AY 2023 Sem 1 E362_LLP01_ Notes (1).pdf

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Facilities in Departure / Check-in Hall • Check-in counters: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • First class and Business class. Economy class. Express check-in. Self check-in. Common check-in counters. Airline customer service and ticketing counters. Airport customer s...

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Facilities in Departure / Check-in Hall • Check-in counters: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • First class and Business class. Economy class. Express check-in. Self check-in. Common check-in counters. Airline customer service and ticketing counters. Airport customer service counters. Unaccompanied baggage check-in facility. Excess baggage payment counters. GST / Tax Refund counters. Flight information displays. Signage. Money changers. Commercial facilities / shops. http://weekendblitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/IMG_248 001.jpg http://www.eyeofdubai.net/news/details/1427018015- OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Importance of an Airport to a Country Economic Importance: • Increase in speed of trade. • Increase in amount of imports and exports, such as perishable goods. • Increase in local employment opportunities. • Boost tourism industry. Social Importance: • • • • Bring in foreign culture. Promote local culture to visitors. Information inflow and outflow. Overseas education opportunities. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Centralised Passenger Screening • Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to a concourse containing several entry gates with no relationship to a particular flight • Screening can take place a considerable time before a particular flight is to depart • Passengers remain in the concourse area until boarding for the flight commences Advantages of Centralised Screening • Consolidates screening checkpoints to one location. • Maximises efficiency as it requires less manpower and equipment. Disadvantage of Centralised Screening • At busy airports, during peak period, the waiting time at the security screening can be long. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Decentralised Screening • Holding Area Screening • Passengers screened when they arrive at the holding area and passengers remain within the holding area until boarding commences. • Boarding Gate / Gate Hold Room Screening • Passengers screened at boarding gate / gate hold room prior to boarding the aircraft. • Advantages of Decentralised Screening • Impact of a screening failure (e.g., a weapon going undetected) is isolated to a specific area (holding room). • Screening needs to be staffed only when screening is in progress. • Disadvantage of Decentralised Screening • Decentralised screening requires substantially higher levels of screening staff and equipment, especially in a busy airport. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Cross Flow of Departure and Arrival Pax • The following applies to decentralised screening regimes. • There are some gate hold rooms (GHR) in Changi Airport where changes in flight schedule or poor gate allocation planning, can result in cross flow of departure and arrival passengers. • This poses a security risk. • Common examples are gates A1-5 and B1-5 in Terminal 3 and the Multiple Aircraft Receiving Stands (MARS) gates. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Key Principles of Pre-Board Screening • Passenger is genuine and not on the no-fly list. • The no-fly list is a government maintained list of people who are not permitted on a commercial aircraft. • Passenger is using authentic and correct travel documents (passports, boarding pass). • Passenger is not carrying any offensive items in the carry luggage when boarding the flight. • Passenger is in a condition for carriage on board the flight • Not in a drunken, unruly, and/or abusive state. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Pre-Board Screening Process • Scan Boarding Pass • X-ray cabin baggage • Walk-through metal detector or millimetre wave scanner • Random selection for additional screening OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process • Conducted by a fully automated Hold Baggage Screening (HBS) system. • Industry standard Five Levels of Hold Baggage Screening are: Level 1 • Automated evaluation of the X-ray image by the X-ray Machine. • Rejected bag is automatically sent for Level 2 Screening. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process Level 2 • Operator analysis of the Level 1 image at a workstation(s), carried out whilst the bag continues in transit. • Bags rejected after this level are routed to a Level 3 machine. Level 3 • In-depth analysis of the original Level 1 image at a separate workstation(s), or, • Subjecting the bag to a separate X-ray process using a different X-ray technology, for example, Computer Tomography (CT Scanner), using Explosives Detection System (EDS). OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process Level 4 • Bags not cleared at Level 3 are re-united with the passenger and a manual search is conducted in the presence of the owners. Level 5 • Suspect bag is placed in a bomb containment unit and disposed by Explosives Disposal Team. Explosives Disposal Unit OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Millimeter Wave Scanner • Millimeter waves are able to penetrate clothing to reveal hidden threats • System constructs a 3-dimensional holographic image in real time • Potential threats are identified in real time OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Explosives Detection System (EDS) • X-ray mechanism revolves slowly around the bag and records data. • Computer Tomography (CT) scanner uses data to create detailed tomogram of bag. • • • CT scanner calculates mass and density of individual objects in bag based on tomogram. Conducts an analytical comparison of the measured densities of objects inside the bag with that of known explosives. If a density match is found and its mass exceeds a configurable threat threshold, the system alarms and displays the object on screen with potential explosives and other bomb components highlighted. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Explosives Trace Detection (ETD) • Screening of baggage and passengers for traces of explosives. • Officers swab bags, laptops, or passenger’s hands. • Swab placed inside ETD unit to analyse for the presence of potential explosive residue. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Bottled Liquid Scanner (BLS) • Technology differentiates liquid explosives from common, benign liquids. • Can analyse clear, translucent, or frosted unopened glass or plastic bottles. • Used primarily to screen medically necessary liquids in quantities larger than 100ml. • • • If liquid is deemed safe, screen display reads “No Threat Found” in green. If a match is made to a chemical in the scanner’s library, the display reads “Threat Found” in red. Second scan will take less than two minutes and identify the chemical found in the liquid. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Old school - Dogs in Aviation Security • Dogs highly mobile and a visible deterrent • Advantage of Bomb dog: • Mobile • Identify source of explosive odour • Detect concealed explosives • Limitation of canine detection • Short “duty cycle” • Dog cannot work 24 hours a day • Search conducted for 40 to 60 minutes before requiring a rest break • Not suited to long periods of routine, repetitive screening OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Threat Image Projection (TIP) • Designed to advance screener proficiency by: • Providing more exposure to threats on a regular basis. • Tracking screener performance. • TIP inserts digital fictional threat images (FTI) such as guns, knives and bombs as if the threat object were actually packed inside the passenger’s bag into the regular flow of bags displayed on the X-ray system monitor. • TIP can be found in both passenger cabin baggage screening (above wing) and hold baggage screening (below wing). Used for training staff in recognizing threats.