UAE Fire Detection and Alarm System PDF

Intent of the Chapter In this Chapter :  To provide means of detecting smoke, heat, flame, fire and  Definitions of Fire Detection and provide means of alarming the oc...

Intent of the Chapter In this Chapter :  To provide means of detecting smoke, heat, flame, fire and  Definitions of Fire Detection and provide means of alarming the occupants at the earliest. Alarm equipment and systems.  Specifications and design  To provide minimum design, installation, commissioning consideration for various Fire and maintenance requirements for the Fire Detection and Alarm Systems. Detection and Alarm Systems,  Installation, Commissioning and  To establish and maintain equipment and material quality. Maintenance of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems. 1. Definitions 1.1. General 1.1.1. Shall It is a mandatory requirement from Civil Defence 1.1.2. Should It is a suggested requirement recommended by Civil Defence but not mandatory. 1.1.3. Listed Approved and registered by individual Emirates’ Civil Defence material department. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 446 of 1348  1.2. Types of Smoke and Fire Detectors 1.2.1. Addressable Device A fire alarm system component with discrete identification that can have its status indi- vidually identified or that is used to individually control other functions. 1.2.2. Air-Sampling Type Smoke Detector or Aspirating Smoke Detector (ASD) A smoke detection system in which an air sample is drawn from the protected area by a ventilator or pump to the central sensor which analyzes the air sample for presence of smoke particles. 1.2.3. Analogue Detector A device that produces a quantitative signal as per status change in the protected zone, and it is unlike the traditional detectors that indicate the On/Off statuses only. 1.2.4. Combination Detector A combination that either responds to more that one of the fire phenomena or employs more than one operating principle to sense one of these phenomena. Typical examples are the combination of a heat detector with a smoke detector or a combination rate of rise and fixed temperature heat detector. 1.2.5. Flame Detector A device used for detecting infrared and ultraviolet rays emitting from flames. 1.2.6. Fixed Temperature Detector A device that responds only when its sensitive element heated up reaches a predeter- mined temperature. 1.2.7. Heat Detector A fire detector that detects either abnormally high temperature or rate of rise, or both. 1.2.8. Line-Type Heat Detector A device used for detecting heat in which sensing element is continuous line along a certain path, for example heat sensitive cable. 1.2.9. Multi-State Detector A device that produces output signals (more than two), to include "Normal”, "Fire Alarm" and other abnormal conditions. 1.2.10. Optical Beam-Type Smoke Detector A smoke detector comprising a light source and a receiver to detect the obscuration of light as a result of smoke alone a line. The transmitter and receiver may be at opposite ends or they may be incorporated into a single housing with a reflector at the opposite end. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 447 of 1348  1.2. Types of Smoke and Fire Detectors 1.2.11. Optical Beam-Type Smoke Detector A smoke detector comprising a light source and a receiver to detect the obscuration of light as a result of smoke alone a line. The transmitter and receiver may be at opposite ends or they may be incorporated into a single housing with a reflector at the opposite end. 1.2.12. Rate-of-Rise Detector A device that responds when the temperature rate of rises is more than a predeter- mined level. 1.2.13. Smoke Detector A device used for detecting visible and invisible particles of smoke resulting from com- bustion. Several operating principles are used for detection; examples include; photoe- lectrical and Ionization spot-type detectors, Air-sampling type and optical beam-type smoke detectors. 1.2.14. Spot-Type Smoke Detector A device in which sensitive element is fixed in a certain location. 1.2.15. Gas Detector A device that detects the presence of a specified gas concentration. Gas detectors can be either spot-type or line-type detectors. 1.2.16. Multi-sensor Detector A device that contains multiple sensors that separately respond to physical stimulus such as heat, smoke, or fire gases, or employs more than one sensor to sense the same stimulus. A device capable of generating multiple alarm signals from any one of the sen- sors employed in the design, independently or in combination. The sensor output sig- nals are mathematically evaluated to determine when an alarm signal is warranted. The evaluation can be performed either at the detector or at the control unit. This device has listings for each sensing method employed. 1.2.17. Radiant Energy sensing Fire Detector A device that detects radiant energy, such as ultraviolet, visible, or infrared, that is emitted as a product of combustion reaction and obeys the laws of optics. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 448 of 1348  1.3. Fire Detection System 1.3.1. Addressable System A system, in which input and output devices have a unique address that can be read, recognized and controlled by the control panel. 1.3.2. Alarm Signal A signal activated by the alarm system to warn of emergency conditions that require immediate action by all occupants of the affected area. 1.3.3. Alarm Warning A signal activated by the alarm system to warn of emergency conditions that require action by particular people who may (or may not be) occupants of the affected area. 1.3.4. Alarm Zone Geographical sub-division of the protected premises, in which the fire alarm warning or signal can be given separately, and independently, of a fire alarm warning or signal in any other alarm zone. 1.3.5. Analogue Addressable System Addressable system that reports quantative status signals rather than two state signals. 1.3.6. Annunciator A unit containing one or more indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays or other equiva- lent means of indication that provides status information about circuit, condition or lo- cation information from the main control panel. 1.3.7. Area of voice coverage Area in which speech signal from voice alarm are sufficiently intelligible and warning signals from the system are sufficiently audible. 1.3.8. Automatic Alarm Automatic alarm systems that activate auxiliary systems, such as fire fighting system, elevators and fire safety system. 1.3.9. Bell An electro-Mechanical device used to produce audible signals. 1.3.10. Buzzer A device used to produce low audible warning without causing panic. 1.3.11. Combined System An alarm system consists of conventional, addressable and analogue systems. 1.3.12. Control Panel A component of the fire alarm system, provided with primary and secondary power source, which receive signals from initiating devices or other fire alarm control units, and processes these signals to determine part or all of the required fire alarm system output functions. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 449 of 1348  1.3. Fire Detection System 1.3.13. Decibel Decibel (dB) is a measurement unit of sound pressure level, it equals one tenth of a Bell, which is the decimal logarithm of ratios between two quantities. 1.3.14. Emergency Voice Communications (EVC) A system that is interlinked with the fire alarm to give evacuation or emergency mes- sages throughout the premises for all occupants. 1.3.15. Evacuation system A system intended to evacuate the building occupants to a safe refuge by broadcasting alert and evacuation messages. 1.3.16. Final Voltage of a Battery The voltage at which the battery is considered depleted. This voltage may be at the point where the powered device no longer functions as intended by the manufacturer where further discharge may cause erratic operation or may cause irreversible damage to the battery or both. 1.3.17. Horn A funnel-like device used for emitting audible signals different from bell sounds. 1.3.18. Manual Call Point Manual operation device used to activate the fire alarm. 1.3.19. Manual System A system that does not contain automatic detectors and whereby the fire alarm may be activated only manually. 1.3.20. Mimic Diagram A topographic diagram of the protected buildings and its affiliate departments. It con- sists of electric circuits that activate visual alarm signals connected fire system to indi- cate alarm location. 1.3.21. Phased evacuation A system of evacuation in which different parts of the premises are evacuated in a con- trolled sequence of phases, those parts of the premises expected to be at greatest risk being evacuated first. 1.3.22. Staged Alarm A fire alarm system in which two or more stages of alarm warning can be given within a given alarm zone before an alarm signal for that zone is triggered. 1.3.23. Standby Supply An electrical automatic power supply connected to the fire alarm system and operated in case of main supply failure. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 450 of 1348  1.3. Fire Detection System 1.3.24. Voice Alarm system Dedicated manual or automatic system for originating and distributing of voice instruc- tions, alert and evacuation signals for the safe evacuation of occupants. This system to be used for emergency situation like fire. 1.3.25. Zone A part of the protected building which contains one or more fire detectors, the zone is defined by a unique alphanumeric which is indicated at the control panel. 1.3.26. Alarm Repeater System A device or system for the purpose of automatically retransmitting alarm information received by the alarm processing equipment. 1.3.27. Alarm Verification Feature A feature of automatic fire detection and alarm systems to reduce unwanted alarms wherein smoke detectors report alarm conditions for a minimum period of time, or con- firm alarm conditions within a given time period after being reset, in order to be accept- ed as a valid alarm initiation signal. 1.3.28. Annunciator A unit containing one or more indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays, or other equiva- lent means in which each indication provides status information about a circuit, condi- tion, or location. 1.3.29. Fire Safety Plan Documentation that provides information on the use of alarms, transmission of alarms, response to alarms, evacuation of immediate area, evacuation of smoke compartment, preparation of floors and building for evacuation and extinguishment of fire. 1.3.30. Abnormal Condition An abnormal condition that poses an immediate threat to life, property, or mission. 1.3.31. Pre-Alarm Condition. An abnormal condition that poses a potential threat to life, property, or mission, and time is available for investigation. 1.3.32. Supervisory Condition. An abnormal condition in connection with the supervision of other systems, processes, or equipment. 1.3.33. Trouble Condition. An abnormal condition in a system due to a fault. 1.3.34. Normal Condition. Circuits, systems, and components are functioning as designed and no abnormal condi- tion exists. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 451 of 1348  1.3. Fire Detection System 1.3.35. Wireless Control Unit A component that transmits/ receives and processes wireless signals 1.3.36. Two-Way Emergency Communications System Two way emergency communications systems are divided into two categories, those systems that are anticipated to be used by building occupants and those systems that are to be used by fire fighters, police, and other emergency services personnel. Two- way emergency communications systems are used to both exchange information and to communicate information such as, but not limited to, instructions, acknowledgement of receipt of messages, condition of local environment, and condition of persons, and to give assurance that help is on the way. 1.3.37. Emergency Command Center The room(s) or area(s) staffed during any emergency event by assigned emergency management staff. The room or area contains system communications and control equipment serving one or more buildings where responsible authorities receive infor- mation from premises sources or systems or from (higher level) regional or national sources or systems and then disseminate appropriate information to individuals, a building, multiple buildings, outside campus areas, or a combination of these in accord- ance with the emergency response plan established for the premises. The room or area contains the controls and indicators from which the ECS systems located in the room or area can be manually controlled as required by the emergency response plan and the emergency management coordinator or the Civil Defence personnel. 1.3.38. Emergency Response Plan A documented set of actions to address the planning for, management of, and response to natural, technological, and man-made disasters and other emergencies. 1.3.39. Fire Alarm Control Interface The Fire Alarm control interface coordinates signals to and from the fire alarm system and other systems. 1.3.40. Public Address System An electronic amplification system with a mixer, amplifier, and loudspeakers, used to reinforce a given sound and distributing the “sound” to the general public around a building. 1.3.41. Intrinsically Safe Intrinsically Safe Design is a design technique applied to electrical equipment and wiring for Explosive and hazardous locations where flammable vapors and atmosphere exists. The technique is based on limiting energy, electrical and thermal, to a level below that required to ignite a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture. It also combines tech- niques to not release electrically emitted sparks. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 452 of 1348 2. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems 2.1. Intention 2.1.1. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems requirements in this chapter are to accomplish the following. 2.1.1.1. To enable designers and owners to make appropriate selection of Fire detec- tion systems to complement the overall Fire Strategy of the building to en- hance the safety level. 2.1.1.2. Provide early warning to occupants about the fire emergencies to enable them to evacuate to safety. 2.1.1.3. Ensure approved and listed material and equipment are selected by the consult- ants and contractors to maintain the Did You Know? quality of Fire Detection and Alarm Sys- UAE has witnessed many tems. fires casualties where occu- pants were asleep and no 2.1.1.4. Ensure owners and facility management smoke detectors were in- maintain the Fire Detection and Alarm stalled in the buildings. Systems to continue fulfilling the design intent. Properly installed and main- tained Fire Alarm Systems’ 2.2. Fire Detection Concept Early Warning can save lives. 2.2.1. The purpose of fire alarm and signaling systems shall be primarily to provide notification of alarm, supervisory, and trouble conditions, to alert the occupants, to evacuate, to summon aid and to control emergency control functions. 2.2.2. The Fire produces variety of reactions and characteristic signatures such as Smoke, Heat, Radiant Energy. However, different fires based on the fuel it is consuming, have different characteristic signatures such as some fires produce intense heat without smoke, some produce low heat with intense smoke and some burn without flame but produce smoldering smoke. The fire detectors are designed to identify and sense these various inputs and process the data to evaluate, compare and differentiate the envi- ronmental conditions or preset conditions to generate the output through control sys- tems called “Fire Alarm”. 2.2.3. The Fire Detection and Alarm System essentially consists of Fire Detectors, communi- cating with Central Control Unit called Fire Alarm Control Panel through wiring or wire- less signals to generate Alarm through sounders, bells and audio visual alarm devices. The entire components are powered by primary power supply and secondary power supply through Batteries. 2.2.4. Requirements of this chapter are minimum guidelines. It is consultant’s responsibility to further refer to NFPA 70, NFPA 72, NFPA 75, NFPA 76, NFPA 110, NFPA 111 and Manufacturer’s design specifications and guidelines for more details. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 453 of 1348  3. Types of Fire Detection Systems 3.1. The various types of Fire Detectors that can be incorporated into Fire Detection and Alarm systems are as follows. 3.1.1. Smoke Detectors a. Ionization Smoke Detectors (Banned in many jurisdictions now, including UAE) b. Photoelectric Smoke Detectors c. Optical Smoke Detectors d. Aspiration Type Air Sampling smoke Detectors e. Beam Type Smoke Detectors f. Video Type smoke Detectors 3.1.2. Heat Detectors a. Spot Type Heat Detectors b. Line Type Heat Detectors c. Fusible Link Heat Detectors 3.1.3. Radiant Energy Detectors a. Ultraviolet Flame Detectors b. Infrared Flame Detectors c. Video Type Flame Detection d. Spark and Ember Flame Detection 3.1.4. Multi-sensing Detectors a. Heat-Smoke Multisensing Detectors b. Combination of Gases Detectors 3.1.5. Manual Detectors a. Manual Break Glass Call Point b. Manual push button Call Point c. Manual Pull Station 3.1.6. Supervisory Detectors a. Water Flow Switch Detectors (Sprinkler System, Deluge System etc.) b. Pressure Switch Detectors (Pre-action Systems, c. Supervisory Signal Detectors (Pump, Water low level , automatic Door Close/ Open, elevator status etc.) 3.1.7. Gas Detectors a. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors b. LP Gas Detectors c. Flammable Gas and Vapor Detectors 3.2. The various types of Control Mechanisms to monitor the Detectors and Sensors are as follows. a. Addressable Fire Control Systems b. Conventional Fire Control Systems c. Wired Fire Control Systems | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 454 of 1348 4. Details of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems 4.1. General Requirements 4.1.1. The General requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm System shall be as per Table 8.1. Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 1. EQUIPMENT i. Only listed and approved addressable Fire Detection and Alarm System shall be AND provided in all new constructions. Conventional type Fire detection Systems are not acceptable, unless it is existing. MATERIALS ii. All Fire Detection and Alarm System equipment, Material , Accessories, Wiring shall be Civil Defence approved and listed as per Section 7. iii. System components shall be installed, tested, inspected, and maintained in ac- cordance with the manufacturer’s published instructions and this Code. iv. Along with recommendations of this chapter, approved Manufacturer’s specifica- tions should also be followed regarding spacing and installation details. v. All devices and appliances that receive their power from the initiating device cir- cuit or signaling line circuit of a control unit shall be listed for use with the control unit. vi. Equipment shall be designed so that it is capable of performing its intended func- tions under the following conditions: a. At 85 percent and at 110 percent of the nameplate primary (main) and second- ary (standby) input voltage(s). b. At ambient temperatures of 0°C (32°F) and 49°C (120°F) c. At a relative humidity of 85 percent and an ambient temperature of 30°C (86°F) 2. DESIGN BASIS i. Fire Detection shall be based on thorough evaluation of the area to be protected with following minimum considerations. a. Structural features, size, and shape of the rooms and bays. b. Occupancy and uses of areas Ceiling heights c. Ceiling shape, surface, and obstructions. d. Ventilation e. Ambient environment f. Gas characteristics of the gases present g. Configuration of the contents in the area to be protected h. Response time(s) 3. DETECTORS i. All kinds of Detectors shall be approved and listed by Civil Defence. (INITIATING ii. Initiating devices of the manual or automatic type shall be selected and installed to minimize unwanted alarms. DEVICES) iii. Where subject to mechanical damage, an initiating device shall be protected. A mechanical guard used to protect a smoke, heat, or radiant energy–sensing de- tector shall be listed for use with the detector. iv. Initiating devices shall be supported independently of their attachment to the circuit conductors. v. Unless tested and listed for recessed mounting, detectors shall not be recessed into the mounting surface. vi. Initiating devices shall be installed in a manner that provides accessibility for peri- odic inspection, testing, and maintenance. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 455 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 4. MANUAL i. The manual call points shall be used only for fire alarm initiation. In addition, all CALL manual call points within an occupancy shall be of similar design. ii. Time from the operation of call point to the actuation of alarm signal shall not ex- POINTS ceed (10) seconds. iii. Where call points are installed in combustible, explosive environments these devic- es shall be listed for the application. iv. Where manual call points are installed in food preparation environment, where breakable parts resulting from operation may cause risks, the designer shall consult with and conform to related approved standards. v. The manual call points shall be installed on all escape routes and in particular be- side stairwell entrances and all exits to open air. vi. The manual call points shall be installed so that they are conspicuous, unobstructed and accessible. vii. Distribution of the manual call points should be such that travel distance should not be more than 61 m to reach the nearest manual call point. viii.These figures to be reduced to 25m and 16m in limited mobility areas, and where processes of the area result in a likelihood of rapid fire development. ix. Manual Call Point shall be installed within 1.5 m from exit door opening. x. The manual call points shall be installed generally at the height of 1.2 m, above floor level and in plain, accessible, well lit and free-hindrances places. 5. COVERAGE i. Every building shall be provided with Addressable Fire Detection and Alarm System as per Civil Defence Regulation. Every building, enclosed structure, enclosed occupi- able spaces and building under construction shall be provided with Automatic Ad- dressable Fire Detection and Alarm System. ii. Detectors shall not be installed until after the cleanup of all construction works is completed and finalized. Any detectors installed during construction for the purpos- es of protection during construction, shall be checked to confirm that their sensitivi- ty is within the listed and marked sensitivity range and shall be repaired or replaced as necessary. iii. Detector coverage shall include all rooms, halls, storage areas, basements (unless protected by automatic sprinklers), attics, lofts and other enclosed usable spaces. iv. Detectors shall not be required to cover above false ceiling compartmented spaces on the rooms having less than 5m2 area. v. Detectors shall not be required below open grids/cloud ceilings if opening of the grid are 6.4 mm or large and such openings constitute at least 70% of the ceiling or grid material. vi. Detectors shall not be required at non-combustible spaces such as below raised floor or accessible trench areas which do not consist service pipes, electrical wiring and communication cables. 6. STAIRS i. At least one smoke detector shall be installed at the top of the stair of a non- highrise building. ii. In Highrise and Super Highrise buildings, along with one smoke detector at the top of the stair, multiple smoke detectors at intermediate landings, every 23 m, shall be provided. iii. Stairs shall be provided with Voice speakers with clear speech audibility. iv. Sounders shall not be required in stairs. 7. ELEVATOR i. At least one smoke detector shall be installed at the top of the elevator shaft of a SHAFT non-highrise building to initiate elevator recall. ii. In Highrise and Super Highrise buildings, along with one smoke detector at the top of the shaft, multiple smoke detectors at intermediate levels, every 23 m, shall be provided to initiate elevator recall. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 456 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 8. PARTITIONS i. Where partitions within the spaces extend to within 15% of the ceiling height, the spaces separated by the partitions shall be considered as separate rooms. ii. And such separate rooms shall be provided with individual detector coverage. 9. HVAC i. In spaces served by air-handling systems, detectors shall not be located lesser than 1m from supply or return diffusers, where airflow prevents operation of the detectors. ii. Where concealed accessible spaces above suspended ceilings are used as a return air plenum, detection shall be provided at each connection from the return air plenum to the central air-handling system. iii. Detectors installed in such plenums shall be listed for such application. iv. In under-floor spaces and above-ceiling spaces that are used as HVAC plenums, detectors shall be listed for the anticipated environment as required by ambient conditions like temperature, humidity and airflow. v. Detector used in plenums shall have spacing and locations selected on the basis of anticipated airflow patterns and fire type. vi. Detectors placed in environmental air ducts or plenums shall not be used as a substitute for open area detectors. 10. EXPLOSIVE i. Where Fire Detection and Alarm System is installed in explosive, Hazardous at- ATMOS- mosphere with flammable vapours in its atmosphere, all devices, enclosures, wir- ing, junction boxes, connectors and circuitry shall be listed and approved PHERE “Explosion Proof” and “Intrinsically Safe” equipment. 11. DETECTION i. Buildings shall be divided into a number of detection zones for easy recognition ZONES and short search time. Fire alarm systems shall be designed to suite the fire plan procedures followed by occupants during emergency. Single open, short circuit (TYPICALLY FOR or ground in one detection zone shall not affect the operation of other zones. EXISTING ii. The area of any single open detection zone to which the building has been divid- CONVENTIONAL ed shall not exceed 2000 m²; except for a single, open plan area, which should SYSTEMS) not exceed 10 000 m². iii. If any floor area is greater than 2000m², it shall be divided into separate detec- tion zones of 2000m² or less, this subdivision may or may not be achieved by a physical barrier. iv. Search distance shall not exceed 60 m for conventional system; Search distance for addressable system is 100 m if building is protected by sprinklers. v. A zone shall not include multiple floors. vi. Automatic fire detectors within any enclosed stairwell or lift shaft or other en- closed flu-like structure should be considered as a separate detection zone. vii. Indication of detection zone status on the control panel is by LED and/or graph- ical text indicator. viii.Voids below raised floor and voids above false ceiling shall be configured as sepa- rate zones from the room space. ix. Any remote indicator should be clearly labelled to indicate detectors located in voids. They should be sited and/or labelled in such a way as to assist in determin- ing the location of the detectors that they serve. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 457 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 12. ALARM i. Alarm zones shall be clearly defined in complex buildings where phased evacua- ZONES tion is required or in buildings where a stage alarm is to be provided. ii. Alarm zone may include of several detection zones and not visa- versa. iii. Alarm zone boundaries shall match those of fire compartments and/or detection zones. iv. The extent of any overlap of signals between alarm zones shall not be sufficient to result in confusion of occupants in any area of the building. v. At no time shall conflicting alarm warning or alarm signals be broadcast within one alarm zone. 13. WIRING i. All Fire Detection and Alarm wiring shall be 2 hour fire rated and Civil Defence listed. ii. Metal conduits are not necessary where wiring is 2 hour fire rated and listed by Civil Defence. iii. Metal conduits are required where fire alarm wiring is in corrosive environment., irrespective of wiring fire rating. iv. Fire alarm system wiring and equipment, including all circuits controlled and powered by the fire alarm system, shall be installed in accordance with the re- quirements of this Code and of NFPA 70 Article 760. v. All fire detection alarm wiring shall be Class A type where circuit redundancy is ensured and operational capability continues even when single open condition, single ground fault and single fault in the circuitry exists. And such faults are an- nunciated in the control panel. vi. Loop isolators shall be installed to monitor and maintain wiring integrity and safe- guard from short circuits. Loop isolators shall be installed as per manufacturer’s guidelines. 14. FIRE ALARM 1. GENERAL CONTROL i. Fire Alarm Control Panel shall be approved and listed by Civil Defence. PANEL (FACP) ii. Fire Alarm Main Control Panel installed in all Highrise building shall have high per- formance and stability, tested for redundancy (CPU, I/O cards, Display etc. should have redundancy features to ensure continuous operation in case of failure of any of these components and shall have hot-swap features to repair and replace these components without turning off the main power supply and without com- promising continuation of the fire alarm control panel performance. iii. FACP architecture shall be such that circuit modules can easily be added to up- grade the capacity of the Control panel to monitor the additional detectors or additional loops of detectors and desired output functions. iv. FACP shall be multi-functional, having feature to monitor and supervise Fire De- tection, Gas Detection and Fire Suppression activation simultaneously. v. Generally FACP should have spare capacity to add 20% more detectors with addi- tional wiring and interface modules without adding additional circuit boards (modules) to upgrade, to enable alterations and up gradation to the facility. vi. FACP shall be installed in a location which is attended by facility management or designated personnel at all times, such as reception areas, security guard houses, Emergency command centres, Facility monitoring rooms, nurse stations at hospi- tals etc. vii. FACP shall be located in a visible and accessible location. viii.FACP shall not be installed in an unattended room, service rooms, mechanical rooms. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 458 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 14. FIRE ALARM 2. POSITIVE ALARM SEQUENCE (DELAYED ALARM SEQUENCE) CONTROL i. The signal from an automatic fire detection device selected for positive alarm PANEL (FACP) sequence operation shall be acknowledged at the fire alarm control unit by trained personnel within 15 seconds of annunciation in order to initiate the alarm investigation phase. ii. If the signal is not acknowledged within 15 seconds, notification signals in ac- cordance with the building evacuation or relocation plan and remote signals shall be automatically and immediately activated. iii. Trained personnel shall have up to 180 seconds during the alarm investigation phase to evaluate the fire condition and reset the system. If the system is not reset during the investigation phase, notification signals in accordance with the building evacuation plan and remote signals shall be automatically and immedi- ately activated. iv. If a second automatic fire detector selected for positive alarm sequence is actu- ated during the alarm investigation phase, notification signals in accordance with the building evacuation or relocation plan and remote signals shall be au- tomatically and immediately activated. v. If any other initiating device is actuated, notification signals in accordance with the building evacuation or relocation plan and remote signals shall be automati- cally and immediately activated. vi. The system shall provide means for bypassing the positive alarm sequence. 3. ACTUATION TIME i. Actuation of alarm notification devices or emergency voice communications, fire safety functions, and annunciation at the protected premises shall occur within 10 seconds after the activation of an initiating device. ii. An open or ground condition of any fire alarm circuits shall result in the annun- ciation of a trouble signal at the protected premise within 200 seconds. iii. System bandwidth is monitored to confirm that all communications between equipment that is critical to the operation of the fire alarm system or fire safety functions take place within 10 seconds; failure shall be indicated within 200 se- conds. iv. Failure of any equipment that is critical to the operation of the fire alarm sys- tem or fire safety functions is indicated at the master fire alarm control unit within 200 seconds. v. A listed barrier gateway, integral with or attached to each control unit or group of control units, as appropriate, shall be provided to prevent the other systems from interfering with or controlling the fire alarm system. vi. Each interconnected fire alarm control unit shall be separately monitored for alarm, supervisory, and trouble conditions. vii. Interconnected fire alarm control unit alarm signals shall be permitted to be monitored by zone or by combined common signals. viii. Protected premises fire alarm control units shall be capable of being reset or silenced only from the fire alarm control unit at the protected premises or a computer-based front end unit listed for use by the manufacturer of the fire alarm control unit. ix. All non–fire alarm components shall be listed for fire alarm use or for fire condi- tions. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 459 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 14. FIRE ALARM 4. DETECTION DEVICES-ALARM SIGNAL INITIATION CONTROL i. A smoke detector that is continuously subjected to a smoke concentration PANEL above alarm threshold does not delay the system functions by more than 1 mi- (FACP) nute. 5. SPRINKLER SYSTEM (WATER FLOW SWITCH) -ALARM INITIATION i. Waterflow alarm-initiating devices from sprinkler system shall be connected to a dedicated function fire alarm control unit designated as “sprinkler waterflow and supervisory system,” and permanently identified on the control unit and record drawings. ii. Where waterflow alarm-initiating devices are connected to a building fire alarm system, a dedicated function fire alarm control unit shall not be required. iii. The number of waterflow alarm–initiating devices permitted to be connected to a single alarm initiating device circuit shall not exceed five. iv. Activation of the initiating device (Water Flow Switch) shall occur within 90 seconds of waterflow at the alarm-initiating device when flow occurs that is equal to or greater than that from a single sprinkler of the smallest orifice size installed in the system. v. Movement of water due to waste, surges, or variable pressure shall not initiate an alarm signal. 6. SPRINKLER SYSTEM (WATER FLOW SWITCH) -SUPERVISORY SIGNAL INITIATION i. Supervisory signal-initiating devices shall be connected to a dedicated function fire alarm control unit designated as “sprinkler waterflow and supervisory sys- tem,” and permanently identified on the control unit and record drawings. ii. Where supervisory signal-initiating devices are connected to a building fire alarm system, a dedicated function fire alarm control unit shall not be required. iii. The number of supervisory signal-initiating devices permitted to be connected to a single initiating device circuit shall not exceed 20. 7. FIRE PUMP -ALARM INITIATION i. A pump running signal shall be permitted to be a supervisory or alarm signal. 8. OTHER FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS -ALARM INITIATION i. The actuation of a fire suppression system shall annunciate an alarm or supervi- sory condition at the building fire alarm control unit. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 460 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 14. FIRE 9. OTHER FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS –SUPERVISORY SIGNAL INITIATION ALARM i. An off-normal condition of a fire suppression system shall annunciate a superviso- CONTROL ry condition at the building fire alarm control unit. PANEL ii. Supervisory signals that latch in the off-normal state and require manual reset of (FACP) the system to restore them to normal shall be permitted. 10. SUPPRESSION SYSTEM ACTUATION-RELEASING SERVICE CONTROL UNITS i. Releasing service control units shall be connected to the protected premises fire alarm system. ii. Fire alarm and supervisory signals generated at the releasing control unit shall be annunciated at a protected premises fire alarm unit. iii. Actuation of any suppression system connected to a releasing service control unit shall be annunciated at the protected premises fire alarm control unit even where the system actuation is by manual means or otherwise accomplished without ac- tuation of the releasing service control unit. iv. If a valve is installed in the connection between a suppression system and an initi- ating device, the valve shall be supervised. 11. TROUBLE SIGNAL INITIATION i. Automatic fire suppression system alarm-initiating devices and supervisory signal- initiating devices and their circuits shall be designed and installed so that they can- not be subject to tampering, opening, or removal without initiating a Trouble sig- nal. This provision shall include junction boxes installed outside of buildings to fa- cilitate access to the initiating device circuit. 12. NOTIFICATION/FIRE ALARM SIGNAL i. Fire alarm and mass notification systems provided for evacuation or relocation of occupants shall have one or more notification on each floor of the building. 15. POWER i. At least two power supply sources shall be provided for any Fire Detection and Alarm System, one primary and one secondary, fully supervised by FACP for fail- SUPPLIES ure, loss of power, trouble, short circuit conditions. ii. Each power supply shall be of adequate capacity for the full functionality of the System. iii. Primary Supply shall be directly from the Electric Utility Supply. iv. The supply from Electric Utility branch shall be direct to Fire Alarm System only and shall not serve any other loads. v. The system circuit disconnecting means shall be permanently identified as to its purpose, shall be secured and shall be accessible only to authorized personnel. vi. Such disconnecting switch shall be clearly marked “FIRE ALARM/DO NOT DISCON- NECT” vii. All wiring from Electric Utility branch to Fire Alarm Control Panel shall be 2 hour fire rated and protected from mechanical damages. viii. An overcurrent protective device shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 70. ix. The secondary means of Power Supply shall be permitted to be either approved UPS in accordance with NFPA 111 or Batteries dedicated to the FACP. x. Operation on secondary power shall not affect the required performance of a sys- tem or supervising station facility, including alarm, supervisory, and trouble signals and indications. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 461 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 15. POWER xi. The secondary power supply capacity for supervising station facilities and equip- ment shall be capable of supporting operations for a minimum of 24 hours and SUPPLIES then shall be capable of operating the system during a fire or other emergency condition for a period of 30 minutes at maximum connected load. xii. Battery calculations shall include a minimum 20 percent safety margin above the calculated amp-hour capacity required. xiii. Batteries shall be marked with the month and year of manufacture using the month/year format. xiv. Storage batteries shall comply with the requirements of Article 480 of NFPA 70. xv. Battery charging equipment shall be provided to recharge batteries within 48 hours after fully charged batteries have been subject to a single discharge cycle. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 462 of 1348 i. Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 16. NOTIFICATION i. The notification appliances are used to initiate or direct evacuation or relo- DEVICES (BELLS, cation of the occupants, or for providing information to occupants or staff, as the building fire strategy. SOUNDERS) ii. All notification devices shall be approved and listed by Civil Defence. iii. Notification devices shall have nameplate indicating the electrical connec- tion parameters, audible decibels or visible performance and installation methods. iv. Notification devices shall be installed such that they are not mechanically damaged and shall be protected against mechanical damage where subject- ed to. v. Notification devices shall be mounted such that they are supported inde- pendently of their attachments to circuit conductors. vi. An average ambient sound level greater than 105 dBA shall require the use of a visible notification devices. vii. The total sound pressure level produced by combining the ambient sound pressure level with all audible notification appliances operating shall not ex- ceed 110 dBA at the minimum hearing distance. viii. Where audible appliances are installed to provide signals for sleeping areas, they shall have a sound level of 75 dBA ix. If ceiling heights allow, wall-mounted notification devices shall have their tops above the finished floors at heights of not less than 2.29 m and below the finished ceilings at distances of not less than 150 mm. x. Audible notification appliances for wide area signaling shall be installed in accordance with the approved design documents, and the manufacturer’s installation instruction to achieve the required performance. 17. VISUAL i. Visible notification devices shall be approved and listed by Civil Defence. NOTIFICATION ii. The flash rate shall not exceed two flashes per second (2 Hz) nor be less than one flash every second (1 Hz) throughout the listed voltage range of the ap- DEVICES pliance. iii. A maximum pulse duration shall be 0.2 second with a maximum duty cycle of 40%. iv. The pulse duration shall be defined as the time interval between initial and final points of 10% of maximum signal. v. Lights used for fire alarm signalling only or to signal the intent for complete evacuation shall be clear or nominal white and shall not exceed 1000 cd (effective intensity). vi. Lights used to signal occupants to seek information or instructions shall be clear, nominal white or other colour as required by the emergency plan. vii. Visible notification devices shall be located not more than 4.57 m from the end of the corridor with a separation not greater than 30.5 m between Visi- ble notification devices. viii. Wall-mounted devices shall be mounted such that the entire lens is not less than 2 m and not greater than 2.44 m above the finished floor. ix. Where low ceiling heights do not permit wall mounting at a minimum of 2 m, wall mounted visible appliances shall be mounted within 150 mm of the ceiling. x. Visual alarm signals (flashers) shall be used in areas where audio alarm signal is not effective, not feasible to type of occupancy (i.e. Noisy parking spaces, extremely noisy environment like engine room and plant rooms) or in areas where audio alarm requires the aid of visual alarm. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 463 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 17. VISUAL i. The spacing of Visual Notification devices in room shall be as per Manufac- NOTIFICATION turer’s specifications. However, number of devices shall be as per Table 8.1.a. DEVICES ii. Room spacing in accordance with Table 8.1.a. and Figure 8.1. for wall- SPACING IN mounted appliances shall be based on locating the visible notification device ROOMS at the halfway distance of the wall. Table 8.1.a.: Spacing of Visual Notification Devices in Rooms MAXIMUM ROOM SIZE MAXIMUM CEILING HEIGHT MINIMUM REQUIRED LIGHT OUTPUT (ONE LIGHT, cd) 1. 6.1 m x 6.1 m 3m 15 2. 9.1 m x 9.1 m 3m 30 3. 12.2 m x 12.2 m 3m 60 4. 13.4 m x 13.4 m 3m 75 5. 15.2 m x 15.2 m 3m 95 6. 16.2 m x 16.2 m 3m 110 7. 16.8 m x 16.8 m 3m 115 8. 18 m x 18 m 3m 135 9. 19.2 m x 19.2 m 3m 150 10. 20.7 m x 20.7 m 3m 177 11. 21.3 m x 21.3 m 3m 185 12. 6.1 m x 6.1 m 6.1 m 30 13. 9.1 m x 9.1 m 6.1 m 45 14. 13.4 m x 13.4 m 6.1 m 75 15. 14 m x 14 m 6.1 m 80 16. 15.2 m x 15.2 m 6.1 m 95 17. 16.2 m x 16.2 m 6.1 m 110 18. 16.8 m x 16.8 m 6.1 m 115 19. 18 m x 18 m 6.1 m 135 20. 19.2 m x 6.1 m 6.1 m 150 21. 20.7 m x 20.7 m 6.1 m 177 22. 21.3 m x 21.3 m 6.1 m 185 23. 6.1 m x 6.1 m 9.1 m 55 24. 9.1 m x 9.1 m 9.1 m 75 25. 15.2 m x 15.2 m 9.1 m 95 26. 16.2 m x 16.2 m 9.1 m 110 27. 16.8 m x 16.8 m 9.1 m 115 28. 18 m x 18 m 9.1 m 135 29. 19.2 m x 19.2 m 9.1 m 150 30. 20.7 m x 20.7 m 9.1 m 177 31. 21.3 m x 21.3 m 9.1 m 185 | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 464 of 1348  Figure 8.1.: Visual Notification Devices arrangements in spaces Figure 8.2.: Decibel Requirement for Sleeping Areas | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 465 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 18. NOTIFICATION i. Fire alarm and mass notification systems provided for evacuation or reloca- ZONES tion of occupants shall have one or more notification zones on each floor of the building. ii. Notification zones shall be consistent with the emergency response or evacuation plan for the protected premises. iii. The boundaries of notification zones shall be coincident with building outer walls, building fire or smoke compartment boundaries, floor separations, or other fire safety subdivisions. iv. In protected premises with more than one notification zone, a single open, short-circuit, or ground on the system installation conductors shall not affect operation of more than one notification zone. 19. NOTIFICATION i. Speakers used as alarm notification appliances on fire alarm systems shall COMBINED WITH also be permitted to be used for non-emergency purposes, provided that one of the following condition is met: PUBLIC ADDRESS a. The emergency command centre is constantly attended by trained per- SYSTEM sonnel. (PA SYSTEM) b. The speakers and associated audio equipment are installed or located with safeguards to resist tampering or mal adjustments of those compo- nents essential for intended emergency notification. ii. Speakers used as alarm notification appliances on fire alarm systems shall also be permitted to be used for mass notification systems. iii. Fire alarm signals from combination system shall be distinctive, clearly rec- ognizable and with the exception of mass notification inputs, take prece- dence over any other signal even when a non–fire alarm signal is initiated first and shall be indicated as follows in descending order of priority unless otherwise permitted by this Code: a. Signals associated with life safety b. Signals associated with property protection c. Trouble signals associated with life and/or property protection d. All other signals. iv. Live voice instructions originating from the protected premises fire or mass notification systems shall override all previously initiated signals and shall have priority over both of the following: a. Any subsequent automatically initiated signals on that channel b. Remotely generated mass notification messages. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 466 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 20. SUPPRESSION i. Fire alarm control units used for automatic or manual activation of a fire sup- SYSTEM pression system shall be listed for releasing service and approved by Civil De- fence. ACTUATION ii. Releasing devices for suppression systems shall be listed for use with releasing THROUGH service control units. FACP iii. Fire alarm systems used for fire suppression–releasing service shall be provid- ed with a disconnect switch to allow the system to be tested without actuating the fire suppression systems. iv. Operation of a disconnect switch or a disable function shall cause a superviso- ry signal at the fire alarm control unit. v. The disconnect shall be a physical switch and not be accomplished by using software. vi. Suppression systems or groups of systems shall be controlled by a single con- trol unit that monitors the associated initiating device(s), actuates the associ- ated releasing device(s), and controls the associated agent release notification appliances. vii. If the releasing control unit is located in a protected premises having a sepa- rate fire alarm system, it shall be monitored for alarm, supervisory, and trou- ble signals, but shall not be dependent on or affected by the operation or fail- ure of the protected premises fire alarm system. viii. Fire alarm systems performing suppression system releasing functions shall be installed in such a manner that they are effectively protected from damage caused by activation of the suppression system(s) they control. 21. ELEVATOR i. System-type smoke detectors, or other automatic fire detection located in ele- RECALL FOR vator lobbies, elevator hoist ways, and elevator machine rooms including ma- chine space, control room, and control space used to initiate fire fighters’ ser- FIRE FIGHTERS’ vice recall, shall be connected to the building fire alarm system. SERVICES ii. Each elevator lobby, elevator hoist way, and elevator machine room smoke detector, or other automatic fire detection, shall be capable of initiating eleva- tor recall when all other devices on the same initiating device circuit have been manually or automatically placed in the alarm condition. iii. A lobby smoke detector shall be located on the ceiling within 6.4 m of the cen- terline of each elevator door within the elevator bank under control of the de- tector. iv. Smoke detectors shall not be installed in unsprinklered elevator hoistways un- less they are installed to activate the elevator hoistway smoke relief equip- ment. v. If ambient conditions prohibit installation of automatic smoke detection, other automatic fire detection shall be permitted. vi. When actuated, any detector that has initiated firefighters’ recall shall also be annunciated at the building fire alarm control unit and required remote an- nunciators. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 467 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 22. VISUAL i. Actuation from elevator hoist way and elevator machine room smoke detec- tors or other automatic fire detection shall cause separate and distinct visible WARNING FOR annunciation at the building fire alarm control unit or the fire alarm control ELEVATORS unit and required annunciators to alert fire fighters and other emergency personnel that the elevators are no longer safe to use. ii. Where lobby detectors are used for other than initiating elevator recall, the signal initiated by the detector shall also initiate an alarm signal. iii. For each elevator or group of elevators, an output(s) shall be provided for the elevator visual warning signal in response to the following: a. Activation of the elevator machine room initiating devices b. Activation of the elevator hoist way initiating devices 23. ELEVATOR i. Elevator system shall have over riding switch for Fire Fighter’s control to over ride all the elevator shutdown functions. SHUTDOWN ii. Where elevators are used for evacuation in the building fire strategy, the ele- vators and fire fighter’s control mechanisms shall include all the features as per Chapter 3, Section 3.9. iii. Where heat detectors are used to shut down elevator power prior to sprin- kler operation, the detector shall have both a lower temperature rating and a higher sensitivity as compared to the sprinkler. iv. If heat detectors are used to shut down elevator power prior to sprinkler op- eration, they shall be placed within 610 mm of each sprinkler head. v. If pressure or water flow switches are used to shut down elevator power im- mediately upon or prior to the discharge of water from sprinklers, the use of devices with time-delay switches or time-delay capability shall not be per- mitted. vi. Control circuits to shut down elevator power shall be monitored for presence of operating voltage. Loss of voltage to the control circuit for the discon- necting means shall cause a supervisory signal to be indicated at the control unit and required remote annunciators. vii. The initiating devices shall be monitored for integrity by the fire alarm con- trol unit 24. HVAC i. If connected to the fire alarm system serving the protected premises, all de- tection devices used to cause the operation of HVAC systems’ smoke damp- SHUTDOWN ers, fire dampers, fan control, smoke doors, and fire doors shall be monitored for integrity. ii. Smoke detectors mounted in the air ducts of HVAC systems shall initiate ei- ther an alarm signal at the protected premises or a supervisory signal at a constantly attended location or supervising station. iii. If the fire alarm control unit actuates the HVAC system for the purpose of smoke control, the automatic alarm-initiating zones shall be coordinated with the smoke-control zones they actuate. iv. Where interconnected as a combination system, a Firefighter’s Smoke Con- trol Panel (SCP) as per Chapter 10, Table 10.1.11., shall be provided to per- form manual control over the automatic operation of the system’s smoke control strategy. v. Where interconnected as a combination system, the smoke control system programming shall be designed such that normal HVAC operation or changes do not prevent the intended performance of the smoke control strategy. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 468 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 25. DOOR RELEASE 1. GENERAL SERVICE i. All detection devices used for door hold-open release service shall be moni- tored for integrity. ii. All door hold-open release and integral door release and closure devices used for release service shall be monitored for integrity. iii. Magnetic door holders that allow doors to close upon loss of operating power shall not be required to have a secondary power source. iv. Any device or system intended to actuate the locking or unlocking of exits shall be connected to the fire alarm system serving the protected premises. v. All exits shall unlock upon receipt of any fire alarm signal by means of the fire alarm system serving the protected premises. vi. If exit doors are unlocked by the fire alarm system, the unlocking function shall occur prior to or concurrent with activation of any public-mode notifica- tion appliances in the area(s) served by the normally locked exits. vii. All doors that are required to be unlocked by the fire alarm system shall re- main unlocked until the fire alarm condition is manually reset. 2. SMOKE DETECTORS FOR DOOR RELEASE SERVICE i. Smoke detectors that are part of an open area protection system covering the room, corridor, or enclosed space on each side of the smoke door and that are located and spaced as required by spot-type detectors requirement shall be permitted to accomplish smoke door release service. ii. Smoke detectors shall be of the photoelectric or other approved type. iii. If the depth of wall section above the door is 610 mm or less, one ceiling- mounted smoke detector shall be required on one side of the doorway only, or two wall-mounted detectors shall be required, one on each side of the doorway. In Figure 8.3. Part A OR B shall apply. iv. If the depth of wall section above the door is greater than 610 mm on one side only, one ceiling-mounted smoke detector shall be required on the high- er side of the doorway only, or one wall-mounted detector shall be required on both sides of the doorway. In Figure 8.3., part D, shall apply. v. If the depth of wall section above the door is greater than 610 mm on both sides, two ceiling-mounted or wall-mounted detectors shall be required, one on each side of the doorway. Figure 8.3., part F, shall apply. vi. If a detector is specifically listed for door frame mounting or if a listed combi- nation or integral detector–door closer assembly is used, only one detector shall be required if installed in the manner recommended by the manufactur- er's published instructions. Figure 8.3., parts A, C, and E, shall apply. vii. If the depth of wall section is more than 1524 mm, additional detectors might be required. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 469 of 1348  Figure 8.3.: Smoke Detector Location Requirements for Door Release Service | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 470 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 25. DOOR RELEASE 3. SMOKE DETECTORS FOR VARIOUS DOOR ARRANGEMENT SERVICE i. If the separation between doorways exceeds 610 mm, each doorway shall be treated separately. Figure 8.4., part E, shall apply. ii. Each group of three or more doorway openings shall be treated separately. Figure 8.5. shall apply. iii. Each group of doorway openings that exceeds 6.1 m in width measured at its overall extremes shall be treated separately. Figure 8.6. shall apply iv. If there are multiple doorways and listed door frame-mounted detectors or if listed combination or integral detector–door closer assemblies are used, there shall be one detector for each single or double doorway. v. If ceiling-mounted smoke detectors are to be installed on a smooth ceiling for a single or double doorway, they shall be located as follows (Figure 8.4. shall apply): a.On the centreline of the doorway b. No more than 1.5 m measured along the ceiling and perpendicular to the doorway (Figure 8.3. shall apply.) c. No closer than shown in Figure 8.3., parts B, D, and F Figure 8.4.: Detector Location for Single and Double Doors Figure 8.5.: Detector Location for Group of Doorways Figure 8.6.: Detector Location for Group of Doorways over 6.1 m in width | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 471 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 26. WATER LEVEL i. Two separate and distinct signals shall be initiated: one indicating that the re- quired water level has been lowered or raised (off-normal) and the other indi- SUPERVISORY cating restoration. ii. A pressure tank signal-initiating device shall indicate both high- and low-water level conditions. The off-normal signal shall be initiated when the water level falls 76 mm or rises 76 mm. iii. A supervisory signal-initiating device for other than pressure tanks shall initi- ate a low-water level signal when the water level falls 300 mm. 27. PRESSURE i. Two separate and distinct signals shall be initiated: one indicating that the re- quired pressure has increased or decreased (off-normal) and the other indi- SUPERVISORY cating restoration of the pressure to its normal value. ii. A pressure tank supervisory signal-initiating device for a pressurized limited water supply, such as a pressure tank, shall indicate both high- and low- pressure conditions. iii. The off-normal signal shall be initiated when the required pressure increases or decreases by 70 kPa (10 psi). iv. A pressure supervisory signal-initiating device for a dry-pipe sprinkler system shall indicate both high- and low-pressure conditions. The off-normal signal shall be initiated when the pressure increases or decreases by 70 kPa (10 psi). v. A steam pressure supervisory signal-initiating device shall indicate a low- pressure condition. The off-normal signal shall be initiated prior to the pres- sure falling below 110% of the minimum operating pressure of the steam- operated equipment supplied. 28. CONTROL i. Two separate and distinct signals shall be initiated: one indicating movement of the valve from its normal position (off-normal) and the other indicating res- VALVE SUPER- toration of the valve to its normal position. VISORY ii. The off-normal signal shall be initiated during the first two revolutions of the hand wheel or during one-fifth of the travel distance of the valve control appa- ratus from its normal position. iii. The off-normal signal shall not be restored at any valve position except nor- mal. iv. An initiating device for supervising the position of a control valve shall not in- terfere with the operation of the valve, obstruct the view of its indicator, or prevent access for valve maintenance. Points to Ponder Fire Detection and Alarm Systems are many a times despised and ignored be- cause of frequent experience of false alarms, which can be nuisance and waste of time when unwanted evacuations take place. Reasons for false alarms are  Incorrect selection of type of detector for particular area  Incorrect installation of the system  Poor maintenance or absence of maintenance | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 472 of 1348  Table 8.1: General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 29. SMOKE i. Smoke detectors installed and used to prevent smoke spread by initiating con- trol of fans, dampers, doors, and other equipment shall be classified in the fol- CONTROL lowing manner: SYSTEMS a. Area detectors that are installed in the related smoke compartments b. Detectors that are installed in the air duct systems. c. Video image smoke detection that is installed in related smoke compart- ments. ii. To prevent the recirculation of dangerous quantities of smoke, a detector ap- proved for air duct use shall be installed on the supply side of air-handling sys- tems. iii. Area smoke detectors within smoke compartments shall be permitted to be used to control the spread of smoke by initiating operation of doors, dampers, and other equipment. 30. DETECTORS i. Detectors shall be listed for installation in air ducts. ii.Air duct detectors shall be installed in such a way as to obtain a representative IN AIR DUCTS sample of the airstream. This installation shall be permitted to be achieved by any of the following methods: a. Rigid mounting within the duct b. Rigid mounting to the wall of the duct with the sensing element protruding into the duct c. Installation outside the duct with rigidly mounted sampling tubes protruding into the duct d. Installation through the duct with projected light beam iii. Detectors shall be mounted in accordance with the manufacturer’s published instructions and shall be accessible for cleaning by providing access doors or control units. iv. The location of all detectors in air duct systems shall be permanently and clear- ly identified and recorded. v. Detectors mounted outside of a duct that employs sampling tubes for trans- porting smoke from inside the duct to the detector shall be designed and in- stalled to allow verification of airflow from the duct to the detector. vi. Detectors shall be listed for operation over the complete range of air velocities, temperature, and humidity expected at the detector when the air-handling sys- tem is operating. vii. All penetrations of a return air duct in the vicinity of detectors installed on or in an air duct shall be sealed to prevent entrance of outside air and possible dilu- tion or redirection of smoke within the duct. viii. Where in-duct smoke detectors are installed in concealed locations more than 3 m above the finished floor or in arrangements where the detector’s alarm or supervisory indicator is not visible to responding personnel, the detectors shall be provided with remote alarm or supervisory indication in a location within the room. ix. Remote alarm or supervisory indicators shall be installed in an accessible loca- tion and shall be clearly labeled to indicate both their function and the air- handling unit(s) associated with each detector. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 473 of 1348  Figure 8.7.: Smoke detectors at Return Air Louvers | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 474 of 1348  4.2. Smoke Detection System 4.2.1. The Smoke Detection and Alarm System shall comply with Table 8.2. and the General Requirements of Fire Detection and Alarm System as per Table 8.1. Table 8.2: Smoke Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 1. IONIZATION TYPE i. An ionization smoke detector has a very small amount of radioactive materi- SMOKE al (an alpha emitter) that ionizes the air in the sensing chamber, rendering the air conductive and permitting a minute current flow through the air be- DETECTORS (FOR tween two charged electrodes. This gives the sensing chamber an effective INFORMATION electrical conductance. When smoke particles enter the ionization area, ONLY. NOT they decrease the conductance of the air by attaching themselves to the ACCEPTABLE IN ions, causing a reduction in ion mobility. The current flow is monitored and when conductance is below a predetermined level, the detector is in alarm. UAE) ii. With analog addressable detectors the alarm threshold can be varied to compensate for ambient conditions. 2. PHOTOELECTRIC i. The presence of suspended smoke particles generated during the combus- TYPE SMOKE tion process affects the propagation of a light beam passing through the air. The effect can be utilized to detect the presence of a fire in two ways: DETECTORS a. obscuration of light intensity over the beam path OR b. scattering of the light beam. ii. Smoke detectors that operate on the principle of light obscuration consist of a light source, a light beam collimating system, and a photosensitive device. When dense smoke obscures part of the light beam, or less dense smoke obscures more of the beam, the light reaching the photosensitive device is reduced and this initiates the alarm. iii. In Smoke detectors using Scattering of light principle, when smoke particles enter a light path, scattering results. Smoke detectors utilizing the photoe- lectric light-scattering principle are usually of the spot type. They contain a light source and a photosensitive device arranged so the light rays normally do not fall onto the device. When smoke particles enter the light path, light strikes the particles and is scattered onto the photosensitive device, causing the detector to respond. 3. SELECTION OF i. The selection and placement of smoke detectors shall take into account SMOKE both the performance characteristics of the detector and the areas into which the detectors are to be installed to prevent nuisance and unintention- DETECTORS al alarms or improper operation after installation. 4. AMBIENT i. Smoke detectors shall not be installed where following conditions exist. CONDITION a. Temperature is below 00C. b. Temperature is above 380C. c. Relative Humidity is above 93%. d. Air velocity is greater than 1.5 m/sec (300 ft./min). | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 475 of 1348  Table 8.2: Spot Type Smoke Detection and Alarm Systems ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 5. LOCATION i. The location of smoke detectors shall be based on an evaluation of potential ambient sources of smoke, moisture, dust, or fumes, and electrical or mechani- cal influences, to minimize nuisance alarms. ii. In addition to temperature, humidity, and velocity variations, smoke detectors are also affected by common environmental conditions as mechanical vibration, electrical interference, presence of aerosols and other environmental influ- ences. Tests for these conditions are also conducted by the testing laboratories in their listing program. Manufacturers' installation guidelines shall be followed for location details. 6. SENSITIVITY i. Smoke detectors shall be marked with their nominal production sensitivity and tolerance in percent per foot (percent per meter) obscuration, as required by the listing. ii. Smoke detectors that have provision for field adjustment of sensitivity shall have an adjustment range of not less than 0.6 percent per foot (1.95 percent per meter) obscuration. iii. If the means of adjustment of sensitivity is on the detector, a method shall be provided to restore the detector to its factory calibration. iv. Detectors that have provision for program controlled adjustment of sensitivity shall be permitted to be marked with their programmable sensitivity range only. 7. HIGH AIR i. Smoke detectors shall not be located directly in the airstream of supply regis- MOVEMENT ters. ii. Smoke detector spacing in high air movement areas shall be in accordance with AREAS Table 8.2.a. Table 8.2.a.: Smoke Detector Spacing Based on Air Movement MINUTES PER AIR CHANGE AIR CHANGES PER HOUR SPACING PER DETECTOR 1 Minute 60 11.61 2 Minutes 30 23.23 3 Minute 20 34.84 4 Minute 15 46.45 5 Minute 12 58.06 6 Minute 10 69.68 7 Minute 8.6 81.29 8 Minute 7.5 83.61 9 Minute 6.7 83.61 10 Minute 6 83.61 | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 476 of 1348  4.3. Installation and Spacing of Spot Type Smoke Detection System 4.3.1. The Installation and Spacing of Spot Type Smoke Detection and Alarm System shall comply with Table 8.3., Spot Type Smoke Detection System as per Table 8.2. and the General Requirements Fire Detection and Alarm System as per Table 8.1. Table 8.3: Installation and Spacing of Spot Type Smoke Detection ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 1. INSTALLATION 1. GENERAL AND SPACING i. The location and spacing of smoke detectors shall be based upon the anticipat- OF SPOT TYPE ed smoke flows due to the plume and ceiling jet produced by the anticipated SMOKE fire, as well as any pre-existing ambient airflows that could exist in the protect- DETECTORS ed compartment. ii. Detector location and spacing shall take into consideration the following fea- tures. a. Ceiling shape and surface. b. Ceiling height. c. configuration of material content in the area. d. combustion characteristics of the fuel load in the area. e. compartment ventilation. f. Ambient temperature, pressure, altitude, humidity and atmosphere. iii. If the intent is to protect against specific hazard, detectors shall be placed closer to the hazard, than required by the spacing guidelines 2. SMOOTH CEILINGS i. Spot type detectors shall be placed on the ceiling. ii. Spot-type smoke detectors shall be located on the ceiling not less than 100 mm from a sidewall to the near edge. iii. Detectors shall not be installed on sidewall as regular practice. Where whole areas are covered by ceiling mounted detectors and corner areas are desired to be protected, detectors shall be mounted on sidewalls at 300 mm down from the ceiling to the top of the detector. iv. The distance between smoke detectors shall not exceed a nominal spacing (S) of 9 m. v. There shall be detectors within a distance of one-half the nominal spacing, measured at right angles from all walls or partitions extending upward in sloped ceilings or towards center to within the top 15 percent of the ceiling height. vi. All points on the ceiling shall have a detector within a distance equal to or less than 0.7 times the nominal 9 m spacing, S. (0.7S). | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 477 of 1348  Figure 8.8.: Spacing of Spot Type Smoke Detector on Smooth Ceilings Figure 8.9.: Spacing of Spot Type Smoke Detector on corner of Smooth Ceilings Did You Know? Ionization Type Smoke Detectors tend to produce more false alarms and fail in their sensitivity 7 times sooner than a Photo- electric Type Smoke Detector. | CDGH-OP-25 | September 2018 Page 478 of 1348  Table 8.3: Installation and Spacing of Spot Type Smoke Detection ITEMS REQUIREMENTS 1. INSTALLATION 3. UNDER RAISED FLOORS AND SPACING i. Under raised floors having void height of 300 cm or more, or with cable runs OF SPOT TYPE and service piping and cuts shall be provided with smoke detection system. SMOKE ii. To minimize dust contamination, smoke detectors, where installed under DETECTORS raised floors, shall be mounted only in an orientation for which they have been listed. iii. Spaces beneath raised floors and above suspended ceilings shall be treated as separate rooms for smoke detector spacing purposes. Detectors installed be- neath raised floors or above suspended ceilings, or both, including raised floors and suspen