Clinical Chemistry: Water Soluble Vitamins PDF

Clinical chemistry Water soluble vitamins Dr/ Wael Sobhy Darwish PhD Lec -2  Water soluble vitamins Vitamin B complex B1 - Thiamine B2 - Riboflavin B3 - Niacin B5 - Pantothenic acid B6 - Pyridoxine B7- Biotin B9 - Folic acid B12- Cobalam...

Clinical chemistry Water soluble vitamins Dr/ Wael Sobhy Darwish PhD Lec -2  Water soluble vitamins Vitamin B complex B1 - Thiamine B2 - Riboflavin B3 - Niacin B5 - Pantothenic acid B6 - Pyridoxine B7- Biotin B9 - Folic acid B12- Cobalamine Vitamin C or Ascorbic acid Vitamin B complex Energy releasing B1 – B2 – B3- Biotin - Pantothenic acid Hematobiotic Folic acid – Vit B12 Others Pyridoxin All Vitamin B complexs are coenzymes  Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)  It has a key role in carbohydrate metabolism.  Act as a coenzyme.  Function  Help to convert carbohydrates, fats, and protein into energy, or glucose.  Play a role in the nervous system, and good brain function. B vitamins are necessary for keeping the liver, skin, hair, and eyes healthy. Deficiency symptoms A deficiency of vitamin B1 commonly leads to beriberi, Beriberi can affect the cardiovascular system or central nervous system. There may be mental problems, including confusion and short-term memory loss. Muscles may become weak, and cardiovascular symptoms can occur, for example, an enlarged heart.  Vitamin B2, or riboflavin Vitamin B2 plays a vital role in maintaining the body’s energy supply. It helps break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Riboflavin helps convert carbohydrates into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The two biologically active forms of vitamin B2 are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are coenzymes in oxidation/reduction reactions. Function of Vitamin B2 1. Converting tryptophan into niacin 2. Keeping the eyes, nerves, muscles, and skin, and liver healthy 3. Absorbing and activating iron, folic acid, and vitamins B1, B3 and B6 4. Hormone production by the adrenal glands.  Vitamin B2 deficiency There are two types of riboflavin deficiency: 1- Riboflavin deficiency happens when the person’s diet is poor in vitamin B2 2- Because the intestines cannot absorb the vitamin properly Riboflavin deficiency is also known as ariboflavinosis. It is widespread but not fatal. Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B2 deficiency include: Angular cheilitis, or cracks at the corners of the mouth and cracked lips Inflammation of the lining of the mouth Inflammation of the tongue Mouth ulcers Sore throat Iron-deficiency anemia  Vitamin B3 or niacin (nicotinic acid) Forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid Tryptophan.  Function  A precursor for the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphorylated derivative, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) in oxidation-reduction reactions.  Niacin helps to convert nutrients into energy, create cholesterol and fats, create and repair DNA, and exert antioxidant effects.  A niacin deficiency is rare because it is found in many foods, both from animals and plants.  Deficiency of Vitamin B3 Pellagra: A condition that causes a dark, sometimes scaly rash to develop on skin areas exposed to sunlight; bright redness of the tongue; and constipation/diarrhea.  Vitamin B 5 or pantothenic acid  Part of Coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism.  Is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, fat. Function of vitamin B 5 1- Help to produce antibody 2- Help in the production of cortisol 3- Production of energy from carbohydrate, fat, protein 4- Formation of Acetylcholine and epinephrine Pantothenic acid deficiency Pantothenic acid deficiency is a very rare occurrence. Severe deficiency can cause numbness and burning of the hands and feet, headache, extreme tiredness, irritability, restlessness, sleeping problems, stomach pain, heartburn, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. vitamin B6 Function of Vitamin B6  Act as a precursor for the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) which is important in amino acid and glycogen metabolism and in steroid hormone action and supporting immune function and brain health.  Pyridoxine (B6) is used as anti-emetic drug (prevent vomiting)  Vitamin 9 Folic acid Folic acid (folate), which plays a key role in one-carbon metabolism, is essential for the biosynthesis of several compounds. The need for folate rises considerably during pregnancy and whenever cells are multiplying. Function of folic acid  Folic acid deficiency Megaloblastic anemia  Neural tube defects: (Inability of nerve cells to divide and make new cells)  Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin Vitamin B12 is an especially important vitamin for maintaining healthy nerve cells, and it helps in the production of DNA and RNA, the body's genetic material. Vitamin B12 works closely with vitamin B9 to help make red blood cells and to help iron work better in the body. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 Pernicious anemia and Neurological problems Coenzymes derived from vitamins  Vitamin C The active form of Vitamin C is ascorbic acid. Humans do not have the enzyme systems required for the synthesis of vitamin C and must get it as an external supply. Function of vitamin C The most important function for vitamin C is the synthesis of collagen, the principal tissue protein found in teeth , bones, tendons, blood vessels.  Act as antioxidant. Deficiency of Vitamin C It results in scurvy, a disease characterized by skin changes , bleeding gum , tooth loss , fragile blood capillaries and bone fracture, many of which can be attributed to deficient collagen synthesis. Vitamins and deficiency manifestations