7167 2250 X Moore & McCabe Freeman Introductory Physical Metallurgy of Welding Easterling Butterworths Introductory Welding Metallurgy AWS Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, ISBN: 0 201 538460 Serope and Kalpakjian Addison Wesley Mark’s Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers Avallone and Baumeister McGraw-Hill Mechanical Metallurgy G. Dieter McGraw Hill 7 AWS B5.16:2006 Reference Title Author Publisher Metals and How to Weld Them James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Second Edition, 1990 Modern Welding Technology, 4th Ed. H. Cary Prentice Hall NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, National Fire Protection Associa- and Other Hot Work tion Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Code of U.S. Government Printing Office Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1910 Subpart Q—Welding, Cutting, and Brazing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Code of U.S. Government Printing Office Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1910.1200—Hazard Communication Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Code of U.S. Government Printing Office Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1926 Subpart J—Welding and Cutting Physics of Arc Welding J. Lancaster Pergamon Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, ISBN: 0 8247 9176 2 Boothroyd, Dewhurst, & Marcel Dekker Knight Quality Control, 5th Ed. Besterfield Prentice Hall Robots & Manufacturing Automation Asfahl John Wiley Stainless Steel R.A. Lula ASM International, 1986 Statics & Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition, ISBN: 0-13-453201-5 Morrow Prentice Hall Statics & Strength of Materials: A Parallel Approach to Lawrence J. Wolf Merrill Publishing Company Understanding Structures Weld IT CD, Computer Influence for Welding Personnel Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning Weldability of Steels, 4th Edition, ISBN: 1-58145-430-9 R. D. Stout Welding Research Council Welding Aluminum: Theory and Practice The Aluminum Association, Second Edition, June 1991 Welding Design, Modules 30-39 Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning Welding Encyclopedia Jefferson AWS Welding Handbook Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8th Ed. AWS Welding Metallurgy Sindo Kou John Wiley & Sons Welding Metallurgy Linnert AWS Welding Metallurgy J. Lancaster Pergamon Welding Metallurgy, Modules 8, 9, 12, 20–23 Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning 8  AWS B5.16:2006 Annex B Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries This annex is not a part of AWS B5.16:2006: Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers, but is included for informational purposes only. B1. Introduction along with the edition of the standard that contains the provision(s) the inquirer is addressing. The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official interpretations B2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the inquiry of AWS standards are handled in a formal manner. shall be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose Under this policy, all interpretations are made by the can be to obtain an interpretation of a standard’s require- committee that is responsible for the standard. Official ment or to request the revision of a particular provision communication concerning an interpretation is directed in the standard. through the AWS staff member who works with that B2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be committee. The policy requires that all requests for an concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to under- interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will stand the point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to the whenever appropriate, and all paragraphs, figures, and complexity of the work and the procedures that must be tables (or annex) that bear on the inquiry shall be cited. If followed, some interpretations may require considerable the point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the time. standard, the inquiry shall provide technical justification for that revision. B2. Procedure B2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a proposed reply, state an interpretation of the provision All inquiries shall be directed to: that is the point of the inquiry or provide the wording for a proposed revision, if this is what inquirer seeks. Managing Director Technical Services Division American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road B3. Interpretation of Provisions of Miami, FL 33126 the Standard All inquiries shall contain the name, address, and affilia- Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made by tion of the inquirer, and they shall provide enough infor- the relevant AWS technical committee. The secretary of mation for the committee to understand the point of the committee refers all inquiries to the chair of the par- concern in the inquiry. When the point is not clearly ticular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the por- defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For tion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply in the format specified below. to determine what the response to the inquiry should B2.1 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single provi- be. Following the subcommittee’s development of the sion of the standard unless the point of the inquiry response, the inquiry and the response are presented to involves two or more interrelated provisions. The provi- the entire committee for review and approval. Upon sion(s) shall be identified in the scope of the inquiry approval by the committee, the interpretation is an official 9 AWS B5.16:2006 interpretation of the Society, and the secretary transmits be obtained only through a written request. Headquarters the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal staff cannot provide consulting services. However, the for publication. staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose names are on file at AWS Headquarters. B4. Publication of Interpretations B6. AWS Technical Committees All official interpretations will appear in the Welding Journal and will be posted on the AWS web site. The activities of AWS technical committees regarding interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of provisions of standards prepared by the committees or to B5. Telephone Inquiries consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the basis of new data or technology. Neither AWS staff nor Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning the committees are in a position to offer interpretive or AWS standards should be limited to questions of a gen- consulting services on (1) specific engineering problems, eral nature or to matters directly related to the use of the (2) requirements of standards applied to fabrications standard. The AWS Board of Directors’ policy requires outside the scope of the document, or (3) points not that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the request for an official interpretation of any AWS stan- inquirer should seek assistance from a competent engi- dard with the information that such an interpretation can neer experienced in the particular field of interest 10