Southeast Asian Civilizations PDF

GROUP 3 THE VARIOUS CIVILIZATIONS THAT EMERGED OUT OF SOUTHEAST ASIA INTRODU CTION Early civilizations in Southeast Asia developed along busy trade routes, where diverse cultures came together. Influenced by Indian and Chinese traditions, as well as local customs, these societies created vibr...

GROUP 3 THE VARIOUS CIVILIZATIONS THAT EMERGED OUT OF SOUTHEAST ASIA INTRODU CTION Early civilizations in Southeast Asia developed along busy trade routes, where diverse cultures came together. Influenced by Indian and Chinese traditions, as well as local customs, these societies created vibrant communities. They are known for their impressive art, unique architecture, and bustling trade networks, which helped them thrive and connect with others.  FUNAN Funan was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia, lasting from the 1st to the 7th century CE, mainly in what is now Cambodia and Vietnam. It was a trading hub that connected with India and China, adopting Indian culture, including Hinduism. Funan had advanced farming systems and beautiful art but eventually fell to the Kingdom of Chenla. Notable ruler: Fan Shih-man SRIVIJAYA The Srivijaya civilization was a powerful maritime kingdom in Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 13th century, centered in present-day Sumatra, Indonesia. It controlled key trade routes, connecting India and China, and became a major hub for commerce and Buddhism. Known for its rich culture, it declined due to rival kingdoms like Majapahit and the Chola Empire. Notable ruler: Sri Jayanasa KHMER EMPIRE The Khmer Empire, lasting from 802 to 1431 CE, was a powerful ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia, centered in present-day Cambodia, and known for its vast territorial control, cultural achievements, and monumental architecture. Founded by Jayavarman II, who united the region and established a divine kingship, the empire reached its zenith under rulers like Suryavarman II, who built the famous Angkor Wat, and Jayavarman VII, whose reign marked its territorial and architectural peak. The empire was heavily influenced by Indian culture, blending Hinduism and later Mahayana Buddhism. However, internal strife, environmental challenges, and external pressure from rising Tai kingdoms, especially Ayutthaya, led to its eventual decline, with the sacking of Angkor in 1431 marking the empire’s fall. Its architectural wonders, particularly Angkor Wat, remain enduring symbols of Cambodia's rich cultural heritage.  MAJAPAHIT EMPIRE The Majapahit Empire, lasting from the 13th to the 16th centuries, was the last major Indianized kingdom in Indonesia, founded by Vijaya, a prince of Singhasari who escaped the seizure of his palace by Jayakatwang, the ruler of Kaḍiri. In 1292, Vijaya allied with Mongol troops seeking revenge against Jayakatwang for an insult to the Chinese emperor, Kublai Khan, before expelling them from Java. Under Vijaya's leadership, Majapahit expanded its control over Bali, Madura, Malayu, and Tanjungpura, reaching its zenith in the mid-14th century under King Hayam Wuruk and his prime minister, Gajah Mada, establishing itself as a significant power with relations extending to China, Champa, Cambodia, Annam, and Siam. The empire was characterized by the dominance of Hinduism, heavily influenced by Indian culture, particularly among the elite. However, following the deaths of Gajah Mada in 1364 and Hayam Wuruk in 1389, the empire began to decline, exacerbated by the rise of Islamic states along Java's northern coast, leading to the eventual transition to Islam as the predominant religion in the region by the late 15th and early 16th centuries, marking a significant cultural and religious shift in Indonesian history. AYUTTHAYA (ANCIENT CAPITAL OF THAILAND) located in central Thailand flourished from 14th-18th century founded by Ramathibodi I about 1350 also known as “Krung Kao” one of the world’s largest and most cosmopolitan urban areas and a center of global diplomacy and commerce. The city was attacked and razed by the Burmese army in 1767 who burned the city to the ground and forced the inhabitants to abandon the city. The city was never rebuilt in the same location and remains known today as an extensive archaeological site STRUCTURES AND FAMOUS LANDMARKS Wat Phra Si Sanphet, a monastery on the grounds of the so-called Wang Luang (Ancient Palace), served as the royal chapel and once contained an image of the Buddha covered in some 375 pounds (170 kg) of gold. The Chantharakasem (Chandra Kasem; Front Palace), lying on the bank of the Pa Sak River, and the Wang Lang (Rear Palace), on the site of a former royal garden near the western city wall. The Chedi Si Suriyothai (Queen Suriyothai Memorial) is a monument to a famous queen who died in battle saving her husband Phra Mongkhon Bophit sanctuary contains one of the world’s largest seated images of the Buddha. Ayutthaya also has a massive elephant kraal (walled enclosure), last used in 1903 in a pageant for royal guests. CHAMPA (INDOCHINA) Champa was formed in CE 192, during the Champa, ancient Indochinese kingdom breakup of the Han dynasty of China. lasting from the 2nd to the 17th century Evolving into a decentralized country ce and extending over the central and composed of four small states, named southern coastal region of Vietnam from after regions of India—Amaravati roughly the 18th parallel in the north to (Quang Nam); Vijaya (Binh Dinh); Point Ke Ga (Cape Varella) in the south. Kauthara (Nha Trang); and InPanduranga about CE 400(Phan ChampaRang) was united under the Established by the Cham, a people of rule of King Bhadravarman. Between 1190 Malayo-Polynesian stock and and 1220 the Chams again came under Indianized culture, Champa was finally Cambodian suzerainty, and later in the 13th absorbed by the Vietnamese, who in century they were attacked by the Tran kings of turn were strongly influenced by Cham Vietnam, as well as by the Mongols in 1284. By culture. the late 15th century, incessant wars of aggression and defense had for all practical purposes wiped out the Champa kingdom  Location: Northern Thailand (modern-day Sukhothai and SUKHOTHAI surrounding areas). KINGDOM Founding: Established in 1238 by King Si Inthrathit after independence from the Khmer Empire. (1238– Religion: Theravada Buddhism became the dominant religion under King Ramkhamhaeng. 1438) Government: Centralized monarchy with strong leadership from King Ramkhamhaeng (reigned 1279– 1298). Known for creating the "Sukhothai Script", the basis of the Thai writing system. Culture: Flourished in art, architecture, and Buddhism, producing iconic Buddha statues and Sukhothai temples. Economy: Based on agriculture (especially rice farming), trade, and crafts. Decline: Gradual decline in the 14th century as Ayutthaya grew stronger, eventually being annexed by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1438. Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802) Location: Vietnam (mainly central and southern parts). Founding: Established by the Tây Sơn brothers, led by Nguyen Hue, after overthrowing the corrupt Trinh and Nguyen lords. Significant Figures: Nguyen Hue (Emperor Quang Trung) – Brilliant military leader, defeated the Chinese Qing army in 1789 at the Battle of Ngoc Hoi-Dong Da Achievements Military Reform: Strong emphasis on military modernization and tactics. Social Reforms: Redistribution of land to peasants and efforts to reduce corruption. Challenges: Internal strife and external threats from both China and the Nguyen family (who later founded the Nguyen Dynasty). Decline: Defeated by Nguyen Anh (later Emperor Gia Long) who established the Nguyen Dynasty in 1802, ending the Tây Sơn rule.  MATARAM SULTANATE PYU CITY-STATES The Rise of the Pyu City-States The Rise of Mataram The Pyu people, a Tibeto-Burman-speaking The Mataram Sultanate emerged from group, migrated southwards into the Irrawaddy the remnants of the powerful Demak Valley from what is now the Chinese province of Sultanate, the first major Islamic Yunnan. kingdom on Java, which flourished from  Beik Thano, Maing Maw, Bin Naka, 1518 to 1550. Hanlin, and Sri Ksetra. Ki Ageng Sela The Pyu Civilization's Innovations Kyai Gedhe Pamanahan The Pyu city-states were known for their Sutawijaya, also known as advancements in urban planning, agriculture, Panembahan Senapati and technology. They developed sophisticated irrigation systems, using canals and water The Golden Age of Mataram tanks to manage the seasonal water scarcity, The Mataram Sultanate reached its peak which allowed for the expansion of rice of power during the reign of Sultan cultivation. Agung Hanyokrokusumo. The Decline of the Pyu City-States The Pyu city-states began to decline in the 9th The Division of Mataram century CE, facing repeated invasions from the In 1755, the Mataram Sultanate was Nanzhao kingdom of southern China. These formally divided into two successor invasions weakened the Pyu city-states, paving states: Surakarta and Yogyakarta. the way for the rise of the Pagan kingdom, which eventually absorbed the Pyu people and AO KINGDOM OF LAN XANG I n t h e la t e 1 9 8 0 s-The Kingdom of L a n X a ng, founded in 1 3 5 3 by K ing Fa N gum, wa s a power ful a nd c u lt ur a lly r ic h k ingdom in Sout hea st A s ia , la s ting un t i l t h e 1 8 t h c entury. I ts na me tr a nsla tes to " L a nd of a M illi on E lepha nt s a nd W hite Pa r a s ol, " sy m bol iz ing s t rength a nd prot ec t ion.  COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE DIFFERENT CULTU RA L I N F LU E N CE S Many civilizations like Funan, Srivijaya, and the POLI TI CA L STR UCTUR E S Most civilizations had centralized CIVILIZATIONS Khmer Empire adopted Indian culture, blending monarchies, like Khmer Empire and Hinduism and Buddhism into their societies. Ayutthaya, while Srivijaya and Majapahit Majapahit and Cham Civilization, retained operated through a feudal system with distinct local elements while integrating Indian regional governors. influences. The Cham Civilization consisted of smaller The Mataram Sultanate became a hub of kingdoms, while Pyu City-States and Islamic culture, whereas Sukhothai developed Sukhothai were more localized. Thai Buddhism. Tây Sơn emerged as a revolutionary regime Tây Sơn Dynasty and Lao Kingdom of Lan focusing on military power, while Mataram Xang emphasized local nationalism and Sultanate and Lao Kingdom centralized their Buddhist identity, shaping regional cultures governance around religious and cultural distinct from Indian traditions. leadership.  MONARCHY FORMS During early civilizations in Southeast Asia, monarchy was the dominant form of government, where kings were OF often viewed as semi-divine rulers with both political and religious authority. Influenced by Indianization, GOVERNM many kingdoms such as the Khmer Empire, Funan, and Srivijaya adopted Hindu and Buddhist concepts of divine ENT kingship, where rulers considered protectors of dharma or incarnations of gods. were  SULTANATES AND CHIEFDOMS FORMS During early civilizations in Southeast Asia, monarchy was the dominant OF form of government, where kings were often viewed as semi-divine rulers GOVERNM with both political and religious authority. Influenced by Indianization, many kingdoms such as the Khmer ENT Empire, Funan, and Srivijaya adopted Hindu and Buddhist concepts of divine kingship, where rulers were considered protectors of dharma or incarnations of gods.  RELIGIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Southeast Asia is a region with a rich tapestry of religious traditions, with Islam and Christianity being two of the most prominent faiths. Islam in Southeast Asia Dominant Presence Origins and Spread Key Factors in Spread Local Adaptations Influence of Pre-Existing Religions RELIGIONS IN SOUTHEAST C h r i s t i a n i t y i n S ou t h ea s t ASIA C ol o n i a l O r i g i n s Asia Po l i t i c a l a n d E c on om i c I n t eres t s C u l t u r a l I n t eg r a t i o n G row t h a n d Di v er s i t y C h a l l en g es a n d Ad a p t a t i o n s “T h i s o v er v i ew p rov i d es a g l i m p s e i n t o t h e c om p l ex a n d d y n a m i c rel i g i o u s landscape of S ou t h ea s t Asia, h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e s i g n i fi c a n t p res en c e a n d i n fl u en c e o f I s l a m a n d C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t h e reg i o n. ” INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN THE Cultural Infl uence REGION Islam: Shapes architecture, music, dance, literature, and social norms. Mosques feature intricate designs and Islamic art and calligraphy blend with local traditions. Christianity: Influences culture with churches in European styles, Christian art, and music. Social and Political Impact: Islam: Shapes social and political landscape, influencing legal systems and social practices, sparking debates on religion in governance. Christianity: Impacts social institutions, especially in education and healthcare through schools and hospitals. INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN THE REGION Sense of Community: Islam: Fosters a strong sense of community and identity among Muslims through shared practices and values. Christianity: Builds a sense of community and identity among Christians through shared practices and values. THANK YOU!