Art Appreciation PDF

Unit 1 Humanities and the Arts This unit shall give you a run through an overview of the Humanities and the significance of the Arts as an important aspect of being human. Here, the basics of art appreciation shall be discussed which will further enhance the...

Unit 1 Humanities and the Arts This unit shall give you a run through an overview of the Humanities and the significance of the Arts as an important aspect of being human. Here, the basics of art appreciation shall be discussed which will further enhance the learner’s orientation on the significant role of humanities and the arts in one’s culture and the society in general. Learning Objectives: 1.Define Humanities and the Arts 2. Reflect on the contributions of humanities and the arts to people, culture and society. 3. Relate Arts and Humanities to Philosophy 4. Identify and give meaning to the different art forms 5. Review on the importance of the study of the Arts and art appreciation 6. Appreciate the contributions of the Arts to oneself. Lesson 1 - Humanities and the Arts “Man is the measure of all things.” - Protagoras What is Humanities? Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural, and sometimes social sciences, as well as professional training. The humanities use methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and have a significant historical element as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences, yet, unlike the sciences, it has no central discipline. The humanities include the study of ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, history, archeology, anthropology, human geography, law, politics, religion and art. Scholars in the humanities are "humanity scholars" or humanists. The term "humanist" also describes the philosophical position of humanism, which some "anti-humanist" scholars in the humanities reject. The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists. Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of literature, global studies and art. Human disciplines like history, folkloristics, and cultural anthropology study subject matters that the manipulative experimental method does not apply to—and instead mainly use the comparative method and comparative research. The study of humanities may also be attributed to the symmetry and balance discussed by the art piece known as the Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. This image demonstrates the blend of mathematics and art during the Renaissance and demonstrates Leonardo's deep understanding of proportions. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclopædia Britannica 1 online states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe." According to Leonardo's preview in the accompanying text, written in mirror writing, it was made as a study of the proportions of the (male) human body as described in Vitruvius' De architectura. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities) Image of the Vitruvian Man (widewalls.ch/google images) Why Study Humanities? A lot of reasons had been associated as to why one must study Humanities. The following items are just a few of the many reasons why one must engage and be interested in Humanities: As the word humanities came from the Latin “humanus” which means human, cultured and refined, man is taught to be as what the term exactly means: being cultured and refined; Humans have the characteristics of rationality, benevolence and care, he is cultured and refined as shown by good tastes and manner indicative of good and proper education 2  Humanities contains the records of man’s quest for answers to the fundamental questions he asks himself and about the world we live in Humanities studies man and the manner in which he conducts himself from the time of his existence to the present (Martin & Jacobus, 2004) Humanities is composed of academic disciplines that make it distinctive in both content and method from the physical and biological sciences and from the social sciences The study of Humanities is devoted to understanding the different phenomena within the human cultural contexts Humanities studies how people process and document the human experience using philosophy, religion, literature, art and history as their way of understanding and recording the world Humanities studies how individuals’ manner of expression varies as they record human experiences and how the way of documenting these forms a connection between and among humans of the past, present and future. Fundamental Principles of Humanities The following are identified fundamental principles of Humanities which are used as guides for a better understanding of life and man’s existence. 1. Human nature is inherently good. 2. Individuals are free and are capable of making choices. 3. Human potential for growth and development is virtually unlimited. 4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and development. 5. Individuals have an urge for self actualization. 6. Reality is defined by each person. 7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to others. Art Explained Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. Other activities related to the production of works of art include the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination[clarification needed of art. The three classical branches of art are painting, sculpture and architecture. Music, theater, film, dance and other performing arts as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the arts. Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or applied arts. Though the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation. The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics. 3 Nature of the Arts The following are identified natures of the Arts from the point of view of different artists and philosophers: 1. Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” which means to join or put together and has its Latin term being “sars” or “artis” which means everything that is artificially made or composed by man (wikipedia) 2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. 3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but significant qualities of nature such as sounds, colors, lines, movements, words, stone and wood to express feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in an amazing, meaningful and enjoyable way. (Adams, 2002) 4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception, insights, feelings and intuition 5. It is the heightened expression of human dignity and weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in a world increasingly aware of its successes and failures 6. It is man’s expression of himself as an individual and how he views his existence, and 7. Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation specially when people understand them Functions of Art Arts is a much needed avenue for people to: 1. Express freely oneself; 2. Socially express his need for display, celebration and communication; and 3. Physically express the need for utility of functional objects. The Forms of Art Differentiated The matrix below shows the difference of the art forms as identified: Functional art forms non- functional art forms (the need for life to be better) ( the need to express aesthetics and beauty) Architecture,weaving, furniture-making painting, sculpture, literature, music, dance and theater Functional Art Forms are those which may benefit the cause of man’s existence. They are art forms which give people sustenance as to need for life to be better. This benefit is mostly financial in nature. Functional art is generally applied art - art created for use, not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with an aesthetic in mind. It's art that serves a function, but is designed artistically for the purpose of beauty. They meet a need for use, and are works of art as well. (www.quora.com) 4  The following example art pieces below are just a few of those which may be considered functional art forms: andreadavis-become.com (google images) brabbu.com (google images) Examples of Functional Art Forms Non-functional art forms, on the other hand, Nonfunctional art is art that serves no utilitarian purpose. It is in direct contrast with functional art, which has both an aesthetic value and a utilitarian purpose. Nonfunctional art also encompasses paintings, sculptures and all manner of fine art. These pieces usually seek to engage with the viewer on an intellectual, emotional or aesthetic level. The exploration of these sensibilities, rather than their utilitarian merits, determines the artworks' worth. (reference.com) julspottery.com (google images) slideshare.com (google images) Examples of Non-functional art forms 5  Activity 1 Directions: Choose an object that you have difficulty in using. Make a plan to change the form of this object to make it more functional. Use the following as format of your presentation: Identify the object. Associate a picture for visualization. Presentation of the Plan ( in chronological and bulleted form) Activity1 Discuss the very important takeaways that you have learned from the lessons discussed. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________. Lesson 2 - Arts and Philosophy Philosophy and Arts Related Philosophy is a field of discipline which has attempted to explain almost all aspects of human existence. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras. Art or Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the study of beauty and taste, concerned with the nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works of art. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art. It examines subjective and sensori-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. Philosophy of art is the study of the nature of art, including concepts such as interpretation, representation and expression, and form. It is closely related to aesthetics, the philosophical study of beauty and taste. In short, one cannot do away with philosophy 6 when explaining an art work. Also, one cannot produce an artwork without considering the importance of the philosophy behind its production.(wikipedia.com) Below is an example of an art form entitled “ Art is a Friendly Deception” that combines both art and philosophy. medium.com (google images) The Artistic Philosophers The following are just a few of the philosophers whose advocacies not only focused on the philosophic ideas but also shared a few of their conceptions about the Arts. 1. Plato ( 428 – 347 BC) is a philosopher of Ancient Greece who is known for his Dialogues together with Socrates. He loved and hated the arts at the same time which makes his philosophical views on art unexplainably complicated. With the Republic being his work, Plato was seen as a good literary stylist and great story teller and considered the arts as threatening. He believed that “ though arts can be used to train citizens to have an ideal society, using arts to accomplish this should be strictly controlled”. He also explained that the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational, eternal and changeless original which he called FORMS. Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by the truths according to him that: 1. Art is imitation; 2. Art is dangerous. 7  (google images) Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples of what Plato called Forms or Ideas. Other philosophers have called them Universals. Many particular things can have the form of a circle, or of justice, or beauty. For Plato, these Forms are perfect Ideals, but they are also more real than physical objects. He called them "the Really Real". The world of the Forms is rational and unchanging; the world of physical appearances is changeable and irrational, and only has reality to the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Forms. The mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; the body and its passions are stuck in the muck of the physical world. So the best human life is one that strives to understand and to imitate the Forms as closely as possible. That life is the life of the mind, the life of the Philosopher (literally, the lover of wisdom). Self control, especially control of the passions, is essential to the soul that wants to avoid the temptations of sensuality, greed, and ambition, and move on to the Ideal World in the next life. (wikipedia.com) 2. Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC) was a student of Plato who first distinguished between “what is good and what is beautiful''. For him, the universal elements of beauty are manifested by order, symmetry and definiteness. As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated that physical manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE. He considered art as imitation or a representation of nature and his emphasis of the art is on POETRY which for him is more philosophical than Philosophy itself. 8  An image of Aristotle’s Poetics (google images) Poets imitated the following according to Aristotle: 1. Things and events which have been or still are; 2. Things which are said to be seen and are probable and 3. Things which essentially are. 3. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) was a German, Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a treatise on Aesthetics: Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime. His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY that it is a matter of TASTE. Kant explained that TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL. For KANT, beauty is a question of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT. The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant are: 1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony and symmetry; and 2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the viewers of the art. pinterest.com (google images) Kant’s Philosophy of the Mind as explained through Arts 9  Activity 2 Directions: Answer the following questions: 1. Why is it necessary for one to have a philosophical perspective on arts? 2. Identify other philosophers who advocated the arts and compare their ideas with those of the three notable ones as discussed in this module. 3. Whose perspective of the arts do you adhere to? Why? 4. Say something about the artwork “ Art is a Friendly Deception”. Expound your idea by means of giving relevant examples. Artists vs. Artisans An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (less often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in English only in this context; this use is becoming rare. Use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism. (www.wikipedia.com) The following are a few examples of artists in their fields of expertise: An image of a Bagiuo painter with his artwork (businessmirror.com.ph) 10  Ryan Cayabyab, A National Artist of the Philippines for Music (ncaa.gov.ph) An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items, household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker. Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist. The adjective "artisanal" is sometimes used in describing hand- processing in what is usually viewed as an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining. Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food products, such as bread, beverages or cheese. Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas. Artisans were the dominant producers of consumer products before the Industrial Revolution. In ancient Greece, artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby. Below are a few images of artisans doing their crafts: Sources: pinterest.com, slideshare.com and devex.com (google images) 11  Here is a Venn Diagram which features the similarities and differences of artists and artisans. source:scribd.com (google images) 12 Activity 3 Directions: Collect 10 pictures each featuring artists and artisans. Use the Google JamBoard in doing this exercise. As an activity: Curate the pictures sent in a matrix with two columns, one for the artist column and another one for artisan. Group the pictures accordingly then be ready to present your work in class. The Art Forms The arts refers to the theory, human application and physical expression of creativity found in human cultures and societies through skills and imagination in order to produce objects, environments and experiences. Major constituents of the arts include visual arts (including architecture, ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography and sculpting), literature (including fiction, drama, poetry, and prose), and performing arts (including dance, music and theater), culinary arts (including cooking, chocolate making and winemaking). Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g. cinematography), or artwork with the written word (e.g. comics). From prehistoric cave paintings to modern-day films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying humankind's relationship with the environment. (wikipedia.com) One’s self expression especially when inclined with arts may take various forms depending on the expertise and artistic inclinations of an artist, One may want to express his artistic abilities by way of specific art forms such as painting or dance or a combination of both. One may express oneself through other forms as music, sculpture, literature or all of three combined. Whatever form of art one may use in expressing oneself, what is important is that his self expression and creativity are explicit. The following items below are the art forms which one may use in order to express his artistic inclinations: 1. Architecture. Architecture is an art form that reflects how we present ourselves across the earth’s landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, technologies and cultural adaptations. Architecture not only provides worldly needs of shelter, workspace and storage but also represents human ideals in buildings like courthouses and government buildings and manifestations of the spirit in churches and temples. Traditional architecture has survived over thousands of years in one form or another, while contemporary design offers new approaches in how we use materials and technology to shape the look of our environment. (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/chapter/oer-1-27/) 13  Architecture is considered as the most functional of all the art forms. Some examples of architectural works are The Malacanang Palace, the Philippines’ seat of government, The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the center of cultural activities of the country and Burj Khalifa, the highest skyscraper in the United Arab Emirates to name a few. An image of The Malacanang Palace Source:discovephilippines.com (google images) The Cultural Center of the Philippines Source: blueprint.onemega.com (google images) Burj Khalifa Source: boondam.com (google images) 2. Sculpture. Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be embodied in freestanding objects, 14 in reliefs on surfaces, or in environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that envelop the spectator. An enormous variety of media may be used, including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found” objects. Materials may be carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise shaped and combined. (https://www.britannica.com/art/sculpture) Some example of sculptures are the following: The Jose Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, the University of the Philippines Oblation in all UP campuses around the Philippines and the Black Nazarene in the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo district, Manila, Philippines. The Rizal Monument Source: commons.wikimedia.org (google images) The UP Oblation The Black Nazarene Source: editorial101.blogspot.com Source: en.wikipedia.org 3. Painting. Painting is the application of pigments to a support surface that establishes an image, design or decoration. In art the term “painting” describes both the act and the result. Most painting is created with pigment in liquid form and applied with a brush. Painting as a medium has survived for thousands of years and is, along with drawing and sculpture, one of the oldest creative media. It’s used in some form by cultures around the world. Painting media are extremely versatile because they can be applied to many different surfaces (called supports) including paper, wood, canvas, plaster, clay, lacquer and concrete. (source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1/chapter/reading- painting) Some of the examples of this two-dimentional art form are Juan Luna’s 15 Spolarium, Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci and The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok among others. The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok Source: theculturetrip.com (google images) Spolarium by Juan Luna Source: news.abs-cbn.com (google images) 16  Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Source: britannica.com (google images) 4. Dance. Dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself. Dance is a powerful impulse, but the art of dance is that impulse channeled by skillful performers into something that becomes intensely expressive and that may delight spectators who feel no wish to dance themselves. These two concepts of the art of dance—dance as a powerful impulse and dance as a skillfully choreographed art practiced largely by a professional few—are the two most important connecting ideas running through any consideration of the subject. In dance, the connection between the two concepts is stronger than in some other arts, and neither can exist without the other. dance is an art form or activity that utilizes the body and the range of movement of which the body is capable. (https://www.britannica.com/art/dance) Some of the examples of this art form are the folk dances of the Philippines like Tinikling and Subli, ballet, and modern dances to name a few. 17  The Tinikling Source: pinoyfolkdances.blogspot.com (google images) Subli Folk Dance Source: choosephilippines.com google images) Modern Hip Hop Dance Source: datebook.sfchronicle.com (google images) 5. Music. Music is an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. General definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which 18 governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. (wikipedia) Some of the examples which may be associated with music are the Philippine folk songs and the produced popular music of Filipino singers like Sarah Geronimo and Gary Valenciano to name a few. Popular Filipino Bands Source: wheninmanila.com (google images) Source: actmusicguide.wordpress.com (google images) 6. Theater. Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek théatron, "a place for viewing", itself from theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe". Modern theatre includes performances of plays and musical theatre. The art forms of ballet and opera are also theatre and use many conventions such as acting, costumes and staging. They were influential to the 19 development of musical theatre; see those articles for more information. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre) Some examples of theatrical presentations are the following: Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream and Romeo and Juliet, Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables and the local theatrical presentations of Noli Me Tangere and chosen zarzuelas and moro-moro performances. Source: slideshare.net (google images) Plays of William Shakespeare Sources: theatre.colostate.edu and pa.marin.edu 20 7. Literature. Literature, most generically, is any body or collection of written work. More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes deploys language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Literature is classified according to whether it is fiction or nonfiction, and whether it is poetry or prose. Fiction can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story, or drama; and such works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic or genre. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature) Literature may be in any form such as poetry, novel, short story, essay, epic and legends among others. Literature may be oral or written and are also sometimes meant to be performed before an audience. Some exmaples of this literary pieces are The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin, Po-on by F. Sionil Jose, Myths, Legends and Folktales by Maximo D. Ramos and Stupid is Forever by the late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. source: google images The art forms may be classified as visual arts and performing arts. Visual arts are those which are felt by the senses which includes sculpture, painting and architecture. 21 Music, Dance and Theater are under the performance arts category. Literature may be visual or performance depending upon the manner as to how it shall be presented. At present, there are other emerging art forms that have evolved. These art forms are digital arts which includes photography and installation arts. Appreciating the Arts The previous pages of this module have given you a rundown of the basics of art appreciation and the key points as to how one will be keen in understanding a certain artwork or other forms of artistic presentation. The aim of making the students learn to appreciate the arts is primarily to get the learner an engaging relationship with a particular art work and for one to understand the meaning behind an artistic creation, the messages that it would want to convey to its viewers and to appreciate one’s product of art should one will be compelled to produce or make one. In so doing, here are a few pointers as to how art appreciation may be applied by a learner of the course as takeaways from learn.saylor.org/course: 1. Give a good physical description of the artwork based on their knowledge of art elements and materials; 2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist wants his work to represent and the learner’s subjective reaction to the works which includes their thoughts and feelings; 3. Perceive the art work in the context of its history. This would enlighten the learners of the artist’s intention in doing the work and add to the understanding of the meaning the work is supposed to convey; 4. Give meaning to the artwork based on its description, analysis and context; and 5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is good or bad based on the learner’s perception of it and its aesthetic and cultural value. Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it is. It is meant to stimulate thought because it allows viewers to draw their own emotions and pull from their personal experiences when viewed. It is very powerful in this way and it naturally develops critical and innovative thinking skills. Art also teaches many important qualities such as listening, observing and responding to multiple perspectives. Having an appreciation for art also helps us to develop an appreciation for each other and how we are all unique in our own way. For many people, art is meant to express something that we ourselves feel unable to express or convey. Through its visual medium it evokes feelings of joy, sadness, anger and pain. That is why art appreciation is so important in bringing that one final element to complete the work, and that is our interpretation. Our perspective brings the artwork to life as it changes for every person around it. It is important to foster art appreciation and analysis, as it helps us value the art in how it appeals to us and what it means to each person. It delves into the history and the story behind the art, as well as a look into the lives of the artists. It enables one to critically analyze a work, along lines of design, mastery and techniques. Most importantly, however, art appreciation stimulates thought and analysis, provokes an individual to look past what meets the eye and open our mind to the views of others. Art is here to stay. It is a person’s history and legacy which is an 22 Name: ____________________________ Date: _______________ Year and Section: ___________________ Rating: _____________ Unit I - Test Part I. IDENTIFICATION. Directions: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided. _____________________1. It studies how people process and document the human experience using philosophy, religion, literature, art and history as their way of understanding and recording the world. _____________________2. It is the philosophical study of beauty and taste, concerned with the nature of art and used as the basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works of art. _____________________3. Whose philosopher explained that the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational, eternal and changeless original which he called FORMS? _____________________4. He stated that physical manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE. _____________________5. A person who exhibits exceptional skills in the visual and/or the performing arts, more sensitive, very perceptive and more creative. _____________________6. What constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man? _____________________7. He is a person who is involved in skilled trade which produces things by hand. _____________________8. It is a three- dimensional art form that is created through molding, carving, welding, casting and assembling. _____________________9. What is considered the most functional of all the art forms? ____________________10. What art form uses words to express thoughts, ideas and feelings? Part II. TRUE or FALSE. Directions:: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement states an incorrect idea. Write your answers on the space provided. ____________________1. The fundamental principles of humanities are associated with beliefs about freedom and that human beings are capable of making significant personal choices within the constraints imposed by heredity, personal history and environment. 26 ____________________2. Art is objective and employs the use of perception, insights, feelings and intuition. ____________________3. Painting, sculpture, literature, music are examples of functional art forms. ____________________4. Sculpture is considered as the most functional of all the art forms. ____________________5. Individuals are free and are capable of making choices. ____________________6. Arts studies how people process and document the human experience using philosophy, religion and history as their way of understanding and recording the world. ____________________7. Human potential plays an important role in growth and development. ____________________8. Artists practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artisan. ____________________9. Non-functional art is generally applied art - art created for use, not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with an aesthetic in mind. ___________________10. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art. ___________________11. Music, Dance, Theater and Literature are visual art forms. __________________12. The Humanities and the Arts use an objective approach in the study of man and his being. __________________13. Painting and drawing are two - dimensional art forms. __________________14. The aim of making the students learn to appreciate the arts is primarily to get the learner an engaging relationship with a particular art work and for one to understand the meaning behind an artistic creation. __________________15. Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it is. __________________16. Fiction can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story, or drama. __________________17. Literature as an art form can only be considered performing arts in nature. 27 __________________18. In art appreciation, an art work must be perceived in the context of its history. __________________19. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. __________________20. The use of musical instruments in creating music is an example of visual art. Part III. ANALYSIS. Directions: Based on the posted artwork of Leonardo da Vinci’s The Vitruvian Man, answer the questions below. (5 points each) 1. What do you think does the artwork The Vitruvian Man mean to demonstrate? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Is The Vitruvian Man by Da Vinci truly a commendable piece of art? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Does puzzle and mystery in an artwork add interest in the viewers? Clarify your claim. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. What personal insights have you learned from Da Vinci’s The Viturvian Man? How can these be applied to your being a learner of Art Appreciation? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Part IV. REFLECTION. Directions: Expound on the following items reflecting on your learnings from Module 1. The following shall be used in grading your answer: content - 4 points, presentation - 4 points, grammar and diction - 2 points. 1. Art is universal and timeless. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.“Man is the measure of all things.” - Protagoras ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 28  Unit 2 Subject and Content Unit 2 shall focus on helping students to answer questions by investigating the subject of works of art. This will provide a guide for gathering clues embedded in works of art, as well as an introduction to searching for the underlying meaning and messages that are present in many works of art. Students will work, step by step, through the layers of meaning, delving more deeply into these layers with each work as they progress through the different lessons presented. Learning Objectives: By the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Differentiate representational and non-representational art; 2. Discuss the difference between an artwork’s subject and content; 3. Identify the subject matter and specific examples of art; 4. Enumerate the sources of the subjects of some of the most recognizable works of art Lesson 1 - The Subject of An Artwork The term subject in arts refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork. The subject in art is basically the essence of the piece. To determine subject matter in a particular piece of art, one may be guided by the questions: What is actually depicted in this artwork? What is the artist trying to express to the world... What is his or her message? And how are they conveying that message? In artwork, the subject matter would be what the artist has chosen to paint, draw or sculpt. The subject matter or topic is entirely up to the artist. Art is really liberating in that sense. It allows you to say whatever you want to say. Whether the message is understood by others is another story, and whether the artist discloses the meaning of it or not is also a personal choice. Some artists don't like to assign a strict explanation of their art so that they are not imposing on the viewers own narrative and concept of the work. That allows it to be more reflective or interactive if you like. It is nice to contemplate something without being told what it is. Of course there are some symbols that are archetypal and commonly understood/interpreted by humanity in the same way. Therefore symbols can be very powerful when trying to convey a specific idea. Other times one doesn't have a fixed idea when creating. Sometimes if I don't have a particular subject I just start to paint with no plan. It is a bit like meditation because through that process I am outside myself viewing the process remotely...or that is how I can best describe the experience anyway. I just let my subconscious work away starting with patterns and letting the colors and shapes suggest forms to me as I go and then the panting reveals itself to me. It is fun because it is a surprise to me also. 30  Some artworks have subjects and some do not. The art pieces which use a specific subject is called representational art or objective art; while those that have no subjects are called non-representational or non-objective art. Representational art refers to art which represents something, whether that be a tree in a landscape, apple in a still life, or figure in a portrait. Or in other words, it is art which is clearly identifiable as something which already exists in life. Representational art does not need to be a completely realistic depiction of the subject; there will often be varying levels of abstraction. (https://drawpaintacademy.com/) Representational Art is a term that generally refers to a painting or sculpture that is clearly recognizable for what it claims to be. It references images such as a human form or a tree, and although these images may not always be portrayed as true to life in color or position, they are still recognizable to the viewer. Representational Art depicts any identifiable object or series of objects and their physical appearance in reality. It is also referred to as Figurative Art, being that it is derived from real object sources. Oftentimes, representational artists act as observers, and interpret what they see in their own way through their work. (https://www.debuckgallery.com/glossary/representational- art/) The following are some examples of representational art works: Planting Rice by Fernando Amorsolo source: pinterest.com (google images) Apple Blossoms by Kristina Joy source: amazon.com (google images) 31  Non-representational or non-objective art, on the other hand, refers to compositions which do not rely on representation or mimesis to any extent. Abstract art, non figurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are related terms that indicate a departure from reality in the depiction of imagery in art. Meaning in nonrepresentational art is highly subjective and can be difficult to define. We can focus on the elements of the artwork (form, shape, line, color, space, and texture) in terms of the aesthetic value of the work, but the meaning will always be personal to the viewer unless the artist has made a statement about his or her intentions. Generally, we can look at non-representational art as the personal expression of an artist's subjective experience. Certain movements have described their intentions as an aim to evoke moods or emotions in the viewer. (boundless.com) Below are a few examples of non-representational art works: Composition VII by Wassily Kandinski Sources: en.wikipedia.org and pinterest.com (google images) 32 Lesson 2: The Sources of Subject A learner, most of the time, may imagine as to where an artist gets his inspiration from with regard to how he produces a certain masterpiece. It is noteworthy to remember that artists are unique both in personal experiences and human attributes hence their differences in the manner of creating art pieces or in producing art works. As art is a way of man in expressing himself, an artist’s choice of subject or the source of his inspiration only explains his inner world and his personality in general. With thi, it is noteworthy to present the sources of artists’ inspiration in doing their works. 1. Nature. Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. “Nature” refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general.”(wikipedia.com) It is considered the most commonly used source of art. Source:art-is-fun.com (google images) Source:princetonbar.com(google images) 2. People. They are considered the most interesting subject of an artwork which may be real or imagined. An artist’s thoughts, moods and even the genre of a certain art work may be depicted by people by means of clues as takeaways. People as subjects may be presented as individuals or groups and may perform tasks as how they do in their everyday life. Below are a few examples. 36  source: thoughtco.com (google images) Source: bluethumb.com.au 3. History. It is the depiction of factual events that occured in the past whose purpose is either to remember important events of long ago or to teach the learners about the lessons of the past. Some of the examples of art works with history as source of inspiration are as follows: Bonifacio Monument by Guillermo Tolentino source: bluedreamer27.com The Making of the Philippine Flag by Fernando Amorsolo Source: pinterest.com (google images) 37 4. Legends. Artworks based on legends present to viewers of the art something tangible even when unverified. Art brings life to these stories. Si Malakas at si Maganda by Marcelo Chan source: pinterest.com Lost Excalibur by Rashieq Sasman source: arstation.com (google images) 5.Religion. Religion has played an enormous role in inspiring works of visual arts, music, architecture and literature through ages. Artists used as inspiration the religious texts as the Bible, Quran and Torah in conveying their ideas and beliefs through their art works. It was also established that art is considered the handmaid of religion. The Hand of God by Auguste Rodin source:bycommonconsent.com (google images) 38 5. Mythology. These are sources of subjects that come from the stories of gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse and Egyptians. These so called deities of the mythological world depict present humanlike behaviours. Medusa by Luciano Garbati source: qz.com Greek god by Pichiavo source:thiscollosal.com (google images) 7.Dreams and Fantasy. The wonder of the unconscious is what is being expressed by art works under this subject source. These works of art somehow explain to the viewers the content of the art piece including the hidden meaning behind each work. The unconscious is being made to be understood by this source of subject. Artworks by Josephine Wall and Barbara Devlin source:pinterest.com (google images) 39 8. Technology. The modernity of the present is also an inspiration being used by artists as a source of subject. The wondrous use of machines, the towering skyscrapers, state of the art robotics technology, top of the line transportation machineries as cars, ships and motorcycles to name a few are sources of subjects of interest under technology. The WEEE Man Source: law_kevin/weburbanist.com Humanity Drowning in Technology by Elizabeth Elkin source: pinterest.com (google images) Sources of Subject Powerpoint Presentation Source: http://www.slideshare.net https://www.slideshare.net/janril/subject-and-content-of- arts?fbclid=IwAR2HdEozAu6QcplgnzpLZLW8W8F7ZQFAkLUIALtODApQQL6MicO wzsGcon0 40 Lesson 3: Ways of Presenting the Subject After the artist has decided on the source of the subject of his artwork, he is now ready to identify the method of how he wants his art work to be presented to his viewers. Their choice of a method may depend upon his expertise, exposure to certain art pieces or simply of his personal preferences. The following are some of the methods or ways on how an artist presents his subject to his audience. 1.Naturalism. Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar approach over the centuries. Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School. Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are. (source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism) Artworks in naturalism always depict pieces showing the idealized human form. One would immediately recognize that these images were imitated from the human form. Similar to the superheroes of today’s comic books and films, these figures were made almost perfect to imbue them with a greater degree of stature and significance worthy of superbeings. In this way, the imagery did not focus on the specific attributes of an individual but on the more universal characteristics of the human form as is accepted by the culture of the day. (Kissick, 1996) Hay Making by Jules Bastien-Lepage source: https://www.theartstory.org/ 2.Realism. Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural 44 elements. Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and can be in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and colour. But realist or naturalist works of art may, as well or instead of illusionist realism, be "realist" in their subject matter, and emphasize the mundane, ugly or sordid. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/) Realism is the most popular way of presenting art subjects. The Stone Breakers by Gustave Courbet source: https://www.theartstory.org/ 3.Abstraction. Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as for the viewer). It is the capability of the artist to use their imagination to look beyond what we can physically see and translate intangible emotions onto the canvas. It is also the ability of the audience to then try to connect to the artist’s intention and free their own mind of visual restrictions. Historically, the abstract art movement emerged in the nineteenth century as a reaction to academic painting or realism. In fact, a very simple way to understand the essence of abstract art is to think of it as a visual opposite of realistic art. While realism pays attention to every tiny fold or wrinkle, abstraction gives the artist the freedom to trust their intuition to create art that is equally worthy of an audience. (https://www.art-mine.com/) This is a method of presenting the subject where the artist moves away from reality. The artist usually alters the shapes and colors in rendering a particular art piece. Abstraction may be in these forms: A. Distortion. Distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of something. In the art world, a distortion is any change made by an artist to the size, shape or visual character of a form to express an idea, convey a feeling or enhance visual impact. (https://en.wikipedia.org/) 45  Art pieces of Henrietta Harris source: https://usaartnews.com/ B.Elongation. Elongation is when the art subject is lengthened, protracted or extended. (twitter.com) High Aspirations by Ernie Barnes C.Mangling. Artists show the subject as cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows. The Weeping Woman by Pablo Picasso ( pablopicasso.org/ goggle images) 46 D.Cubism. This is the presentation of abstract figures through the use of a cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube and circle in place of real pictorial elements. 'Factory, Horta de Ebbo' by Pablo Picasso (https://www.artyfactory.com/) 4.Symbolism. This is the use of a visible sign of an idea to convey to the viewers, readers or audiences the message of his work. In this way, mystery is advocated by an art work making it more interesting to the viewers. The key to eliciting symbolic art involves studying the background and personality of the artist and his inspiration in producing the said piece of work. Mona Lisa by Da Vinci source: amazon.com 5.Fauvism. Fauvism is the name applied to the work produced by a group of artists (which included Henri Matisse and André Derain) from around 1905 to 1910, which is characterised by strong colours and fierce brushwork. The name les fauves (‘the wild beasts’) was coined by the critic Louis Vauxcelles when he saw the work of Henri Matisse and André Derain in an exhibition, the salon d’automne in Paris, in 1905. The paintings Derain and Matisse exhibited were the result of a summer spent working together in Collioure in the South of France and were made using bold, non-naturalistic colours (often applied directly from the tube), and wild loose dabs of paint. The forms of the subjects were also simplified making their work appear quite abstract. (https://www.tate.org.uk/) 47  source: artsy.net 6.Dadaism. Dadaism is a protest movement in the art that is playful and experimental. “Dada” means a “hobby horse”. Dadaism is most often nonsensical. Marcel Duchamp is the famous painter using this method. It is considered a revolt against tradition because it does not follow the principles in art and shows the wickedness of society in its presentation. The aim of this method is to shock and provoke its viewers. Fountain by Duchamp source: magazine.artland.com 7.Futurism. This was developed in Italy about the same time as cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the mechanical energy of modern life. 48  The Futuristic Art of NASA source: artsy.net 8.Surrealism. This method mirrors the evils of the present society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of the mind. The art movement began in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton. It emphasized the activities of the subconscious mind mostly exemplifying violence and cruelty. The surrealist’s aim is to reveal the deep and ugly part of human nature. source: pinterest.com 9.Expressionism. This features art works describing pathos, morbidity, chaos or even defeat and was introduced in Germany from 1900 – 1910. Expressionists believe that man needs spiritual rebirth for him to correct defects that ruin the society. The Night (Die Nacht) by Max Beckmann source: https://www.identifythisart.com 49  Unit 2 Test Name: __________________________ Date: __________________ Year and Section: ________________ Score: _________________ Test I. Matching Type. Directions: Phrases will be provided in the numbers below. Match the phrase to the term that it refers to. 1. Past events and memories A. Religion B. History 2. Gods and goddesses A. History B. Mythology 3. Subject of the artwork is evident A. Realism B. Representational art 4. Sacred texts A. Religion B. Mythology 5. Cut, lacerated and mutilated A. Distortion B. Mangling 6. Use of geometric figure A. Cubism B. Elongation 7. Subject is stretched A. Symbolism B. Elongation 8. Bright colors showing comfort and joy A. Fauvism B. Dadaism 9. The subject as it is A. Realism B. Naturalism 10. “hobby horse” A. Dadaism B. Fauvism 11. Moving away from reality A. Abstraction B. Symbolism 12. Meaning conveyed is different from the literal C. Abstraction D. Symbolism 13. Activities of the subconscious A. Expressionism 51 B. Surrealism 14. Misshapen and twisted A. Distortion B. Elongation 15. Ruins and ills of society A. Expressionism B. Surrealism Test II. True or False. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement conveys the correct idea, FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write your answer on the space provided. ________________1. The subject refers to what the work represents which could be a person, object, scene or event. ________________2. Surrealism came from the merging of super and realism that emphasized on the activities of the unconscious mind where themes are mostly violent and cruel which reveals the deep, true and ugly part of human nature. ________________3. Symbolism is an art movement that began in Italy which aims at making their works capture the speed and force of the modern industrial society. ________________4. Dadaism is an art movement that doesn’t follow the traditions and principles in art, and tries to shock society and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals and art exhibits. ________________5. Religion is considered the handmaid of Art. ________________6. People are the most popular source of objective art. ________________7. A work of art is realistic when the presentation and organization of details in the work are imitated or duplicated. ________________8. Abstraction as subject presentation should be presented as is and does not involve the use of any other forms. ________________9. In distortion, artists show subjects as cut, mutilated, lacerated or hit with repeated blows. ________________10. Dadaism as a method of subject presentation means “wild beasts”. Test III. Artwork Recognition. Directions: Identify the way the following subjects of art are presented and the source used by the artist in presenting the art pieces. Write your answers on the space provided. 1. _________________________________ 52 https://www.debuckgallery.com/glossary/representational-art/ https://www.boundless.com https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism https://en.wikipedia.org/ https://www.art-mine.com/ https://www.tate.org.uk/ https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.slideshare.net/janril/subject-and-content-of- arts?fbclid=IwAR2HdEozAu6QcplgnzpLZLW8W8F7ZQFAkLUIALtODApQQL6MicO wzsGcon0 https://www.slideshare.net/marvindc05999/met5hods-of-presenting-the-artv *End of Unit 2* Unit 3 The Artist and His Medium This part of Art Appreciation focuses more on the technical aspect of the course which refers more on the process of creating the art work, the materials and equipment needed, the techniques applied as well as how to preserve so that it can be appreciated and utilized for a long period of time. Learning Outcomes: After the discussion of the lessons under the unit, students taking the course are expected to: 1.Understand the different processes of art production 2. Learn the variety of visual art media 3. Know the different art forms and their variations 4. Create basic samples of the different art forms 5. Appreciate the value of art and its variety Lesson 1 - The Process of Art Production Production is at the heart of making art. Artists and theorists have long acknowledged its importance as both an artistic action and an idea to be explored. And as the role of production has shifted in our lives, so have the ways in which artists have responded to it. While some contemporary artists foreground production as a tool, 56 others use their work to explore ideas around production we might otherwise overlook. It can refer to the making of something, or to a final product, like a theatrical performance. It can be the process of bringing a song or musical to life or honing that work to perfection. Production might bring out images of factory production lines, or even the theories of scientists and philosophers after the mind has conceived it through a certain process. Video link: https://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/tate-exchange/art-production A. Medium When an artist is ready to express himself in art and to give shape to his vision, his first thought would be on what medium to use. B. The Technique The technique of the artwork shows the level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated. C. Curation Derived from the word “curare” which means to take care. It is a process that involves managing, overseeing and assembling or putting together a presentation or exhibit for some type of artistic collection. Lesson 2 - The Different Media of the Visual Arts I. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts A. Drawing The fundamental skill needed in the visual arts. a. Different Media for Drawing: 1. Pencils- Made of graphite which comes in different hardness from soft to hard or thickness from thick to needle-like. i. Shading Techniques: ✔ Hatching- A series of thin parallel lines that run in the same direction. ✔ Cross-hatching- A series of thin parallel lines and criss-crossing it with another set of tin parallel lines. ✔ Stippling- Uses the sharp point of the pencil to make dot patterns in some parts of the drawing. ✔ Blending- May be accomplished by using the finger or a paper stump to gradually change the tone from dark to light. 57  www.googleimages.com 2. Ink- It is one of the oldest materials for drawing that is still in use. It allows for a great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and technique used in the application. 3. Pastel- This is composed of dry pigment held together by a gum binder and compressed into sticks. 58  (www.googleimages.com) i. 3 Kinds of Pastel: ✔ Soft Pastel ✔ Hard Pastel ✔ Oil Pastel ii. Pastel Techniques: ✔ Stippling- Using pastel of different colors to produce small marks, thus, creating a pattern. ✔ Feathering- Using the point of the pastel to make parallel strokes creating a feather-like effect. ✔ Scumbling- It is like layering but using pastel. The side of the pastel is lightly drawn on top of an existing color but still making the color of the first layer visible. ✔ Impasto- The technique of thickly applying the pastel by pressing it hard on the paper creating an opaque effect. ✔ Sgraffito- Technique that applies a thick deposit of pastel on the support then using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal the underlying color. 4. Charcoal- An organic medium that comes from burnt wood. i. 2 Kinds of Charcoal: ✔ Compressed Charcoal- The vine charcoal which comes in thin sticks that is easy to blend and erase. ✔ Manufactured Charcoal- Made from loose charcoal mixed with a binder and pressed into sticks. 5. Paper- The most common surface used in two-dimensional art. i. 3 Types of Paper: ✔ Hot-pressed Paper- Smooth 59 ✔ Cold-pressed Paper- Has moderate texture. ✔ Rough Paper- Has the most texture (tooth). B. Painting It is the process of applying paint onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. a. Pigment- Part of the paint that gives color. b. Different Media for Painting: 1. Watercolor- Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. www.googleimages.com 2. Gouache- The pigment has been mixed with water and added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. www.googleimages.com 3. Oil Paints- Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It is a dense painting medium and gives rich, beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century. 60  www.googleimages.com 4. Tempera- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with the white) as binder. www.googleimages.com 5. Fresco- Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for mural paintings. w ww.googleimages.com 61 6. Acrylic- Modern medium with synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion as binder. www.googleimages.com C. Mosaic Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass called tesserae. www.googleimages.com D. Collage Derived from a French word “coller” which means to stick. This is a technique of making art by gluing or pasting on firm support materials or found objects. www.googleimages.com 62 E. Printmaking Process used for making reproductions of graphic works. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master image from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface. www.googleimages.com a. Printmaking Techniques: 1. Relief Painting (Raised)- The oldest method of printmaking. The technique involves cutting away certain parts of the surface and leaving the ‘raised’ part to produce the image. 2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed)- Instead of the surface of the plate for the image, the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal plate. 3. Surface Printing (Flat)- Includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat surface. II. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts A. Sculpture Originated from the Latin word “sculpere” which means to carve. It is defined as the art or practice of creating three-dimensional forms or figures. a. 3 Kinds of Sculptures: 1. Freestanding- Sculptures which can be viewed from all sides. wildhandzart.com 63 2. Relief- Sculptures in which the figures project from a background. www.googleimages.com Two Variations of Relief Sculpture: ✔ Low Relief (bas relief)- Figures are slightly raised/projected from its background. ✔ High Relief- Almost half of the figures project from its background, more shadows are created. 4. Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water or other forms of energy. www.googleimages.com 64 Lesson 3 - The Process of Creating Sculptures A. Subtractive Process Involves removing or cutting away pieces of the material to form the figure. B. Additive Process The process involves the construction of a figure by putting together bits of the material or by welding together metal parts to create figures. C. Process of Substitution This process is also known as casting. This method involves using a mold to produce a 3D figure in another material. D. Different Media of Sculpture: a. Stone- A natural medium.Hard and relatively permanent. b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies in hardness and durability depending on the kind of tree it came from. c. Metal- It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility and malleability. d. Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into mold. e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature. f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime. g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from organic polymers. Lesson 4 - Architecture Art of designing buildings and other structures which will serve a definite function. www.googleimages.com A. Construction Principles a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two vertical supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks. b. Arch- A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle. i. Structures that can be Built from the Principle of Arch: ✔ Barrel Vault- A succession of arches. 65 ✔ Groin Vault- A structure that is formed by intersecting arches resulting in four openings. ✔ Dome- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup. c. Truss- System of triangular forms assembled to form a rigid framework. d. Cantilever- A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that extends horizontally into space beyond its supporting post. e. Buttress- A structure that is built as a support for the wall. Lesson 5 - Media of Architecture A. Compressive Strength- Refers to those materials that can support heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down. B. Materials that are used for Creating Building and Infrastructures: a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored over other materials for its durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use for building simple structures in its natural state. b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building can be constructed using wood except the foundations. c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and taller structures with less use of material when compared to stone or wood. d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and gravel. Activity 1 for Unit 3 Task Description: Students will choose a medium based on the previously discussed topics and create a simple actual representation of the chosen artwork. The piece must reflect the relevance to the current social scenario along with a written reflection regarding the artwork that will awaken and move the viewers emotional state regarding the art piece. The output will be presented before the class through Google slides or JamBoard. Lesson 6 - Literature and the Combined Arts A. Literature Art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal. 66  www.googleimages.com B. Types of Literature a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s to the number and length of lines and stanzas but in recent years they have become more free-flowing b. Fiction- Written work that is not real and which uses elaborate figurative language. c. Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from real life. d. Drama- Includes all plays or any written works that are meant to be performed. Lesson 7 - Music, Media in Music, some Genres of Music A. Music Defined as the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that express various ideas and feelings. www.googleimages.com B. Media in Music a. Vocal Medium- The oldest and most popular medium for music is the human voice. i. Classification of Human Voice (Komien,2008): ✔ Soprano- Highest female singing voice. ✔ Contralto- Female singing voice that is low and rich in quality. ✔ Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice. ✔ Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich in quality. 67 ✔ Baritone- Male singing voice that is between tenor and bass. b. Instrumental Medium- Materials that produce/create sound i. Traditional Instruments of Music: ✔ String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed strings that produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair and Plucked strings that produce tones by plucking the strings with a finger or with a plectrum held in one’s hand. ✔ Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by blowing into them. ✔ Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and expands into a bell- shaped end. ✔ Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by hitting them. ✔ Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by means of a keyboard which consist of a series of black and white keys. C. Some Genres of Music: a. Classical Music- European tradition that covered the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized. b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional popular culture or is written in such a style. c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the tradition of rock and roll. d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans in the deep South of the United States in the late 19th Century. f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that evolved from rock and roll and pop music. g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that emerged from the independent music of the 1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s. Lesson 8 - Dance, Types of Dance A. Dance Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the man’s gestures that express emotions through rhythmic movements. www.googleimages.com 68 B. Types of Dance: a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated with national and/or cultural groups. b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that are generally performed in pairs. c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era. d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances. They represent rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those dances performed by one dancer or a group of dancers. Lesson 9 - Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama www.googleimages.com A. Drama Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-out or performed on stage in front of an audience. B. Theatre Combined art that includes music, dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture. C. Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000): a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre. b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending battle between good and evil wherein good always wins. c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy. d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and criticized human behavior to pave the path to some form of salvation for human actions. e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated situations and improbable characters. 69 Lesson 10 - Cinema, Genres of Motion Pictures and People Behind Motion Pictures A. Cinema Series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion. B. Genres of Motion Pictures: a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie theaters. b. Animated movies- Use images created by artists/ animators. c. Documentary movies- deal primarily with facts, not fiction. d. Experimental films- Sequence of images, literal or abstract, which do not necessarily form a narrative. e. Educational Films- Specifically intended to facilitate learning at home or classrooms. C. People Behind a Motion Picture a. Actors- Play the roles of the characters. b. Producer- handles finances. c. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for the screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work as motion pictures. d. Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how the film should be portrayed and guides the actors and the production crew as they carry out the project. Activity 2 for Unit 3 Task Description: From all the discussed topics from lesson 6 to 10 (literature, music, dance, theater, and cinema), select one example for each and create a complete documentary report based on the following format: genre, artist, history/background and message or meaning. Use Google spreadsheet in presenting your work. References: Ferrer, Maria Cristina D. et.al, Art Appreciation. Panday Lahi Publishing House, Inc. Sucat, Muntinlupa City. https://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/tate-exchange/art-production www.googleimages.com https://www.artyfactory.com/artappreciation.html#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%20is %20the%20knowledge,and%20improve%20your%20own%20artwork. https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/ 70  Unit 4 Elements and Principles of Art This unit presents the importance of the different elements of the art mediums that make up the holistic character and qualities of the art work. The discussions will focus on how the elements and the different basic principles can merge and effectively create a particularly organized art piece. Learning Objectives: At the end of the discussion of the Unit, the students taking the course are expected to: 1. Understand the different principles of the elements and classifications of the arts. 2. Learn successfully the methods of creating art and designs. 3. Apply the principles effectively in creating one’s own art work. 4. Value the learned principles and rules in art creation and design. Lesson 1 - Line and Kinds of Line A line can be defined in several ways: It is a path made by a moving point; a series of dots; a prolongation of points or according to Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk. One definition of a line, however, that captures its essence in the visual arts is it being an intended mark made by the artist to convey meaning beyond its physical description. Kinds of lines Straight lines are geometric, impersonal and differ in the direction that they take. The straight lines may move from left to right, start from the top going down, slant or move up and down forming angles. Whatever is the direction, each kind indicates a specific type of emotion. Horizontal lines - move from left to right or vice versa. It is a line that appears to be laying down. Vertical Line - start from bottom to top or vice versa. It is a line that appears to be standing. Diagonal lines - are slanting lines. In the visual art, diagonals suggest two meanings, a positive and a negative one. On the positive diagonals indicate action and movement i.e. to move forward and act. On the negative, it conveys a feeling of uncertainty, stress and defeat. Zigzag lines - Are angular lines that resulted in abrupt change in the direction of a straight line thus forming angles. The lines are unpleasant and harsh which portrays tension, conflict, chaos, or violence. 71  Curved lines - are technically curvilinear lines. Curve lines suggest grace, movement and flexibility indicative of life and energy. When a curve line moves continuously in opposite directions, it forms a wavy line which shows fluidity because of the gradual change in direction. (#wildhandzart) Lines can possess a variety of characteristics, depending on shape, density,rhythm, angularity, and the material that have produced them. Lines may be short or long, fine or thick, heavy or light, wavy or jagged, straight or curved. As shown in the diagram below (alphabet of lines). No matter what type of line it is, it always has direction. ALPHABET OF LINES 72 Lesson 2 - Properties of Color and How Colors Relate and Light and Shadow Color - The significance of color as an element of the visual arts cannot be over emphasized. People see and perceive the world as a multitude of colors. Also the materials used by the artists possess characteristics of color. Color adds beauty and meaning to all forms of art. The world would be a gloomy place if it is devoid of color. (google images) Color is the property of light. So when light goes out, color goes with it. Color is composed of a series of wavelengths which strike the retina of the eyes. A ray of light contains all the colors of the visible spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV). The visible spectrum was discovered by sir Isaac Newton when light was allowed to pass through a glass prism. Passing white light through a prism breaks it into a band of the visible colors (just like a rainbow). Properties of Color Hue - It is the name given to the color, for example; red, green, violet and blue. For pigments, RED, YELLOW and BLUE are called primary hues. They are considered primary because these hues cannot be produced from combining any hues. When two primary hues are mixed in equal amounts, secondary hues are produced. These are ORANGE, GREEN and VIOLET. Mixing equal amounts of the primary and secondary hues produces intermediate hues which are RED ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE VIOLET. Combining in equal mixture any two secondary hues produces the tertiary hues. 73  (www.googleimages.com) Value - refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. The value of any hues can be changed by adding a neutral such as black or white. This results in changing the quantity of light the hue reflects. Shade - When black is combined with hue. Tint - When white is added with hue. Intensity - denotes the brightness or dullness of a color. It gives color its strength. Colors differ in intensity or vividness. Hues become less intense (dull) when white is added because color becomes lighter in value. The hues’ intensity diminishes when black is added and as the value darkens. If gray is added, the result will be a variation in intensity without any change in value. How Colors Relate 74 Color harmony is one method of establishing color quality in a composition. There are several ways of creating harmony that an artist can use. The most common are the following: Monochromatic harmony - When a single color in the composition is varied in intensity and value by adding white or black. Complementary Harmony - results when two colors that are opposite each other in the color wheel are placed side by side. Analogous harmony - results when hues that are adjacent or beside each other in the color wheel is used in a composition. Color temperature - refers to the relative warmth or coolness of a color. Warm colors are colors that have YELLOW as its dominant component white cool colors have blue as their dominant component.\ (www.googleimages.com) Light and Shadow (Value) 75  Light and shadow focuses on what is known as achromatic value. This refers to the changes in the amount of reflected light which ranges from black to gray to white and vice versa. An artist who has mastered the manipulation of achromatic value in a composition gives his work the illusion of depth and form. Chiaroscuro is the technique of manipulating light and shadow in painting. Masters who have perfected the use of this technique are Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Caravaggio. Rembrandt and Caravaggio went a step further and exaggerated the use of shadows to an extreme called tenebrism or “dark manner”. In the local scene, Fernando Amorsolo, also mastered chiaroscuro, but his focus was more on the manipulation of light rather than shadow. Chiaroscuro (www.googleimages.com) Lesson 3 - Shape and Classification of Shapes Shapes - In visual arts, a shape is formed when two ends of a line meet to enclose an area. The area may stand out from the surface because of a difference in color, value or texture. They may also present themselves as flat or two-dimensional and solid or three- dimensional on a picture plane. Picture plane - any flat surface onto which the artwork is created. Negative shapes - these are between the shapes that are not occupied by any form. In painting, these spaces can be as important as the shapes themselves. In sculpture and 76 architecture, the shape of the artwork can be determined by viewing the work against its background (Marquardt & Eskilson, 2005). Classification of Shapes Natural or organic shapes - those are seen in nature like the shape of leaves, animals, mountains, flowers and seashells. Abstract shapes - those that have little or no resemblance to natural objects. Non-objective or biomorphic shapes - seldom have reference to recognizable objects, but most often show a similarity to some organic forms. Geometric shapes - these are triangles, rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes. Sculpture and architecture are three-dimensional forms, which are identified either by mass or volume. When mass is structured or has a definite shape, it is said to have volume. The sculptor is concerned with volume because sculpture occupies space. Single volume is the fundamental unit in sculpture. Lesson 4 - Texture, Methods of creating Space and Movement Texture - refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of an object. It has to do with the characteristic of the surface, whether it is rough or smooth, fine or coarse, polished or dull, plain or irregular. They also add richness and vitality in paintings. Visual texture - in such cases where touching the artwork is not allowed, textured can be perceived by the eyes. Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is created by techniques that add depth and distance to two-dimensional art. In sculpture and architecture, however, space is actually present. Methods of Creating Space Overlapping planes (interposition) - create space when an object covers a part of another object which is behind it. Relative size - objects that appear large/big indicate nearness and small-sized objects as distant. Aside from creating the illusion of space, this can also be interpreted as power and import. 77  Position on the picture plane (relative height) - In some paintings, spatial representation is based upon the position of objects relative to the bottom of the frame. Those objects found at the bottom of the frame will appear closer to the viewer. Farther distances are indicated by the positions of the objects higher on the picture plane. The point of reference is the horizon line which is the line at the eye level. A picture plane can be divided into three parts; Foreground - the bottom part. Middle ground - where the horizon is. Background - the topmost part. Color is also used to give the illusion of distance. Warm colors advance and make objects look closer while cool colors recede making objects look farther away. www.googleimages.com Perspective - deals with the effect of distance on the appearance of objects. It enables the viewer to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space. (www.googleimages.com) Linear perspective - give the perception distance by means of converging lines. It has to do with the direction of lines and with the size of objects. 78  Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. Near objects are seen in detail with the full intensity of color and as objects recede, details are lost and objects appear grayer. Space in sculpture may be viewed in two ways: it may be considered a single solid object or an assemblage of solids that exhibits space; or space may be perceived as it enters into relations with its surroundings－extending into it, enveloping it, or relating across it. Space in architecture is created and defined by the shape, position, and the materials employed by the architect. (www.googleimages.com) Movement Over the years, artists of the visual arts have manipulated the medium and elements in order to portray motion in their artworks. They have also experimented on which techniques to employ to be able to incorporate in their works the perception of movement. Two ways to present motion or movement in their art Actual movement - in art, specifically in sculptures results in kinetic art. Actual movements may be achieved naturally using wind and water or mechanically through some energy source (batteries or electricity). Implied movement - results when a variety of lines are used together, repeated, change in position, or decreased/increased in size. This gives the impression of movement in a stationary two dimensional art. Elements of the Combined Arts Lesson 5 - Elements of Music 79  Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with uniform recurrence of accented and accented beat Melody - is the succession of tones arranged in such a way as to give it a musical sense. It may also refer to the rising and falling of the tune in time. Harmony - is the sounding of a series of groups of tones in the same time. It may also refer to the pleasing sound that is produced when two or more notes are played together. Concordance results when the combination of sounds are in agreement which makes it sound good while dissonance results when the combination is not pleasant to hear. Timbre - is tonal quality or the character of the tone that is produced by an instrument or by the human voice. Timbre allows the listener to distinguish the sound between a guitar and a violin for example. In the same way, people can be identified by their voices. A man’s voice sounds different from a woman’s voice and an old person’s voice is different from that of a child. Form - is the structure or the framework of a composition Vocal Forms Opera is a drama set to music complete with actions, costumes and scenery Cantata is a religious story told in music without actions Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to music which depicts the conflict between the Christians and the Muslims. Instrumental Forms Sonata is a long composition for solo instruments (piano, Violin) Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of the sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the volume of the sound. pp pianissimo - very soft p piano - soft mp mezo piano - half soft ff fortissimo - very loud crescendo - gradually becoming louder decrescendo - gradually becoming softer Elements of Dance Music plays an important role in the dance to which it is closely related. It should be melodic and harmonious and fits into the movements of the dance. Music motivates the dancers to move in tune with its rhythm. The background music of the dance functions to captivate the interest and awe of the audience. Movement is how the dancers use their bodies to move and create organized patterns. Dancers also use gestures which express specific emotions or ideas in sign language. 80  Choreography refers to how the steps and movements are connected for it to be performed in an organized manner. The choreography guides the dancers’ movements for them to perform the movement, convey the message and tell the story through body language. Technique is the skill of the dancer in executing the movements. A good dancer has complete control over the muscles of the body thus creating grace and fluidity of movements. Theme is the content or the main ingredient of the dance. It tells what the dance is trying to convey. It has something to do with the message of the dance. Design is the planned organization or patterns of movement in time and space. Pattern in time, is provided by rhythm to be executed in space on a stage or d