ART reviewer Midterm PDF

UNIT 1: LESSON 1: HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS 7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to others. HUMANITIES...

UNIT 1: LESSON 1: HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS 7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to others. HUMANITIES Humanity Scholars/Humanists Humanities scholars in humanities academic disciplines that study aspects of also describes the philosophical position of human society and culture. humanism came from the Latin “humanus” which means human, cultured and refined ARTS The study of humanities may also be attributed Art to the symmetry and balance discussed by the art piece known as the Vitruvian Man of a diverse range of human activities in creating Leonardo da Vinci. visual, auditory or performing artifacts, The Vitruvian man image demonstrates the expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual blend of mathematics and art during the ideas, or technical skill, intended to be Renaissance and demonstrates Leonardo’s deep appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. understanding of proportions referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Why study humanities? Activities related to the production of works of Art 1. Man is taught to be as what the term exactly means: being cultured and refined; criticism of art; 2. Humans have the characteristics of rationality, the study of the history of art; benevolence and care, he is cultured and refined and the aesthetic dissemination clarification a shown by goo tastes and manner indicative of needed of art. good and proper education; 3 Classical Branches of Art 3. Humanities contains the records of man’s quest for answers to the fundamental questions he Painting asks himself and about the world we live in; Sculpture 4. Humanities studies man and the manner in Architecture which he conducts himself from the time of his existence to the present (Martin & Jacobus, Nature of Arts 2004); from the point of view of different artists and 5. Humanities is composed of academic disciplines philosophers that make it distinctive in both content and Art or arts is of Aryan root "ar" which means to method from the physical and biological sciences join or put together and has its Latin term being and from the social sciences; "sars" or "artis" which means everything that is 6. The study of Humanities is devoted to artificially made or composed by man understanding the different phenomena within (wikipedia); the human cultural contexts; 7. Humanities studies how people process and document the human experience using Art constitutes one of the oldest and most philosophy, religion, literature, art, and history as important means expression developed by man; their way of understanding and recording the Art is subjective as it employs the use of world; and perception, insights, feelings, and intuition; 8. Humanities studies individuals' manner of expression varies as they record human it is the heightened expression of human dignity experiences and how the way of documenting and weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in these forms a connection between and among a world increasingly aware of its successes and humans of the past, present and future. failures; It refers to the skillful arrangement or Fundamental Principles of Humanities composition of some common but significant qualities of nature such as sounds, colors, lines, used as guides for a better understanding of life movements, words, stone, and wood to express and man's existence. feelings, thoughts, imaginations, and dreams in 1. Human nature is inherently good. an amazing, meaningful, and enjoyable way. 2. Individuals are free and are capable of (Adams, 2002); making choices. 3. Human potential for growth and It is man's expression of himself as an individual development is virtually unlimited. and how he views his existence; and 4. Self-concept plays an important role in Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation growth and development. specially when people understand them 5. Individuals have an urge for self- Functions of Arts actualization. 6. Reality is defined by each person. An avenue for people to: Express freely oneself;  Socially express his need for display, celebration According to Aristotle, poets imitated the following: communication; and 1. Things and events which have been or still are; Physically express the need for utility of 2. Things which are said to be seen and are functional objects. probable; and The Forums of Art Differentiated 3. Things which essentially are. Functional Art Forms Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) the need for life to be better His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY architecture, weaving, furniture-making that it is a matter of TASTE. Non-functional Art Forms The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant are: the need to express aesthetics and beauty Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, painting, sculpture, literature harmony and symmetry; and music, dance, and theater Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the viewers of the art. LESSON 2: ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY LESSON 3: ARTISTS vs. ARTISANS Philosophy Artist was probably coined by Pythagoras. is the study of general and fundamental a person engaged in an activity related to questions about existence, knowledge, values, creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating reason, mind, and language. an art. From Greek words Artisan philo – love sophia – wisdom is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly Aesthetics decorative is the study of beauty and taste, concerned with Artisanal the nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works of An adjective which is sometimes used in art. describing hand processing in what is usually examines subjective and sensori-emotional viewed as an industrial process, such as in the values, or sometimes called judgments of phrase artisanal mining. sentiment and taste. Philosophy of Art LESSON 4: THE ART FORMS is the study of the nature of art, including which one may use in order to express his artistic concepts such as interpretation, representation inclinations and expression, and form. 1.Architecture The Artistic Philosophers considered as the most functional of all the art Plato (428-347 BC) forms. He believed that "though arts can be used to 2. Sculpture train citizens to have an ideal society, using arts an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials to accomplish this should strictly be controlled". are worked into three-dimensional art objects. He also explained that the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational, eternal and 3. Painting changeless original which he called FORMS. the application of pigments to a support surface Plato's Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by the that establishes an image, design or decoration. truths according to him that: are extremely versatile because they can be applied to many different surfaces (called 1. Art is imitation supports) 2. Art is dangerous 4. Dance Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, he first distinguished between "what is good and usually to music and within a given space. what is beautiful". As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated that 5. Music physical manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE. an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. Common Elements of Music 3.History Pitch - governs melody and harmony the depiction of factual events that occurred in Rhythm - tempo, meter, and articulation the past whose purpose is either to remember Dynamics - loudness and softness important events of long ago or to teach the Sonic qualities of timbre and texture - learners about the lessons of the past. sometimes termed the "color" of a musical 4.Legends sound. 6. Theatre presented to viewers of the art as something tangible even when unverified. derived from the Ancient Greek théatron, "a 5.Religion place for viewing". a collaborative form of performing art that uses has played an enormous role in inspiring works live performers, typically actors or actresses. of visual arts, music, architecture and literature through ages 7. Literature 6.Mythology is any body or collection of written work. classified according to whether it is fiction or are sources of subjects that come from the nonfiction, and whether it is poetry or prose. stories of gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse and Egyptians. Classifications of Art Forms 7.Dream and Fantasy Visual Arts the wonder of the unconscious is what is being felt by the senses expressed by art works under this subject source. includes sculpture, painting architecture 8.Technology Digital Arts modernity of the present is also an inspiration Photography being used by artists as a source of subject. Installation arts LESSON 3: WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT UNIT 2: LESSON 1: THE SUBJECT OF AN ARTWORK 1.Naturalism Subject in Arts refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a refers to the main idea that is represented in the natural setting. artwork a type of art that pays attention to very accurate basically the essence of the piece and precise details, and portrays things as they -Some artworks have subjects and some do not.- are. Representational Art 2.Realism Also called as objective art generally the attempt to represent subject refers to art which represents something, matter truthfully, without artificiality and whether that be a tree in a landscape, apple in a avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural still life, or figure in a portrait. elements. also referred to as Figurative Art the most popular way of presenting art subjects. Non-representational Art 3.Abstraction also referred to as Non-objective Art finds its roots in 'intuition' (of the artist) and Refers to compositions which do not rely on 'freedom' (for the artist as well as for the viewer). representation or mimesis to any extent. Forms of Abstraction Distortion - the alteration of the original shape LESSON 2: THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT (or other characteristic) of something. 1.Nature Elongation - when the art subject is lengthened, protracted or extended. is considered the most commonly used source of Mangling - Artists show the subject as cut, art. lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated refers to the phenomena of the physical world, blows. and also to life in general. Cubism - the presentation of abstract figures through the use of a cone, cylinder, sphere, 2.People triangle, square, cube and circle in place of real are considered the most interesting subject of an pictorial elements. artwork which may be real or imagined. 4.Symbolism 1.Pencils – made of graphite which comes in different hardness from soft to hard or thickness from thick the use of a visible sign of an idea to convey to needle-like. the viewers, readers or audiences the message of his work. Shading Techniques 5.Fauvism a. Hatching - A series of thin parallel lines that run in the same direction. the name applied to the work produced by a group of artists (which included Henri Matisse b. Cross-hatching - A series of thin parallel lines and and André Derain) from around 1905 to 1910, criss-crossing it with another set of tin parallel lines. which is characterized by strong colours and c. Stippling - uses the sharp point of the pencil to brushwork. fierce make dot patterns in some parts of the drawing. 6.Dadaism d. Blending - may be accomplished by using the a protest movement in the art that is playful and finger or a paper stump to gradually change the experimental. tone from dark to light. “Dada" means a "hobby horse". 2. Ink - one of the oldest materials for drawing that is still 7.Futurism in use. was developed in Italy about the same time as 3. Pastel - composed of dry pigment held together by a cubism appeared in France. gum binder and compressed into sticks. 8.Surrealism Pastel Techniques this method mirrors the evils of the present a. Stippling - using pastel of different colors to society. produce small marks, thus, creating a pattern. 9.Expressionism b. Feathering - using the point of the pastel to make parallel strokes creating a feather-like effect. this features art works describing pathos, morbidity, chaos or even defeat and was c. Scumbling - like layering but using pastel. introduced in Germany from 1900-1910. d. Impasto - thickly applying the pastel by pressing UNIT 3: THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM it hard on the paper creating an opaque effect. e. Sgraffito - applies a thick deposit of pastel on the LESSON 1: The Process of Art Production support then using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to Production reveal the underlying color. is at the heart of making art 4. Charcoal - organic medium that comes from burnt wood. A. Medium Compressed Charcoal - vine charcoal which When an artist is ready to express himself in art comes in thin sticks that is easy to blend and and to give shape to his vision, his first thought erase. would be on what medium to use. Manufactured Charcoal - Made from loose B. Technique charcoal mixed with a binder and pressed into sticks. shows the level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated 5. Paper - the most common surface used in two- dimensional art. C. Curation Hot-pressed Paper - smooth It is a process that involves managing, overseeing Cold-pressed Paper - has moderate texture. and assembling or putting together a Rough Paper - has the most texture (tooth). presentation or exhibit for some type of artistic collection. B. Painting process of applying paint onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like paper, cloth, canvas, wood LESSON 2: THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL or plaster. ARTS Pigment - part of the paint that gives color. I. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Art Different Media for Painting A.Drawing 1. Watercolor - pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. The fundamental skill needed in the visual arts Different Media for Drawing 2. Gouache - pigment has been mixed with water and Different Media of Sculpture added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque 1. Stone - Hard and relatively permanent. effect. 2. Wood - varies in hardness and durability 3. Oil Paints - pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It depending on the kind of tree it came from. is a dense painting medium and gives rich, beautiful 3. Metal - has three unique qualities: tensile colors. strength, ductility and malleability. 4. Plaster - finely ground gypsum mixed with water 4. Tempera - pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes and poured into mold. with the white) as binder. 5. Terra cotta - baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a 5. Fresco - pigment is mixed with water and applied on a relatively high temperature. portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for mural 6. Glass - made by heating and cooling a paintings. combination of sand and soda lime. 7. Plastic - synthetic medium made from organic 6. Acrylic - Modern medium with synthetic paint using polymers. acrylic emulsion as binder. C. Mosaic III. Architecture Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass Architecture called tesserae. art of designing buildings and other structures D. Collage which will serve a definite function. This is a technique of making art by gluing or Construction Principles pasting on firm support materials found objects. 1. Post and Lintel E. Printmaking makes use of two vertical supports (post) and Process used for making reproductions of graphic spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). works. invented by Greeks. Printmaking Techniques 2. Arch a. Relief Painting – oldest method of printmaking consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi- circle. b. Intaglio Printing (Depressed) - instead of the invented by Romans. surface of the plate for the image, the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal plate. 3. Truss c. Surface Printing (Flat) - includes all processes in a system of triangular forms assembled to form which printing is done from a flat surface. a rigid framework. 4. Cantilever II. Plastic or Three - Dimensional Arts a structure that makes use of a beam or slab that extends horizontally into space beyond its A. Sculpture supporting post. originated from the Latin word "sculpere" which 5. Buttress means to carve. it is defined as the art or practice of creating a structure that is built as a support for the wall. three-dimensional forms or figures. Media of Architecture Kinds of Sculpture Compressive Strength 1. Freestanding - can be viewed from all sides. refers to those materials that can support heavy 2. Relief - the figures project from a background. weights without crumbling or breaking down. 3. Kinetic (mobile) - capable of movement by wind, water or other forms of energy. Materials that are used for Creating Building and Infrastructures: Process of Creating Sculpture Stone and Bricks - favored over other materials 1. Subtractive Process - involves removing or for its durability, adaptability to sculptural cutting away pieces of the material to form the treatment and its use for building simple figure. structures in its natural state. 2. Additive Process - involves the construction of a Lumber (wood) - all parts of a building can be figure by putting together bits of the material or constructed using wood except the foundations. by welding together metal parts to create Iron and Steel - provide stronger and taller figures. structures with less use of material when 3. Process of Substitution - involves using a mold to compared to stone or wood. produce a 3D figure in another material.  Concrete - mixture of cement and water, with Brass Instruments - have cup-shaped aggregates of sand and gravel. mouthpieces and expands into a bell-shaped end. Percussion Instruments - makes sound by hitting LESSON 3: LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS them. Literature Some Genres in Music art of combining spoken or written words and a. Classical Music - forms such as the symphony, their meanings into forms which have artistic and concerto, and sonata were standardized. emotional appeal. b. Folk Music - originated in the traditional popular culture or is written in such a style. Types of Literature c. Pop Music - began in the 1950s and is inspired in 1. Poetry - used to follow strict rules to the number the tradition of rock and roll. and length of lines and stanzas but in recent d. Jazz - originated in the African- American years they have become more free- flowing. communities in the late 19th and early 20th 2. Fiction - not real and which uses elaborate centuries. figurative language. e. Blues - originated from the African-Americans in 3. Non-Fiction - subject matter comes from real the deep South of the United States in the late life. 19th Century. 4. Drama - includes all plays or any written works f. Rock Music - form of popular music that evolved that are meant to be performed. from rock and roll and pop music. g. Alternative Music - a style of rock music that emerged from the independent music of the 1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s. LESSON 4: MUSIC Music LESSON 5: DANCE the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that Types of Dance express various ideas and feelings. 1. Ethnological - folk dances associated with Media in Music national and/or cultural groups. 2. Social or ballroom - type of dancing that are 1. Vocal Medium - oldest and most popular medium for generally performed in pairs. music is the human. - sometimes called contemporary or Classification of Human Voice interpretative dances. 3. Ballet - originated in the royal courts of the Female Voices Medieval era. Soprano - highest female singing voice. 4. Musical Comedy (musicale) - refers to those Contralto - female singing voice that is low and dances performed by one dancer or a group of rich in quality. dancers. Mezzo - the middle female voice and the most common of the female singing voices UNIT 4: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART Male Voices Tenor - highest adult male singing voice. LESSON 1: LINE AND KINDS OF LINE Bass - male singing voice that is low and rich in Line quality. Medium for music is the human. Baritone - male singing voice that is between a path made by a moving point; tenor and bass. a series of dots an intended mark made by the artist to 2. Instrumental Medium - materials that produce/create convey meaning beyond its physical sound description Traditional Instruments of Music Kinds of Lines String Instruments - provide basic orchestral 1. Straight lines sounds. geometric, impersonal and differ in the Bowed strings - produce tones by means direction that they take. of a bow of horse hair Plucked strings - produce tones by -Whatever is the direction, each kind indicates a specific plucking the strings with a finger or with a type of emotion.- plectrum held in one's hand. 2. Horizontal lines Woodwind Instruments - create sounds by a line that appears to be laying down. blowing into them. 3. Vertical lines  a line that appears to be standing. Complementary Harmony - results when two 4. Diagonal lines colors that are opposite each other in the color On the positive diagonals indicate action wheel are placed side by side. and movement i.e. to move forward and Analogous harmony - results when hues that are act. adjacent or beside each other in the color wheel On the negative, it conveys a feeling of is used in a composition. uncertainty, stress, and defeat. Color temperature - refers to the relative 5. Zigzag lines warmth or coolness of a color. are angular lines that resulted in abrupt change in the direction of a straight line thus forming angles. LESSON 3: SHAPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES unpleasant and harsh which portrays Shapes tension, conflict, chaos, or violence. 6. Curve lines formed when two ends of a line meet to enclose suggest grace, movement and flexibility an area. indicative of life and energy. Classifications of Shapes 1. Natural or organic shapes - those are seen in nature like the shape of leaves, animals, mountains, flowers, and seashells. 2. Abstract shapes - those that have little or no resemblance to natural objects. 3. Non-objective or biomorphic shapes - seldom have reference to recognizable objects, but most often show a similarity to some organic forms. 4. Geometric shapes - these are triangles, rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes. LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF COLOR AND HOW COLORS RELATE AND LIGHT AND SHADOW LESSON 4: TEXTURE, METHODS OF CREATING Color SPACE AND MOVEMENT adds beauty and meaning to all forms of art. Texture Properties of Color refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of an object. 1. Hue - the name given to the color, for example; red, green, violet, and blue. -Is visual texture possible?- Primary hues - cannot be produced from Space combining any hues (red, yellow, and blue). Secondary hues - produced when two primary an illusion in the graphic arts. hues are mixed in equal amounts (orange, green created by techniques that add depth and and violet). distance to two- dimensional art. Intermediate hues - mixing equal amounts of the -Is space present in sculpture and architecture?- primary and secondary hues produces (red orange, blue green and blue violet). Methods of Creating Space Tertiary hues - combining in equal mixture any 1. Overlapping planes (interposition) - create space two secondary hues. when an object covers a part of another object 2. Value - the lightness or darkness of a color. which is behind it. 2. Relative size - objects that appear large/big 3. Shade - when black is combined with hue. indicate nearness and small-sized objects as 4. Tint - when white is added with hue. distant. 3. Position on the picture plane (relative height) - Color harmony spatial representation is based upon the position one method of establishing color quality in a of objects relative to the bottom of the frame. composition. 3 Parts of Picture Plane Several ways of creating harmony Foreground - the bottom part Monochromatic harmony - when a single color Middle ground - where the horizon is in the composition is varied in intensity and value Background - the topmost part by adding white or black. Perspective deals with the effect of distance on the appearance of objects.  Linear Perspective pp pianissimo - very soft - give the perception distance by means of p piano - soft converging lines. mp mezo piano - half soft Aerial perspective (gradient) ff fortissimo - very loud - the effect of haze, mist or atmosphere on the crescendo - gradually becoming louder object. decrescendo - gradually becoming softer Movement Actual movement - in art, specifically in LESSON 6: ELEMENTS OF DANCE sculptures results in kinetic art. Implied movement - results when a variety of Music lines are used together, repeated, change in motivates the dancers to move in tune with its position, or decreased/increased in size. rhythm. it functions to captivate the interest and awe of the audience. LESSON 5: ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Movement Rhythm how the dancers use their bodies to move and a movement or pattern with uniform recurrence create organized patterns. of accented and accented beat Choreography Melody refers to how the steps and movements are the succession of tones arranged in such a way as connected for it to be performed in an organized to give it a musical sense. manner. Harmony Technique the sounding of a series of groups of tones in the the skill of the dancer in executing the same time. movements. Concordance results when the combination of sounds are in agreement which makes it sound Theme good. the content or the main ingredient of the dance. Dissonance results when the combination is not pleasant to hear. Design Timbre the planned organization or patterns of movement in time and space. is tonal quality or the character of the tone that is produced by an instrument or by the human Costume voice. enhance the effect of the dance. Form the structure or the framework of a composition. LESSON 7: ELEMENTS OF DRAMA Vocal Form Drama Opera is a drama set to music complete with basically one of the genres of literature that is actions, costumes and scenery written primarily to be performed. Cantata is a religious story told in music without actions Plot Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to music is concerned about what the story is all about. which depicts the conflict between the Christians and the Muslims. Plot Instrumental Forms Exposition is the part that familiarizes the audience with the characters and the situation Sonata is a long composition for solo instruments they are in. (piano, Violin) Complication happens in the middle part of the Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra play which develops the conflict that was started Dynamics in the exposition. Resolution (anticlimax) conditions in the story the loudness and softness of the sound in music are normalized and the situation becomes stable. indicated by symbols to regulate the volume of the sound. Setting Dynamics the locale and period in which the story takes place. Characters the persons involved in the story. Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the characters in the story. Theme is how the individual elements are put together to give the story significance and perspective.