Module 11 Fire Protection System In Buildings PDF

ABUTLN2 Electrical, Electronic, and Mechanical Systems in Buildings Module 11 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS Prepared by:...

ABUTLN2 Electrical, Electronic, and Mechanical Systems in Buildings Module 11 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS Prepared by: Ar. JOFFREY C. CHUNG, MEM October, 2020  TABLE OF CONTENTS I. OBJECTIVES VII. SMOKE CONTROL II. KEY ELEMENTS VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION III. FIRE HAZARDS TRIANGLE IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM V. EXITS: MEANS OF EGRESS VI. COMPARTMENTATION  I. OBJECTIVES OF FIRE PROTECTION PROGRAM What is the objective of fire protection in a building? Maintain life safety Protection of property Minimize business interruption  II. KEY ELEMENTS OF FIRE PROTECTION What are the elements of fire protection? 1. Early Detection & Alarm System 2. Means of Egress 3. Compartmentation 4. Smoke Control 5. Fire Suppression System 6. Emergency Power  III. FIRE HAZARDS TRIANGLE What are the elements in a Fire Hazards Triangle? 1. Smoke 2. Heat 3. Time  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM A. DETECTORS Signal initiator in a fire detection & alarm system 1. Heat: least expensive and widely used; the simplest and most reliable, but takes time to detect fire. 2. Smoke: photoelectric in operation and detects smoke in the smoldering stage; best suited where fire is anticipated to produce large volumes of smoke before temperature increases 3. Ionization: very sensitive as it detects fire during the incipient (fast-burning open combustion) stage; expensive compared to other types and susceptible in false alarms; effective in detecting fires from electrical overload and open-flame fires  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM A. DETECTORS (Continued) 4. Flame: suitable to fire accidents where smoke is not generated first like gasoline; responds to infrared or ultraviolet radiation 5. Water flow: used for buildings with partial or complete fire sprinkler system 6. Manual Pull Station: contains a glass rod that is broken to move or actuate the switch restrained by a spring  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM A. DETECTORS HEAT DETECTOR IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTOR DETECTOR FIRE DETECTOR WATER FLOW DETECTOR MANUAL PULL STATION  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM B. ALARMS Means of alerting occupants in an emergency evacuation 1. Fire Alarm: actuates fire extinguishing or protection functions (operates dampers, fans, etc.) 2. Alarm Indicator: sends coded signals like sirens, bells, or flashing lights 3. Annunciation: delineate exact location of alarm-initiating device; has indicator light for each zone covered by panel  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM B. ALARMS 4. Electric Supervision: automatically sounds when electricity supply is cut off 5. Emergency Power: Alarm system switches on the use of 24V DC battery supply  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM B. ALARMS ALARM INDICATOR BUILDING FIRE ALARMS ALARM ANUNCIATOR EMERGENCY POWER  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM C. COMBINING FUNCTIONS Integrates the control function of HVAC, intercom & security, and other building functions D. VOICE FIRE ALARMS For high-rise building, for public address system D. FIRE-FIGHTERS’ COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Composed of simple intercom system for use between fire fighters' stations D. PUBLIC EMERGENCY REPORTING SYSTEM (PERS) When handset is lifted, operator is in direct communication with other PERS stations  IV. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM B. ALARMS VOICE FIRE ALARMS PUBLIC EMERGENCY REPORTING SYSTEM  V. EXITS: MEANS OF EGRESS A. EXITS: MEANS OF EGRESS 1. Elevators: Smoke shafts (elevator shaft) carry smoke upward by stack effect and out of the vent opening; elevator codes requiring automatic fire recall system, which makes elevator return to a predetermined lower floor and park with doors open 2. Exit Signs: To indicate reliably the proper path  VI. COMPARTMENTATION A. COMPARTMENTATION Means dividing a building or large space into two or more separate enclosures, each totally enclosed within fire-barrier envelope consisting of floor / ceiling assemblies and walls; purpose is to protect building occupants and property by: Confining the fire, heat, smoke, and toxic gases to the area of origin until fire is extinguished or has completely burned itself out Provide areas of refuge for the occupants and protect fire fighters 1. Confinement: walls / partitions with fire-resistance ratings 2. Area of Refuge: areas free from smoke, gas, heat, fire, and structurally capable of sustaining essential services, with direct access to stairs, fire doors, and intercom system  VII. SMOKE CONTROL A. GENERAL In actual, smoke accounts for more than 80% of all casualties in fire accidents than the fire itself, 20% resulting from heat exposure. Smoke from plastics compounded by the increase of toxicity, volumes of smoke, and fire gases generated by polymers are considered very fatal. The following should be considered when judging the relative hazards of service materials in buildings: 1. Ease of ignition 2. Rate of flame spread 3. Rate of heat release  VII. SMOKE CONTROL A. GENERAL (Continued) 4. Rate of carbon monoxide production 5. Toxicity of combustion products a. Rate of toxic gas released during combustion or not b. Flammability of gas released c. Physiological effects d. Damage to other materials 6. Ability to be extinguished 7. Basic integrity of product 8. Number of burning  VII. SMOKE CONTROL B. METHODS OF SMOKE CONTROL 1. Smoke Management – passive method either by using fire barriers or compartmentation, smoke vents, and smoke shafts 2. Smoke Control System – the use of mechanical fans and pressure differences to control movement of smoke a. Use of pressure difference to create airflow which in turn, controls smoke b. Pressurization of stairwells c. Compartmentation of stairwells d. Zone smoke control (ex. Area of refuge) e. Fire dampers f. Fire & smoke detectors g. Smoke removal  VII. SMOKE CONTROL B. METHODS OF SMOKE CONTROL PRESSURIZING STAIRWELL STAIRWELL COMPARTMENTATION  VII. SMOKE CONTROL B. METHODS OF SMOKE CONTROL PRESSURIZING STAIRWELL STAIRWELL COMPARTMENTATION  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION A. GENERAL Three (3) essential elements in sustaining a fire are: fuel, heat, & oxygen. An absence of one of these elements will stop a fire. High rise buildings, as defined in fire codes, should satisfy these three (3) conditions: 1. Building is too high for fire departments to reach all floors from the ground. 2. Building requires an inordinate length of time to evacuate all its occupants. 3. Building is capable of creating a stack effect internally.  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION A. GENERAL FIRE TRIANGLE  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 1. Sprinkler System This is a fire protection system, usually automatic, which when actuated, sprays fire suppressing substances over a large area in a systematic pattern. It usually consists of a network of specially sized or hydraulically design piping, installed generally overhead (ceiling), and supplied commonly with water, gas, or chemicals which are discharged and dispersed thru the actuation of automatic sprinkler heads. These heads are fitted with fusible links or glass / quartzoid bulbs, which break at temperature 68 - 180°C. Fire sprinkler systems using water is supplied with such either from house tank or public water mains.  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 2. Types of Sprinkler Heads a. Upright: Installed above the supply pipe with the orifice facing upward and deflector situated on top b. Pendant: Head hangs down from the pipe with the orifice or opening facing downward and deflector located below. c. Side Walls: Installed on top of walls in side position  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM SPRINKLER HEADS  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 3. Occupancy Hazard Classification a. Light: Density of water discharge is at max. of 18m2 protection area allotted per sprinkler head, with allowed horizontal distance of 4.60m between lines and between sprinkler heads. Staggered arrangement is not allowed. b. Ordinary: 12m2 per head for protection area of non- combustible ceiling and 11m2 for combustible ceilings; allowed horizontal distance of 4.60m between lines and between sprinkler heads. Staggered arrangement is allowed.  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 3. Occupancy Hazard Classification c. Extra: 8.40m2 per head for protection area for non- combustible ceiling & 7.40m2 for combustible ceilings; allowed horizontal distance of 3.70m between lines and between sprinkler heads. Staggered arrangement is allowed.  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4. Piping System a. Wet: Individual sprinklers over the fire or damaged areas are opened by increased temperature b. Dry: Pipes are filled with air under pressure. When heads open, air escapes and water is admitted before flowing out of the heads. c. Pre-Action: Water is held back by a deluge valve until it is actuated by an alarm, which opens the valve for water to enter the piping system. Water only comes out when heads open.  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM WET AND DRY PIPE SYSTEMS  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4. Piping System d. Deluge: Delivers the most water in least time; wets down an entire area by admitting water to sprinklers that open all at the same time. e. Water Fog: Used for highly flammable solids or liquids like petroleum oils, gas, and fast burning explosive powders f. Liquid Foam: provides a smothering action and minimum use of water  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM PRE-ACTION AND DELUGE SYSTEM  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION B. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM WATER FOGSYSTEM  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION C. SPECIAL FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM 1. Automatic Gas System a. Carbon Dioxide: Suitable in areas with dangerous concentrations of flammable vapors b. Halogenated Hydrocarbon: Extinguishes fire by interfering with the chemistry of combustion rather than excluding oxygen c. High-Expansion Foam: Uses only small quantity of water and suitable for use in confined areas  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION C. SPECIAL FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM 1. Automatic Gas System CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM HIGH-EXPANSION DRY CHEMICAL FOAM SYSTEM  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION C. SPECIAL FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM 2. Dry Chemicals This method introduces dry chemical with sodium bicarbonate base into the plenum chamber and ducts in sufficient concentration to extinguish the fire in seconds. When the system discharges, it automatically cuts off the supply of heat to the stove or appliance, whether electrical or gas.  VIII.FIRE SUPPRESSION D. MANUAL FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM This includes fire extinguishers and Fire Hose Cabinets (FHC), and hose standpipe (SP) systems to distribute water to hose stations. Outdoor siamese connections separate from those serving automatic sprinkler systems can supply auxiliary water to standpipe systems. FIRE HOSE CABINET STANDPIPE SYSTEM