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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LAB) – MA’AM MICHELLE T. MABASA, MSMLS, MAEd, RMT R. NAYRA General and Common Lab Equipment Acceptable for preparation of reagent in...

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LAB) – MA’AM MICHELLE T. MABASA, MSMLS, MAEd, RMT R. NAYRA General and Common Lab Equipment Acceptable for preparation of reagent in Type II quality control materials. o The purity of these chemicals was established by the Reagent Water - Used in hematology, microbiology, ACS (American Chemical Society) immunology, and chemistry. Type III Utilized for washing glassware’s Reagent Water Various Chemicals encountered in CC Laboratory: 1. Analytic Reagent Grade (Symbol: AR) – o Distilled water - collected from steam. Water is Important for qualitative & quantitative analysis boiled and vaporizes then the condensates are because it’s very pure and is essential for accuracy. collected and that is distilled water. It is purified, - It is used in trace metals analysis and preparation therefore all of the organic materials has been of standard solutions. (Calibrators). removed. 2. Ultrapure- This type of reagent has been put - The more distillation cycle, the more impurities through additional purification steps. (Spectograde/ are removed. Nanograde/ High- Performance Liquid o Deionized water- It uses a deionizer; removes cation Chromatography (HPLC). and anion so the water now is free from minerals - It is used for atomic absorptions and immune salts. Some organic materials are still present. acids. Reference Material: Standards for Calibration Materials 3. Chemically Pure (CP) / Pure Grade- Not  Must meet requirements of CLSI recommended for research and analytical chemistry  Primary standard unless it will undergo further verification or just the use of reagent only. - Highly purified chemical with a substance of exact - The preparation for this chemical is not uniform. known concentration. Its purity is usually delivered by the melting point  Secondary Standard or the boiling point. - Lower purity - It also fails to rebuild the tolerance limit of its NOTE: IUPAC is the one who approved the impurities. standard in the primary standard. 4. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) – It is used for Types of Solution manufacturing of drugs. It is approved for human consumption so it does not produce any injury to 1. Dilute solution – small presence of solute already humans, but it is also applicable for laboratory since it is already diluted. analysis 2. Concentrated solution – has large quantity of 5. National Formulary – It is mainly used for solute in the solution. manufacturing of drugs. 3. Saturated solution – there is an excess of 6. Technical Grade/ Commercial Grade- The lowest undissolved solute particles; more than the in terms of purity. It is primarily used in concentrated. manufacturing and not use in the clinical laboratory 4. Super saturated solution – greater concentration testing because it is not pure. of undissolved solute particles. Undissolved Water because it cannot break down by the solvent since it is intensely saturated. o Classified according to type, not method of preparation. (According to CLSI & CAP) Glassware - These type of water went several preparations (filtration, distillation, ion exchange, reverse 1. Borosilicate osmosis, and UV) - The most common - Have a high degree of thermal resistance and have Three Grades of Purity: low alkali content (clearer glass) Max. water purity for accuracy and - More resistant to chemical corrosions Type I precision. Used in methods that requires Reagent Water min. interference. - Commercial brands include Pyrex and Kimax. - Used in flame photometry, atomic 2. Alumino-silicate absorption, sensitive methods of - strengthened chemically rather than thermally examination, HPLC, trace metals, iron - Alkali resistant and are 6 times stronger than studies. - Ultra micro chemical analysis borosilicate glass - Highest Water Purity - Resist clouding and scratching better - Popular brand is Corex. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LAB) – MA’AM MICHELLE T. MABASA, MSMLS, MAEd, RMT R. NAYRA 3. High silica Laboratory Vessels: 4. Vycor – acid and alkali resistant; high thermal o Beaker drastic shock and extreme chemical treatments with o Flasks acid and alkaline. Can be heated up to 900 degrees o Test tubes Celsius. o Graduated cylinder 5. Low actinic – amber colored; there are chemicals o Burettes that cannot be exposed to light. o Pipettes 6. Flint – for disposable material; thin; soda lime Two Types glass. It easily breaks. It has poor resistance to high To contain (TC) – To deliver (TD) – pipette, temperature. volumetric flask, beaker, burette, general apparatus, 7. CLASS A – satisfy National Institute of Standards conical flask, measuring glass rod and Technology (NIST) specifications. Used in the cylinder, weighing lab. bottle, test tubes Pipette Design To Contain (TC) – the To Deliver (TD) – Exact pipette is calibrated to volume when dispensed contain a designated volume; they are not accurate in transfer of volume. This type of glassware tends liquid to stick on the side. (20mL but 19.8mL Plasticware when transferred) Drainage Characteristics o High resistance to corrosion and breakage 1. Blowout – find an 2. Self-draining – all will be o Cheaper and disposable Types of plastics with temp. etched ring or a double drained but the excess on limit: ring; “the last drop on the tip will not be counted 1. Polystrene (PS) - 70 the tip should be blown on the measurement. using an aspirator” -Follow expel time 2. Polyethylene Conventional (CPE) - 80 (meaning, if it is indicated 3. Linear (LPE) - 120 15mins, wait for 15mins 4. Polypropylene (PP) - 135 until discarding the excess 5. Tygon - 95 on the tip) 6. Teflon FEP - 205 Type (Measuring or graduated – TC) 7. Polcarbonate (PC) - 135 Serologic – graduations are up in 8. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – 70 the tip. Another 1ml in the tip. Require to blowout in the tip. NOTE: Check also if the type of plastic is autoclavable or not since it will melt if above its melting point. Mohr – In between two marks. Transfer specified volumes in between two marks. Bacteriologic – designed to measure an exact volume; they are several type based on markers (specified volumes) but usually we used automatic pipette in bacteriology. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LAB) – MA’AM MICHELLE T. MABASA, MSMLS, MAEd, RMT R. NAYRA Ball, Kolmer, or Kahn – 1 drop is equal to 0.05 and 1mL is 20 drops Micropipette – small pipette; they may be measuring or graduated Type (Measuring or graduated – TD) Volumetric – In between (encircled) is the bulb and that signifies a volumetric flask; used for non-viscous and this type of pipette is self-draining so it should not be blown out. Ostwald-Folin – used for viscous fluid like serum and blood. Bulb is in the tip. Pasteur Pipette – are for transferring. But no exact volume as it has no graduations and no measurement. They can come in glass and plastic. Automatic macropipette or MI – pipettes should be calibrated yearly. They should also be class A (not required for calibration). NOTE: Automatic macropipettes are paired with tips which come in different sizes. Yellow and blue tip is the most common. Reading a pipette: