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MODULE 1: BASICS OF FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM (FDAS) Fire Detection and Alarm System (FDAS) Addressable System - a system that provides early detection of fire and signals appropriate alarm to save lives and properties - a key aspect of FDAS is to...

MODULE 1: BASICS OF FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM (FDAS) Fire Detection and Alarm System (FDAS) Addressable System - a system that provides early detection of fire and signals appropriate alarm to save lives and properties - a key aspect of FDAS is to identify developing fire emergency in a timely manner and efficiently alert building occupants and fire emergency personnel - together with automatic fire suppression systems, FDAS is part of the active fire - the point capacity is determined by the protection systems found in many commercial amount of SLC “Signaling Line Circuits” it and residential buildings, as well as in contains. industrial and institutional facilities - each SLC circuit provides power, - can be a conventional, addressable, and communication, supervision for all of the intelligent system devices connected to it, accommodate over Conventional System 100 addressable devices, depending upon the manufacturer. - each SLC loop can contain a variety of addressable devices. Non-addressable devices are connected via addressable module. - each point on the SLC loop is given a unique address when installed. - conventional control panels range in size from 1 zone to over 100 zones Conventional Addressable - alarm conditions are annunciated by zone only; inspection is required to determine the lower initial easier to install device equipment costs more system status - zones typically consist of some or all of the wide range of information at the initiating devices in an area or floor of a compatible panel and central devices station building. can be easier to input/output - some control panels zone capacity is program programming much expandable while others are not, limiting its limited expansion more flexible usefulness if a facility adds additional capability usually much more buildings or rooms. room available to - multiple devices can be combined into single expand. zone (can contain 30 or more devices) - zone cosideration: (2007 NFPA 72) Intelligent System a. Limits the number of waterflow switches - each detector effectively incorporates its own in a single zone to 5 computer which evaluates the environment b. Limits the number of supervisory around it and communicates to the control devices in a single zone to 20. panel whether there is fire, fault, or if the c. The maximum number of square feet in detector needs cleaning. Intelligent systems a single zone be limited to no more than are far more complex and incorporate far 22,500. more facilities than the conventional or addressable systems.  - the main purpose is to help prevent nuisance Output Devices alarm/false alarm - NFA72: 15db above normal sound level or 5db above the maximum sound level. Purpose of FDAS - lasts at least 1 minute - detect fire in the areas. - must have visual notification if building is above - notify building occupants to take evasive 105db; in no case audible exceed 120db. action to escape the dangers of a hostile fire. 1. Bell - summon organized assistance to initiate or 2. Buzzer assist in fire control activities. 3. Horn - initiate automatic fire control and suppression 4. Strobe Light systems and to sound alarm. - supervise fire control and suppression systems to assure operational status is maintained and initiate auxiliary functions involving environmental, utility and process control. Block Diagram of FDAS Input Devices 1. Fire Box - Manual (NFA72: must be mounted on walls 42-48 inches above the floor, in plain sight and unobstructed) 2. Fire Detectors - Automatic Control Panel 1. Fire Control Alarm Unit 2. Fire Control Alarm Panel  MODULE 2: BASICS OF CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CCTV Design System - interior cameras may require internal - links a camera to a video monitor using a software to compensate for backlight, direct transmission system which is the contrast between low interior - provide surveillance capabilities used in the light levels and high exterior daytime light protection of people, asset, and systems. levels. - often used to support comprehensive security - it is important to verify that the selected systems by incorporating video coverage and lighting technology sufficiently illuminates security alarm for barriers, intrusion detection, the area of interest to meet the and access control. operational requirements. 2. Power Distribution CCTV Design Requirements - inadequate power source is one of the 1. Needs assessment most common problems with CCTV a. Site Survey equipment and can often be the cause of b. Equipment Selection erratic and sporadic equipment behavior. c. Installation - an inadequate power system can affect d. Functional Requirements (define camera the quality of the video across the entire coverage) system. e. Operational Requirements (define the - as voltage spikes and lightning are capabilities of the CCTV system common phenomena affecting CCTV components) systems, all pieces of electronic f. Infrastructure Requirements (define equipment should have sufficient needs for installing fiber or hardwire lightning suppression to help reduce cables, wireless networks, power sources damage and failures. necessary to successfully implement an 3. Video Transmission integrated CCTV system) - selecting the appropriate video g. Video Retention Requirements (define transmission media, such as coaxial the organization’s video retention and cable or unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is storage needs) one of the most important aspect of 2. Multidisciplinary Design Team designing a quality CCTV system. a. Engineer - a system may include the highest quality b. Systems Engineer hardware components available, but if c. IT Professional the video signal is not transmitted by the proper media, overall performance could CCTV Design Considerations be degraded. 1. Lighting 4. Scalability - lighting strategies, camera selection, - refers to the ability of the system to camera location should be considered accommodate additional components together in the design of a CCTV system such as camera, increased video to ensure optimum performance and storage, and additional monitors. prevent operation conflicts. - large facilities often implement CCTV - light levels (natural and artificial) affect systems in stages due to budget system requirements at different times of limitations or in order to verify system the day for exterior systems. performance. - exterior cameras often require lenses - the ability to incorporate hardware and with automatic apertures to compensate software updates should be a for change in light levels. consideration of a CCTV system design. 5. Cost Basic Questions for Addressing CCTV System - cost estimates should cover all aspects Requirements of the system’s life cycle including 1. What areas require coverage by the CCTV planning, design, installation, operation, System? maintenance, and personnel cost 2. What are the highest value assets that need - long term personnel cost such as initial to be protected? (high-value material and refresher training program, hardware property, critical infrastructure, intellectual and software upgrades should also be a property, and classified material or cost consideration. intelligence information) 6. Infrastructure 3. Where are the sites greatest vulnerability? - important considerations in the selection 4. Does the information technology of infrastructure: infrastructure adequately support the a. To what extent can the system use number of cameras? existing infrastructure? 5. Will the system integrate with an existing b. To what extent can the new CCTV physical security system? system integrate with existing 6. Will the system integrate with an existing enterprise system? electrical access control system? c. To what extent can the new CCTV 7. Does the security budget cover regular system integrate with or maintenance, training, and upgrades to the complement other existing or system? planned intrusion detection and 8. Does the system’s installer/vendor provide access control system? adequate training to operate the system? d. To what extent can the new system operate in parallel with existing Components of CCTV System systems and which systems will influence operational procedures and and response? 7. Reliability and Maintainability - includes whether the new system will be able to perform the required functions over time and to what degree personnel can operate, maintain, and upgrade the system. Camera 8. Annunciation, Assessment, and Response - matching the right CCTV camera to a - the role of many CCTV systems in a particular application is increasingly complex comprehensive security program is to aid due to rapid technological developments and security personnel. For instance, when a a greater range of application security alarm occurs at a location not - effective camera selection requires detailed currently displayed on a monitor, the knowledge of the camera, application, system can alert the operator by supporting architecture, and host automatically switching the display to the environment. location of the security alarm. The Basic Elements of Camera: operator can then assess the security Image Sensor - converts light (photons) into alarm visually and dispatch appropriate electronic signals. response force. Lens – gathers lights reflected from a subject and focuses the light on the image sensor. Image processing circuitry – organizes, optimizes, and transmits video signals. Selection of Camera: - designed to perform in some level of What is the desired image quality? ambient lighting, such as indoor What is the desired field of view (FOV)? restaurant lighting, street lamps, or full How much light is available? moon, but not intended for use in Will the camera be installed indoors or complete darkness outdoors? 7. Thermal Imaging Camera How will the video be transmitted? - detects infrared or heat radiation that is Will the camera be exposed to extreme invisible to human eye conditions? - cannot detect through glass or water, Types of Camera: they can provide an image through 1. Fixed Camera limited density fog or smoke. - mounted in a stationary position and 8. Miniature or Covert Camera are focused on a single FOV, typically - small, hidden cameras one particular area of interest. - typically battery operated and use built - can be used indoors or outdoors and in transmitters to provide a compact can be installed overtly or covertly. wireless solution - can be integrated with electronic Optional Features of Camera: security system (ESS) and used to Auto Scan assess ESS alarms. Preset 2. PTZ Camera Privacy Masking - can be turned and tilted on two axes to Slip Ring provide pan and tilt capabilities and the Motion Detection focal length of the lens can be varied to Backlight Compensation change the FOV. Digital Noise Reduction (DNR) - can be operated manually or in an Mobile Compatibility automatic scan mode, thus capturing the most relevant video possible. Lenses 3. Network Camera - the first in the elements in the imaging chain - connect to IP based networks, - focuses light or IR energy onto the imaging including the internet, and provide sensor. viewing and recording - its role is to deliver an undistorted, evenly - are available in high definition (HD) focused, accurate image of the imaging which can provide greater image detail. sensor. 4. Analog Camera - variables to consider when selecting a lens - have options for high resolution, include the distance required to clearly focus making them applicable for various on object, FOV, size of the camera’s image surveillance needs sensor, and lighting conditions. - have some cyber security advantages - are identified by their focal length (in mm), because the coaxial cable they are largest aperture, and the size of image sensor connected with would require physical for which it was designed. access to breach. Types of Lenses: 5. Day/Night Camera 1. Fixed Focal Lenses - offer flexibility by automatically - built with one set, unchangeable focal adjusting to lighting conditions. length - captures color images in daylight and - useful in situations where camera switches to black and white to improve remains in a fixed position and the image at night. requirements to observe an area do not 6. Low Light or Night Vision Camera change. - used to capture images in the dark  2. Varifocal Lenses 2. Corner Mounts - its focal length can be changed with - used for fixed or PTZ cameras but are specific range. particularly helpful for PTZ cameras - offers flexibility of varying the scene that needs a large viewing angle as content and are relatively inexpensive they pan through an area. when conventional zoom lens. - corner mounting brackets not only need 3. Zoom Lenses to be secure and provide support, but - designed to maintain the focus setting must also comply with building code. through the focal length range, often with built-in integral motors to enable Video Monitor changing the focal from a remote - displays video image for viewing location. - video monitor market offers a number of Standard Lenses for Sensor Size: choices, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and LED displays - pixels (resolution is expressed by the number of pixels that can be displayed. To ensure the highest quality image, a monitor should be able to show at least as many pixels of information as the cameras are capable of Housing and Mounts imaging. A 16:9 aspect ratio (width of 16 units - the criterias in selecting Housing and Mounts and height of 9) has become a standard high are environmental conditions, architectural definition television (HDTV)) considerations and installations - size (always expressed in diagonal Housing and Mounts Indoor: measurement. Typically, it is difficult to focus 1. Wall Mounts a camera using a monitor with a screen - use bracket to support the camera smaller than 9”. A 15” monitor is the smallest similar to a shelf bracket. that should be used if multiple image will be - provides a method for adjusting the displayed) camera’s view or aim. 2. Pendant Mounts - can be used to suspend the camera or equipment from a ceiling. 3. Corner Mounts - used to attached a camera at a location where two walls meet at a right angle. - often located near the ceiling to provide the best FOV - two types: inner and outer 4. Indoor Dome Camera Mounts - sometimes mounted in highly visible areas, can be partially recessed into a ceiling or mounted flush to a surface. Housing and Mounts Outdoor: 1. Pole Mounts - used to raise the elevation of cameras and provide unobstructed FOV - poles should have heavy duty galvanized metal and must completely be stable Switchers and Multiplexers on the monitor. Many problems associated - used to route the video signal in CCTV with the quality of a CCTV system signal are systems with more cameras than monitor and attributable to the transmission system. recording devices Wired Transmission: - switchers are simpler in concept than 1. Coaxial Cable multiplexers; can be set manually or - is the most popular method of automatically to send analog or digital video transmitting video signal. to a monitor or a recorder; can also send - consists of a single wire surrounded frames or fields from several cameras to a first by a nonconductive insulating layer recorder in a sequential manner, recording a (dielectric), then by a braided wire frame or field from each camera in sequence. shield, and finally a plastic or rubber - multiplexers are designed to record frames, covering. images or fields. Security personnel can - CCTV applications require cable of the program multiplexers to prioritize the video highest quality materials and from different cameras according to rules. manufacture. Both the center conductor - multiplexing began the transition from analog and the braided shield must be copper. to digital video. These devices receive an Aluminum foil-wrap shield, which is analog video signal and then digitized it. used in some consumer cable - unlike switchers, which do not digitize video applications, does not meet CCTV signal, multiplexers often have imbedded requirements. software that can perform analytical tasks on 2. UTP Wire the video signal such as video motion - comprised of two wires, twisted detection. together. - most often 22 or 24 AWG in size. Video Recorders - when considering twisted pair for video - video recording has transformed tape-based transmission, unshielded twisted pair systems to digital hard drive system. While should be used to connect only one some systems still use tape, the popularity of camera to a monitor or other device. digital video has driven the demand for Twisted pair must be dedicated solely recorders with hard drive storage. to a particular video camera. - traditional analog CCTV systems in which - while the per foot cost of twisted pair video is recorded to video cassette recorders wire is lower than coax cable, signal (VCR) are rare in today’s environment and conversion devices (transmitter and have rapidly been taken over by DVRs and receiver) are required at either end of NVRs on IP networks. the wire run. Twisted pair wire can be Classification of DVRs: used in runs up to 5,000ft. By using 1. Simplex - cannot record while searching repeater at least every 4,500ft, twisted and viewing recorded images pair can be used over greater 2. Duplex - can record while searching distances. 3. Triplex - allows the operator to view - should be used for continuous recorded and live video while recording point-to-point transmission and routed continues through “punch down blocks” or splices. The connections should have Transmission solid, zero-resistance connection. - sends and receives video signals between 3. Fiber Optics Cable cameras, the processing system and the - lightweight and made up of single spun monitoring systems glass or plastic fiber or a group of such - transmitting a strong video signal with low fibers encased in a protective covering. noise is vital to produce a high quality image  - has a broad bandwidth, making it ideal Wireless Transmission: for carrying video signal 1. Laser - can be used in runs up to 6 miles 2. Infrared without amplification. 3. Radio Frequency - the video signal coming from the 4. Microwave camera must first go through a fiber transmitter which converts electrical signals to light impulses. A fiber receiver at the end is required for conversion back into electrical signal. - immuned to RFI and EMI. In addition, grounding is not an issue with fiber optics and the cable is less susceptible to, if not immune to lightning strikes. Furthermore, in systems designed with top of the line components, fiber optic cable has high cost to performance ratio - a single strand of single mode fiber can carry 32 channels of analog video. In low end systems, the expense of fiber optic cable nay be unwarranted. Fiber optic cable requires extremely precise installation as the most minor damage to the cable or sharp bends can cause a major degradation of signal. 4. Telephone Networks Cable - standard voice grade telephone lines do not have enough capacity to handle real time full motion video - currently, one video can be transmitted every 6 to 12 sec over standard phone lines at 28.2kbps 5. Cat5/Cat6 Cable - networks transmit video over Category 5 cable. The cable consists of four pairs of UTP 24-gauge copper wire with three twist per inch. The high number of twists per inch reduces the “crosstalk,” or EMI, between signals passing on the strands of the cable. - category 5 cables can be used to carry frequencies up to 100MHz and handle data rates up to 1,000 Mbps. The cables are terminated with an RJ45 connector and must meet the Electronics Industry Alliance/Technology Industry Association wiring standards.