Axial Skeleton Intro 2024-1.pdf

NOTES: NOTES: Typical Features: Superior view  Body  Pedicle  Lamina  Transverse processes  Spinous process NOTES: Typical Features: Lateral view  Body  Pedicle  Lamina  Transverse processes  Spinous process  Superior articulating process  Superior a...

NOTES: NOTES: Typical Features: Superior view  Body  Pedicle  Lamina  Transverse processes  Spinous process NOTES: Typical Features: Lateral view  Body  Pedicle  Lamina  Transverse processes  Spinous process  Superior articulating process  Superior articulating facet  Inferior articulating process  Inferior articulating facet NOTES: Vertebral Body: Intervertebral Foramen: Intervertebral Disc: NOTES: Annulus Fibrosus: Nucleus Pulposus: Functions: NOTES: How does the nucleus work during spinal movement? NOTES: Cervical spine specific features: Foramen transversarium Small vertebral body Bifid spinous process Articular facets face: NOTES: C1 (atlas) features: Anterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Large superior articular facets Attachment point anteriorly for transverse ligament C2 (axis) features: Bifid spinous process Odontoid process (Dens) Minimal transverse processes Atlanto-occipital Joint (C1 & skull) Atlanto-axial joint (C1 & C2) NOTES: Thoracic spine specific features: Superior demifacet: Inferior demifacet: Facet for Rib on transverse process Articular facets face: NOTES: Lumbar spine specific features: Kidney-shaped vertebral body Articular facets face: NOTES: Base: Apex: Anterior sacral foramen: Auricular surface: Coccyx: NOTES on spinal ligaments: Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum  Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament **THE FOLLOWING CONTENT IS COVERED IN THE THORACIC CAGE & SPINE PEP on Quercus** ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP: Spinalis (S), Longissimus (L), Iliocostalis (I) -representation in various regions of the spine ORIGIN: Spinous processes (S), Transverse processes (L), & iliac crest (I) INSERTION: (S) (L & I) Unilateral Action: Bilateral Action: Innervation: Spinal N Transversospinalis Group Deeper to the erector spinae, consisting of 3 muscles: ❑Semispinalis (SS) ❑Multifidus (M) ❑Rotatores (R) ORIGIN: Transverse processes (ALL) INSERTION: (SS) (M) (R) Unilateral Action: Bilateral Action: Innervation: Spinal N NOTES: This cross-sectional diagram shows the relationship of the layers of muscles found on the back. Note that the transversospinalis group is the deepest and then the erector spinae group is the next layer, with the lats, traps etc., positioned most superficially. NOTES: Abdominal wall muscles are comprised of: rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis (not visible on this slide) Rectus Sheath: Formed by the aponeuroses (flat tendons) of lateral group of abdominal muscles Surrounds rectus abdominis like an envelope Not the same contribution of aponeuroses above and below the umbilicus NOTES: Sheath ABOVE umbilicus contributions: ANTERIOR to rectus: 1 layer: external oblique 1/2 layer: internal oblique POSTERIOR to rectus: 1/2 layer: internal oblique 1 layer transversus abdominis Transversalis fascia/peritoneum Sheath BELOW umbilicus contributions: ANTERIOR to rectus: 1 layer: external oblique 1layer: internal oblique 1 layer: transversus POSTERIOR to rectus: Transversalis fascia/peritoneum