AY 2023 Sem 1 E362 LLP01 Notes PDF

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Caught between a rock and a hard place Large Learning Package 1 Notes E362 – Airport Management OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Learning Objectives for LLP 01 • Distinguish between the different operational zones of an airport passengers and baggage go through...

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Caught between a rock and a hard place Large Learning Package 1 Notes E362 – Airport Management OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Learning Objectives for LLP 01 • Distinguish between the different operational zones of an airport passengers and baggage go through during departure and arrival. • Describe the facilities in a passenger terminal that are required for secure passenger facilitation and superior customer experience. • Describe 3 differences in infrastructure between domestic terminals and international terminals. • Explain the importance of an airport to a country’s economy. • Explain 3 differences between centralised and decentralised screening. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Learning Objectives for LLP 01 • Identify the signs of a fraudulent travel document. • Describe the process of preboard screening. • Describe the 5 levels of screening used in the Hold Baggage Screening System. • Describe the process of hold baggage screening. • Explain the principles of hold baggage screening that have been incorporated into the screening process. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE What is an airport? OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Airport as an Operational System • An operational system is a framework comprising the following: i. Infrastructure/ Facilities/ Equipment ii. Personnel iii. Operating and Management procedures An airport is considered as an operational system. • An operational system collectively provides a service to the customer. • An airport is considered as an operational system. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Facilities in Departure / Check-in Hall • Check-in counters: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • First class and Business class. Economy class. Express check-in. Self check-in. Common check-in counters. Airline customer service and ticketing counters. Airport customer service counters. Unaccompanied baggage check-in facility. Excess baggage payment counters. GST / Tax Refund counters. Flight information displays. Signage. Money changers. Commercial facilities / shops. http://weekendblitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/IMG_248 001.jpg http://www.eyeofdubai.net/news/details/1427018015- OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Facilities at Departure and Arrival Immigration Departure Immigration • Clearance channels for citizens and foreigners clearance channels • Express lanes • Automated clearance Departure Customs • Tax refund Arrival Immigration • Clearance channels for citizens and foreigners • Express lanes • Automated clearance • Interview rooms • Health screening Arrival Customs • Red / Green channels OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Domestic and International Terminals Domestic terminals • Handle only domestic flights or flights within the same country. • No customs and immigration facilities. http://www.woodsbagot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/30302_QantasMelbourne_N1_screenhd.jpg International terminals • Able to handle flights to and from other countries. • Equipped with customs and immigration facilities. http://www.flyertalk.com/the-tarmac/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/San-Francisco-International-Airport.jpg OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Airport Personnel Positions Landside  Airside    Custom officers   Terminal managers   Flight dispatchers   Ground handling personnel   Retail personnel   Airport police   Security personnel   Check-in Counter Personnel Immigration officers Air traffic controllers  Baggage handlers   Trolley retrievers   Concierge  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Airport Operating and Management Procedures • • • • • Airport terminal standard operating procedures Queue management procedures Delay management procedures Gate allocation procedures Airport risk assessment manuals OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Characteristics of Airports • Crucial interface between flight and ground transport • Customers are the airlines • Capital intensive, long-term investments • Impact on local and regional community • Dependence on local road and rail infrastructure • Dependence on government planning systems • Compete with off-airport stores for passenger retail spending • Competition between airports for airline business OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Landside and Airside of the Terminal Landside is open to public access. Do not have to be a passenger to be in the landside of the airport terminal. Airside is not open to public access. Airside is also known as the sterile area. Only accessible to passengers who possess the correct and legitimate travel documentation. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE International Transportation Network • Airports are an important link in both national and international multimodal transportation networks. • Airports provide the entire infrastructure needed to enable passengers and freight to transfer from surface modes of transport to air modes of transport. http://www.novotrans.co.za/portals/0/Services/multimodal_390.jpg OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Importance of an Airport to a Country Economic Importance: • Increase in speed of trade. • Increase in amount of imports and exports, such as perishable goods. • Increase in local employment opportunities. • Boost tourism industry. Social Importance: • • • • Bring in foreign culture. Promote local culture to visitors. Information inflow and outflow. Overseas education opportunities. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Airport Operator • An organization that is responsible for the direction and management of one or more airports. • Can be any one of the following types of entities: • Branch of the national government. • Branch of the local or state/regional government. • Airport authority or other similar corporate entity. • Airport management contractor. • The airport operator can be a government–owned or a privately owned company, with expertise in airport management, which provides its services at an agreed fee that may include a percentage of revenues and a number of financial incentives. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Concept of security screening OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Centralised Passenger Screening Screening in Concourse OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Centralised Passenger Screening • Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to a concourse containing several entry gates with no relationship to a particular flight • Screening can take place a considerable time before a particular flight is to depart • Passengers remain in the concourse area until boarding for the flight commences Advantages of Centralised Screening • Consolidates screening checkpoints to one location. • Maximises efficiency as it requires less manpower and equipment. Disadvantage of Centralised Screening • At busy airports, during peak period, the waiting time at the security screening can be long. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Decentralised Passenger Screening Screening in Holding Rooms / Holding Areas OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Decentralised Passenger Screening Screening at Boarding Gates OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Decentralised Screening • Holding Area Screening • Passengers screened when they arrive at the holding area and passengers remain within the holding area until boarding commences. • Boarding Gate / Gate Hold Room Screening • Passengers screened at boarding gate / gate hold room prior to boarding the aircraft. • Advantages of Decentralised Screening • Impact of a screening failure (e.g., a weapon going undetected) is isolated to a specific area (holding room). • Screening needs to be staffed only when screening is in progress. • Disadvantage of Decentralised Screening • Decentralised screening requires substantially higher levels of screening staff and equipment, especially in a busy airport. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Cross Flow of Departure and Arrival Pax • The following applies to decentralised screening regimes. • There are some gate hold rooms (GHR) in Changi Airport where changes in flight schedule or poor gate allocation planning, can result in cross flow of departure and arrival passengers. • This poses a security risk. • Common examples are gates A1-5 and B1-5 in Terminal 3 and the Multiple Aircraft Receiving Stands (MARS) gates. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Cross Flow of Departure and Arrival Pax • Gate A1 to A5. Picture from the Aeronautical Information Publication, CAAS. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Cross Flow of Departure and Arrival Pax • Gate A1 to A5. There may arise a situation where departure flights @A1 and @A5 are delayed, and there are arrivals @A2-4. In the example below, the passengers from A3 cannot disembark because that would create mix passengers that have been screened with arrival passengers. A3 arrival flt Boarding counters for each gate A1 departure flt A5 departure flt Centralised screening Transit area OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Security Measures OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Biometric Passport: stores data unique to the owner Bio = body, metric = measurement Visual Inspection Zone (VIZ) Machine Readable Zone (MRZ) OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Common biometric data used Biometric Characteristics (Al-Raisi, 2006) (Thakkar, 2016) OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Fraudulent Documents Signs of Fraudulent Travel Documents • Signs of Alteration • Signs of Erasures • Missing Information OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Importance of Passport Control Fake Travel Documents Enable: • International Mobility for persons who are banned from doing so, or are of interest to State security forces. • Hiding origin or journey’s trace OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Pre-Board Passenger Screening • Other than catching a passenger with prohibited items, it deters others from trying to smuggle onto the flight. • Detects items commonly used by hijackers, including guns, blades and explosives. • Screening is conducted at designated checkpoints and relies on automation (technology). • Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) for international aviation security are in ICAO Annex 17. • Measures taken by ICAO to prevent and suppress all acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation throughout the world. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Pre-Board Passenger Screening - ICAO Guidance • All passengers/crew and all carry-on baggage must undergo screening before being allowed to board an aircraft or enter security restricted areas. • Screening of passengers and cabin baggage carried out using: • • • Detection equipment, Manual search, or, Combination of equipment and manual search. • Manual searches are effective but time consuming. • • Resource intensive as it requires well trained and skilled personnel. Hence airports rely heavily on equipment to screen passengers. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Pre-Board Passenger Screening - ICAO Guidance • Airport security screeners are authorised to refuse transportation to any passenger who is considered to be a potential threat to aircraft safety. • Any person who refuses to undergo screening before boarding or entering an aircraft must be denied boarding. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Key Principles of Pre-Board Screening • Passenger is genuine and not on the no-fly list. • The no-fly list is a government maintained list of people who are not permitted on a commercial aircraft. • Passenger is using authentic and correct travel documents (passports, boarding pass). • Passenger is not carrying any offensive items in the carry luggage when boarding the flight. • Passenger is in a condition for carriage on board the flight • Not in a drunken, unruly, and/or abusive state. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Pre-Board Screening Process • Scan Boarding Pass • X-ray cabin baggage • Walk-through metal detector or millimetre wave scanner • Random selection for additional screening OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Liquids, Aerosols and Gels (LAGs) • All LAGs are to be in containers of not more than 100ml • All containers are to be placed in a transparent re-sealable 1-litre bag measuring 20cm by 20cm • Bag must be completely sealed • Each passenger is only permitted one 1-litre bag • 1-litre bag is to be presented apart from other cabin baggage, coats, jackets, or, laptops, for separate X-ray screening • Exemptions will be made for medications, baby milk / food and special dietary requirements subject to verification. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Security Tamper-Evident Bag (STEB) • STEBs were introduced to allow an exemption of LAGs policies, for LAGs purchased at airport retailers or on board aircraft, carried by transfer passengers. • LAGs purchased at airport retail outlets or on board aircraft during the flight may be allowed through security screening points, provided that they are carried in a non-tampered Security Tamper- Evident Bag. • Proof of purchase must be displayed in the STEB. Security Tamper-Evident Bag Source: ICAO OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE https://mustsharenews.com/london-city-airport-100ml-liquid/ OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold / Checked Baggage Screening • Hold / Checked baggage is: • • • Baggage that is checked-in. Carried in the cargo or storage hold of the aircraft. Not accessible to passenger throughout the flight. • Hold baggage screening is designed to deter terrorism and criminal acts that may be aimed at aviation operations. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE ICAO Hold Baggage SARPs (Annex 17) • Hold baggage must be screened before being loaded onto aircraft. • After screening till departure of aircraft, there must be no unauthorised interference with baggage. • If the integrity of baggage is jeopardised, baggage is re-screened before loading onto aircraft. • Baggage of any passenger not on board the aircraft must not be transported. • Baggage identified as unaccompanied is subject to additional screening. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Key Principles of Hold Baggage Screening • Baggage must belong to genuine passengers. • Screening process is to be supported with the use of screening equipment. • Baggage of passengers who do not board the flight must be offloaded. • Baggage Reconciliation. • Baggage not accompanied by passengers must be subject to additional screening. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Baggage Reconcilliation • The procedure known as baggage reconciliation attempts to ensure that the only baggage loaded onto an aircraft is that belonging to passengers of that flight who have actually boarded the aircraft. • Airport security must ensure that: • • Commercial air transport operators do not transport the baggage of passengers who are not on board the aircraft unless that baggage is identified as being unaccompanied (i.e., not accompanied by a passenger) and subject to additional screening. Commercial air transport operators only transport checked baggage which have been individually identified as accompanied or unaccompanied. The baggage must then be screened accepted for carriage on that flight by the airline. Air India Flight 182 Pan Am Flight 103 OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Baggage Handling System (BHS) • Baggage Handling System (BHS) moves baggage efficiently from check-in to aircraft, from aircraft to baggage carousel and from one aircraft to another for transit passengers who are transferring between flights. • BHS at most airports are highly automated and integrated systems that operate largely behind the scenes. • When security screening is fully integrated with the baggage handling system, it is called Inline Baggage Handling System. • Older passenger terminals may not have Inline BHS and require luggage to be deposited at the X-ray machines for scanning before they are introduced to the BHS. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process Hold Baggage Screening Process • Watch the video clip in the Resource: 1. Changi Airport's Baggage Handling System (5 mins) 2. Point of View - Checked Baggage at the Airport (5 mins) • Read the article in the Resource: 1. Hold Baggage Screening_AbstractVanderlande(5 mins) 2. What Happens to Checked Bags at the Airport?(10 mins) OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process • Conducted by a fully automated Hold Baggage Screening (HBS) system. • Industry standard Five Levels of Hold Baggage Screening are: Level 1 • Automated evaluation of the X-ray image by the X-ray Machine. • Rejected bag is automatically sent for Level 2 Screening. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process Level 2 • Operator analysis of the Level 1 image at a workstation(s), carried out whilst the bag continues in transit. • Bags rejected after this level are routed to a Level 3 machine. Level 3 • In-depth analysis of the original Level 1 image at a separate workstation(s), or, • Subjecting the bag to a separate X-ray process using a different X-ray technology, for example, Computer Tomography (CT Scanner), using Explosives Detection System (EDS). OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process Level 4 • Bags not cleared at Level 3 are re-united with the passenger and a manual search is conducted in the presence of the owners. Level 5 • Suspect bag is placed in a bomb containment unit and disposed by Explosives Disposal Team. Explosives Disposal Unit OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process Checked baggage re-uniting with Passenger (Level 4) • Announcement will be made through the airport’s PA system for the passenger who owns the suspected checked baggage. • Passenger is escorted to be re-united with the bag. Passenger will open the suspected checked baggage. Item will be removed. • Item may be handed to airline employee for safe keeping. This is to allow the passenger to hand over the restricted item to an appointed person (NOK, peer, colleague, etc.) in the country. • Depending on the item detained:  Passenger may be allowed to catch the flight.  Passenger may be detained and handed over to the police. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Hold Baggage Screening Process US Transportation Security Administration (TSA) • TSA stipulates that passengers travelling into and out of US commercial airports can no longer access their checked baggage once baggage screening is completed. • TSA advises passengers to leave their baggage unlocked or use a TSA accepted and recognised lock to facilitate the search process. • TSA will not be liable for any damage caused to locked bags if they are opened for screening. • TSA hand-searches approximately 15% of all checked baggage. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Technology in security screening OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Millimeter Wave Scanner • Millimeter waves are able to penetrate clothing to reveal hidden threats • System constructs a 3-dimensional holographic image in real time • Potential threats are identified in real time OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Explosives Detection System (EDS) • X-ray mechanism revolves slowly around the bag and records data. • Computer Tomography (CT) scanner uses data to create detailed tomogram of bag. • • • CT scanner calculates mass and density of individual objects in bag based on tomogram. Conducts an analytical comparison of the measured densities of objects inside the bag with that of known explosives. If a density match is found and its mass exceeds a configurable threat threshold, the system alarms and displays the object on screen with potential explosives and other bomb components highlighted. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Explosives Trace Detection (ETD) • Screening of baggage and passengers for traces of explosives. • Officers swab bags, laptops, or passenger’s hands. • Swab placed inside ETD unit to analyse for the presence of potential explosive residue. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Bottled Liquid Scanner (BLS) • Technology differentiates liquid explosives from common, benign liquids. • Can analyse clear, translucent, or frosted unopened glass or plastic bottles. • Used primarily to screen medically necessary liquids in quantities larger than 100ml. • • • If liquid is deemed safe, screen display reads “No Threat Found” in green. If a match is made to a chemical in the scanner’s library, the display reads “Threat Found” in red. Second scan will take less than two minutes and identify the chemical found in the liquid. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Old school - Dogs in Aviation Security • Dogs highly mobile and a visible deterrent • Advantage of Bomb dog: • Mobile • Identify source of explosive odour • Detect concealed explosives • Limitation of canine detection • Short “duty cycle” • Dog cannot work 24 hours a day • Search conducted for 40 to 60 minutes before requiring a rest break • Not suited to long periods of routine, repetitive screening OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE Threat Image Projection (TIP) • Designed to advance screener proficiency by: • Providing more exposure to threats on a regular basis. • Tracking screener performance. • TIP inserts digital fictional threat images (FTI) such as guns, knives and bombs as if the threat object were actually packed inside the passenger’s bag into the regular flow of bags displayed on the X-ray system monitor. • TIP can be found in both passenger cabin baggage screening (above wing) and hold baggage screening (below wing). Used for training staff in recognizing threats.