ARSP1 Urban Design PDF

ARSP1 - SPECIALIZATION 1: 2. EDGES 2. PUBLIC SPACES URBAN DESIGN  the boundaries between two phases,  the living room of the city; people bond...

ARSP1 - SPECIALIZATION 1: 2. EDGES 2. PUBLIC SPACES URBAN DESIGN  the boundaries between two phases,  the living room of the city; people bond linear breaks in continuity and relax; together they enjoy the  Elements of Urban Design  ex. shores, railroad cuts, edges of sceneries it has to offer development and walls  serves as the stage and backdrop to o URBAN DESIGN the drama of life  in 1950's, Clarence Stein, an architect 3. DISTRICTS  these spaces are classified as central and an urban planner, defined urban  large city areas which observer can parks, local neighborhood parks or design, as an art of relating structures of mentally go inside of pocket parks human settlements to one another and to  the physical characteristics that their natural setting, to serve determine districts are texture, space, 3. STREETS contemporary living form, detail, symbol, building type, use,  connects spaces and places  involves the design of buildings, transport activity, inhabitants, degree of  defined by their physical dimensions, systems and public spaces and maintenance, topography character, size, scale, and character of encourages technological advancements the buildings that lines them up within communities 4. NODES  basic street patterns are in the form of  combining the practices of architecture  the strategic foci into which the grid, radial and irregular and planning, urban design helps address observer can enter either junctions of  the pattern of the street network is part the functional and aesthetic requirements paths or concentrations of some of what defines a city and what makes that positively affect a community characteristic each city unique  the strategic junction nodes can be the o Kevin Lynch subway stations, strung along their 4. TRANSPORT  an American urban planner and author invisible path systems and major  transport systems connect the parts of known for his work on the perceptual railroad stations cities and help shape them and enable form of urban environments and was an movement throughout the city early proponent of mental mapping 5. LANDMARKS  they include road, rail, bicycle,  according to his book (Image of a City),  the point references which are external pedestrian networks, and together form he stated that there is a public image of to the observer and simple physical the total movement system of a city any given city that is composed by elements vary in scale overlapping many individual images and  figure background contrast relationship 5. LANDSCAPE also each individual image is unique is the principal factor  the green part of the city that weaves throughout in the form of urban parks, *Elements of Urban Design (Kevin Lynch): street trees, plants, flowers, and water *Elements of Urban Design: 1. PATH in many forms  the channels which the observer 1. BUILDINGS  helps define the character and beauty moves  the most pronounced elements of of a city and creates soft, contrasting urban design spaces, and elements  ex. streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, and railroads  they articulate space by forming the street walls of the city thus create a sense of place  History of Urban Planning in the  Daniel Burnham was commissioned by e. Many Laws With a Closed Congress Philippines the American government to plan the  during the Marcos Regime, many laws City of Manila related to urban planning were passed;  the Spanish, the Americans, the Japanese,  the Burnham plan of Manila included, with Martial Law in effect, laws were the elite Filipinos have influenced Philippine among others, the development of passed without the Congress history in massive scales waterways for transportation  the Marcos Regime showed the need for  these groups also affected policies, models,  our current situation is congested traffic, urban planning (and government and practices in Filipino urban planning blighted environments, and climate- planning in general) to be both vulnerable settlements technically sound and politically *10 Turning Points of Urban Planning in the acceptable Philippines: c. World War 2  some remarkable laws passed during the  Manila was one of the severely destroyed Marcos Regime include: a. Bajo de la Campana cities, second only to the city of Warsaw o PD 705 - Revised Forestry Code  church bells are integral components of which was ordered by Adolf Hitler to be o PD 1308 - Law Regulating the Filipino urban planning “razed to the ground” Environmental Planning Profession,  during the Spanish period, scattered  even as an “open city”, Manila was amended in 2013 settlers were compelled to relocate to bombed by the Japanese o PD 1152 - Philippine Environment compact towns by being within hearing  some experts blame the “unseriousness” Code distance of church bells of U.S. military in enforcing the “open city o PD 824 - Creating the Metropolitan  it was important to be “under the bells” concept” for the extreme destruction of Manila, amended most recently in (Bajo de la Campana); bells were used Manila 1994 for religious announcements and emergency calls d. Post-War Capital Search *Land Use Laws Passed During the Marcos  the concept of “Bajo de la Campana”  in 1946, President Manuel Roxas Regime: shows the technical and political initiated the search for possible capitol dimensions of urban planning sites to replace Manila  people were “guided” by the rings of the  the City of Manila was “indefensible to church bells military attacks and unable to support  the Spanish conquerors used the bells to growing populations” concentrate populations within compact  included in the 16 options for the new settlements; concentrated populations capital of the Philippines were Tagaytay, were easier to manage and influence Cebu, Davao, Montalban and Boracay Island b. Burnham Plans  Quezon City was appointed the capital  one of the most famous “what-ifs” in of the Philippines from 1948 to 1976 Metro Manila urban planning is the  President Marcos returned Manila as completion of Daniel Burnham’s plan the capital in 1976  the incomplete plans are often cited as a solution to the worsening problems in Metro Manila f. Stigma in the Position of Metro Manila *Philippine Local Government Relations: damages to heirs of the deceased Governor victims (234 months after the tragedy)  amidst the creation of the Metropolitan  the garbage landslide was the key driver Manila through PD 824, s. 1975, First to the passage of a greatly-written but Lady Imelda Marcos was appointed poorly-implemented environmental law Governor of Metro Manila (Republic Act 9003)  Prof. Serote points to the political stigma  Waste management planning is aimed attached to the position as a reason for towards ecological systematization the abolition of the position of Governor of  however, “not-in-my-backyard” thinking Metro Manila (Republic Act 7924) under has delayed the incorporation of waste Pres. Cory Aquino’s administration management facilities in Filipino urban  the re-institution of the position of planning Governor of Metro Manila has since  despite the law’s age (20 years in 2021) caused political debate its provisions on open dumpsite closure  the current Metropolitan Manila and full waste segregation-at-source are Development Authority has limited not attained power in relation with city and municipal mayors j. Integrating Climate Change and Disasters into Filipino Urban Planning g. Local Government Relations h. Shortchanging Law on Housing  the impacts of climate change to the  the incumbent Local Government Code  a comprehensive and continuing urban Philippines will inevitably increase provided the framework for the development and housing program is the disaster risk in an already vulnerable relationships among various levels of supposed vision of the 1992 Urban country governance Development Housing Act  Filipino urban planning is greatly  issues in the co-management of  however, its almost three decades of influenced by two landmark laws: territories and absorptive capacity of existence has been characterized by o Climate Change Act of the local governments have given rise to “legalized demolition” and limited Philippines of 2009 - mandated administrative conflicts and hindered successes various levels of governance to local urban development  for all its potentials, however, the UDHA consider climate change issues in  comprehensive plans, which were has been continually critiqued for its their regular functions expected to relate the national vision with ineffectiveness o Disaster Risk Reduction and the local actions, are not updated or Management Act of 2010 - created a completed for compliance purposes i. The Payatas Dump Garbage Slide mandatory position in local  one of landmark disasters in the governments: the local disaster risk Philippines is the Payatas garbage reduction and management officer landslide in July 2000; the disaster killed (LDRRMO) hundreds of people, some estimate thousands  the Local DRRMO “shall be responsible  in a 2019 decision, the Quezon City for setting the direction, development, government was ordered by a Regional implementation and coordination of Trial Court to pay 6 million pesos in disaster risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction”   these legal foundations mandate Filipino  Urban Design (Notes) *Seven Cs of Urban Design: urban planning to incorporate climate  the Urban Design Protocol identifies seven change adaptation and mitigation o HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS essential design qualities that create quality (CCAM) and disaster risk reduction and  a famous ancient Greek architect and urban design management (DRRM) urban planner, and all around academic  these are a combination of design  commentaries point to Typhoon Ondoy’s  often considered to be a "Father of processes and outcomes devastation of Metro Manila pushed European Urban Planning" urgent passage of these laws  namesake of the "Hippodamian plan", 1. Context  despite many efforts by both government also known as the grid plan of a city 2. Character and non-government organizations, local layout 3. Choice governments still see CCAM-DRRM 4. Connections integrated planning as a highly technical o JANE JACOBS 5. Creativity and undoable task  Mother of Urban Design  climate experts declare 2020 as “our last, 6. Custodianship  write more works including The Economy best chance to save the planet” so our of Cities, which she herself believed 7. Collaboration time is running out should have been much more influential than the Death and Life *Six Dimensions of Urban Design: k. Greater Autonomy through the  using these dimensions help understand Bangsamoro Organic Law o NODES how the dimensions affect the vitality of  the Autonomy of the Muslim Mindanao  central or connecting points in a public places in an urban context is inculcated in the 1987 Constitution neighborhood that have a mix of  through the years, different levels of residential, commercial, and institutional 1. Morphological progress have been made in developing buildings, such as shopping areas, 2. Perceptual the relationship between the Philippine community centers, libraries and medium 3. Social Government and autonomist groups to high density housing 4. Visual  the Bangsamoro Organic Law was 5. Functional ratified in 2019 o URBAN DESIGN LIFE CYCLE 6. Temporal  the progress in the relationship between  a diagrammatic representation of the life the Philippine Government and the of an urban development project Bangsamoro autonomous region  It can refer to multiple scales, such as *Six Phases of Urban Design: influences urban planning models and building, neighborhood or city level 1. Preparatory / Exploration Phase governance  This stage involves an individual, 2. Feasibility / Planning Phase  the Bangsamoro regional center, the organization or group identifying a need 3. Formal Planning / Zoning Phase independent city of Cotabato, can be for an urban development project 4. Design And Implementation Phase the catalyst for regional development in 5. Operational Phase Mindanao *Five Points of Urban Design:  according to the National Economic 1. Paths *Nine Principles of Urban Design (Kriken): Development Authority, the 2. Edges 1. Sustainability establishment of the Bangsamoro region 3. Districts 2. Accessibility increased the “development potential of 4. Nodes 3. Diversity Mindanao communities 5. landmarks 4. Open Space 5. Compatibility *Main Parts of a City:  Urban Design (Board Questions) 6. Incentives 1. Economy 7. Adaptability 2. People o DANIEL BURNHAM 8. Density 3. Environment  Urban Planner and Designer famous for 4. Mobility his words “Make no little plans, they have 9. Identity no magic to stir men’s blood” 5. Living  this quote emphasizes the importance of *Eight Major Goals and Principles of Urban 6. Governance ambitious and grand plans in urban Design: design, suggesting that small and 1. Character uninspiring plans lack the ability to inspire 2. Continuity and Enclosure and motivate people 3. Quality of the Public Realm  Burnham's work, including the Plan of 4. Ease Of Movement Chicago and the development of the City 5. Legibility Beautiful movement, reflects his belief in 6. Adaptability creating large-scale and transformative 7. Diversity designs for cities 8. Sustainability o JAMES OGLETHORPE  designer of the European planned city of *Three City Models: Savannah in Georgia, USA; a British  a city is a complex system that changes, military officer and philanthropist who and its internal mobility (people, vehicles, founded the colony of Georgia in 1733 goods, information, etc.)  he carefully planned the layout of Savannah, which included a grid system 1. Concentric Zone of streets and squares 2. Sector Model  Oglethorpe's design aimed to create a 3. Multiple Nuclei Model utopian society with an emphasis on equality and community; his vision for *Four Types of Urban Models: Savannah influenced the development of 1. Concentric Zone Model, other planned cities in America. 2. Hoyt Sector Model 3. Multiple Nuclei Model o HIPPODAMUS 4. Peripheral Model  the first noted urban planner because of his design of the city of Miletus  he introduced the concept of grid *Three Basic Characteristics of a City: planning, dividing the city into a grid-like 1. Businesses pattern of streets and blocks; this design 2. Population allowed for efficient organization and 3. Unique Cultural Landscape ease of navigation within the city o ROBERT OWENS organized, and aesthetically pleasing o KIYONORI KIKUTAKE  leader of the Reform Movements during metropolis  proposed the first "Floating City" as an the Industrial Revolution; he was a Welsh  Hausmann's designs included wide alternative to land reclamation social reformer and one of the founders boulevards, parks, and public spaces,  suggested building a city on the water of utopian socialism which greatly improved the city's instead of reclaiming land from the sea.  he advocated for improved working infrastructure and overall appearance conditions, education, and social equality o CLARENCE PERRY & CLARENCE STEIN for workers during a time of rapid o LUCIO COSTA  believed that planning should start at the industrialization and urbanization  the architect who designed the city of micro level and thus designed the  he believed in creating cooperative Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil; he was "neighborhood unit" communities where workers would have selected for this project through an  they focused on designing smaller, self- fair wages, access to education, and a international competition held in 1956 contained communities within larger better quality of life  his design for Brasilia was based on the urban areas, with the aim of creating principles of modernist architecture and functional and cohesive neighborhoods. o EBENEZER HOWARD urban planning, with a focus on  their approach emphasized the  the author of "Tomorrow: A Peaceful functionality and efficiency importance of considering the needs and Path to Social Reform" and the main  the city was planned in the shape of an activities of residents at a local level, proponent of the Garden Cities airplane, with different sectors promoting walkability, access to  his book outlines Howard's vision for designated for specific functions such as amenities, and a sense of community creating planned communities that would residential, commercial, and combine the best aspects of both urban governmental. o PHILAM-LIFE HOMES and rural living  acknowledged as the icon of middle-  these Garden Cities would be self- o SORIA Y MATA class suburbanization during the 1950s contained communities with a balance of  proposed the Linear City that would housing, industry, and green spaces, serve as a satellite to the city of Madrid o ANDRES DUANY & ELIZABETH designed to improve the quality of life for PLATER-ZYBERK residents o PAOLO SOLERI  designed Seaside, which signified the  Howard's ideas had a significant  proposed the Arcology Alternative or 3D start of the New Urbanism movement influence on urban planning and continue City which combines architecture and  New Urbanism is an urban design to be studied and implemented today. ecology to create self-sufficient and movement that emphasizes walkability, sustainable cities mixed-use development, and traditional o LOUIS DE SOISSON  Soleri believed that traditional urban neighborhood design principles  the architect who designed the Garden sprawl was wasteful and unsustainable,  Seaside, Florida became a model for City of Welwyn and instead advocated for compact, other communities and inspired the vertical cities that would minimize development of many other New o BARON HAUSMANN resource consumption and promote a Urbanist projects; Duany and Plater-  he was responsible for the reconstruction harmonious relationship between Zyberk's design of Seaside incorporated of Paris using the principles of the city humans and nature elements such as narrow streets, front beautiful movement  he is known for his visionary designs porches, and a town center, creating a  he implemented a series of urban such as Arcosanti in Arizona pedestrian-friendly and socially vibrant planning projects in the mid-19th century community that transformed the city into a modern, o DAMASCUS  this city, which was the capital of the o LETCHEWORTH  acknowledged as the oldest continually Byzantine Empire, had numerous  the first garden city and was designed by inhabited city in the world churches and religious structures that Raymund Unwin and Barry Parker built in  the city's history dates back thousands of were central to its architectural and the early 20th century years, with evidence of human cultural identity  intended to be a model for urban settlement as early as the 10th  the Hagia Sophia, for example, was a planning, incorporating green spaces millennium BC significant church in Constantinople that and a focus on community living;  Damascus has witnessed the rise and fall symbolized the power and influence of Letchworth's design and principles of numerous civilizations and empires the church in the city influenced the development of other throughout its long history, making it a garden cities around the world significant cultural and historical center o PRESIDIO  military towns of Spanish settlements o THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION o CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK established by the Spanish as military  also known as the Chicago World's Fair,  the first planned park in the United States outposts to protect their colonies and was held in Chicago in 1893 designed by landscape architects missions from attacks  It marked the beginning of the City Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux  these settlements served as defense Beautiful Era, a movement in urban in the mid-19th century fortresses and housed soldiers and their planning and architecture that aimed to  the park was carefully designed with a families beautify cities and improve the quality of balance of natural and man-made  played a crucial role in the Spanish life for residents elements, including meadows, forests, colonization of the Americas and were  the fair showcased innovative lakes, and architectural features strategically located in areas prone to architecture, landscape design, and  its creation marked a shift in urban conflicts with indigenous populations or urban planning, inspiring cities across the planning, as it was intended to provide a rival European powers United States to adopt similar principles green space for city dwellers to escape and create more aesthetically pleasing the hustle and bustle of urban life o PHILADELPHIA and functional urban environments  the best representation of the o ANYANG "speculators town" of the settlements in o BROADACRES  the largest city of the Yellow River Valley early America because it was a major  Frank Lloyd Wright's project proposal in China located in Henan province center for trade and commerce that would allot one acre of land to each  the Yellow River Valley is an important  it was founded by William Penn as a American family was called Broadacres region in China, known for its rich history place for religious freedom, but quickly  this idea aimed to provide every family and cultural significance; it is home to grew into a bustling city with a diverse with ample space and land for their own many ancient ruins and archaeological population use; this concept aligns with Wright's sites, including the famous Yin Ruins  known for its active economy and philosophy of organic architecture, which where the Shang Dynasty was centered speculative land market, attracting many emphasized harmony between the built  it is also a major industrial and investors and speculators environment and the natural transportation hub in the region  it was also the location of the first stock surroundings exchange in America, further highlighting o CONSTANTINOPLE its role as a hub for speculation and o QUEZON CITY  the first city that signified the rise of the business  largest in land area among Metro church and had the church as an integral Manila's 12 cities part of its urban design o RECTILINEAR  attract people and serve as landmarks or *Determines current housing needs:  the shape of urban cities formed by two gathering places a. Housing to be Replaced corridors of intense development  include squares, parks, plazas, or b. Housing for New Family Formation crossing the center that consists of intersections c. Housing for Special Groups straight lines or angles.  this type of urban design is commonly *Level of Responsive Environments (Ian o URBAN DESIGN seen in cities that were planned and Bentley)  a process that planners can employ to developed with a systematic approach, provide detailed guidance to the such as many cities in North America. 1. PERMEABILITY development of areas in the city  the term "articulated sheet" does not  the science of ‘place-making’ which accurately describe the shape of urban 2. VARIETY - refers to the range and diversity enhances the value of a city and cities, and "radiocentric" and "linear" do of the visual elements improves the quality of life of its people not specifically convey the idea of a rectilinear shape  it aims to enhance the value of a city and 3. LEGIBILITY improve the quality of life for its people by  important in terms of physical form and making the public realm more organized, o GESSELSCHAFT activity patterns aesthetically pleasing, and functional.  type of community life is one in which  the clarity and comprehensibility of the impersonal, superficial, and business-  it draws together the fields of planning physical form and activity patterns and transportation policy, architectural like relationships prevail according to  it emphasizes the importance of creating Tonnies design, development economics, spaces that are easy to understand and landscape, and engineering  characterized by individualism, navigate, allowing users to grasp the competition, and a focus on personal  it considers environmental responsibility, layout and functions of the environment social equity, and economic viability to gain rather than communal bonds quickly and intuitively create livable places of beauty  relationships are based on utility and self- andunique identity (Llewellyn-Davies, interest rather than deep emotional 4. ROBUSTNESS 2000) connections 5. VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS *Principles of Urban Design: *Elements of the City (Lynch):  responsive environments that focus on a. Design For All a. EDGES details, with a wide vocabulary of visual  urban design does not belong to one  lateral references that are not cues possess group coordinated axes  the visual elements within the  urban design should involve people,  the boundaries or borders within a city environment are suitable and fitting for local communities and those likely to that separate different areas or districts the specific context and purpose move in  include physical features like rivers, 6. RICHNESS b. Create Places For People highways, or walls, as well as less tangible boundaries like changes in land  for places to be well-used and well- use or architectural styles 7. PERSONALIZATION - refers to the loved, they must be safe, comfortable, customization or individualization of the varied, and attractive b. NODES environment  they also need to be distinctive, and  intensive foci from which the observer is offer variety, choice, and fun travelling c. Conserve Heritage mechanisms, and seeing this as part c. Stakeholders - business owners,  new development should conserve of the design process homeowners, potential investors, monuments, groups of buildings, or community representatives sites of cultural importance, and i. Design For Change natural features, geological and  new development needs to be flexible *Two Types of Situations for City Managers: physiographical formations and enough to respond to future changes natural sites of national importance in use, lifestyle, and demography a. Areas For Redevelopment  this concerns inefficiently performing or d. Enrich the Existing o URBAN CHARACTER outdated existing areas which are  new development should enrich and  the ‘theme’ of a city (whether contrived or candidates for redevelopment complement existing places natural) and its public amenities suggests  old developments are normally found in the character of a city the inner city e. Make Connections  refers to the overall atmosphere, style,  places need to be accessible and and character that is portrayed through b. Areas For New Development integrated with their surroundings its public amenities and urban design;  this concerns still undeveloped or  one must be able to get around by this includes the architecture, parks, under-developed areas foot, bicycle, public transport, and car public spaces, and infrastructure that  his concerns city raw land and lightly in that order shape the city's identity inhabited areas  these areas are usually located in city f. Work With Nature *Elements of Urban Character: hinterlands  places must balance the natural a. Parks, Plazas and Greenbelts - (climate, landform, landscape and “lungs of the city”; promenade; social *Steps for Thematic Area Assessment: ecology) and the man-made assembly places 1. Identify and Delineate the Boundaries of environment to maximize resource b. Accessibility - wayfinding the Particular Area to be Planned conservation and amenity instruments; public parking sites; green  after the land use plan has been drafted, routes, transport stations detailed planning can be done in g. Mix Uses and Forms c. Public Art and Street Furniture - rest particular areas such as central business  stimulating, enjoyable and convenient and recreation; history district; heritage core main corridors (e.g. places meet the various needs of the d. Cultural Centers - knowledge facilities major commercial avenues) transit greatest number of users such as museums; libraries; venue for centers (i.e. within a given radius from a  they also mix different buildings, uses, performing arts transit stop); river/ lakeside/ seaside ownership, leases, and densities. zones; new development areas *Key Technical Persons/Responsible Groups h. Manage the Investment in Urban Design: 2. Assess the Context of the Area or  for projects to be developable and well a. Lead - CPDO/ MPDO Community cared for they must be economically  context is the area’s character and viable, well managed and maintained b. Contributors - multi-disciplinary technical setting; the forms of settlements,  understanding the market support team (can include an urban buildings and spaces, ecology and considerations of developers, planner, architect, engineer, finance heritage, location, and the routes that ensuring long term commitment from specialist, heritage specialist, community pass through it the community and the local authority, development specialist, etc. depending on defining appropriate delivery the requirements of the area)   a thorough appreciation of the overall site o T-3 SUB-URBAN ZONE - consists of 5. Use The Smart Neighborhood Analysis context is the starting point for designing low-density residential areas, adjacent Protocol (SNAP) a distinct place to higher zones that some mixed use  this protocol is used for analyzing and evaluating smart neighborhoods *Checklists for the Assessment of Various o T-4 General Urban Zone - consists of a  it involves the use of advanced Elements (llewellyn-Davies, 2000): mixed use but primarily residential technologies and data analysis to assess 1. Community - community and policy urban fabric various aspects of a neighborhood, such appraisal as energy efficiency, transportation, and 2. Place - character appraisal o T-5 URBAN CENTER ZONE - consists infrastructure of higher density mixed use buildings  a point system of evaluating existing 3. Natural Resources - environmental that accommodate retail, offices, row neighborhoods in urban areas and appraisal houses and apartments proposed infill redevelopment projects in 4. Connections - movement analysis accordance with Smart Growth o T-6 URBAN CORE ZONE - consists of principles, resulting in Smart 3. Consider/Apply Transect-Based the highest density and height, with the Neighborhoods Planning greatest variety of uses, and civic  one of the principles of Transect-based buildings of regional importance o Physical Attributes & Assets - criteria planning is that certain forms and for SNAP used to guide the development elements belong in certain environments o THE CIVIC ZONE - consists of Civic of smart neighborhoods  Some types of thoroughfares are urban Buildings and/or Civic Spaces in character, and some are rural appropriate to each Transect Zone 6. Conduct A Vacant Lands Study  a deep suburban setback destroys the  vacant lands are classified according to spatial enclosure of an urban street; it is o SPECIAL DISTRICTS - consist of areas topographic and drainage characteristics out of context with buildings that by their Function, and availability of improvements near Disposition, or Configuration cannot, or such vacant lands *Zoning Categories of Transect-based should not, conform to one or more of planning: the six normative *Classification of Vacant Lands: o T-1 NATURAL ZONE - consists of lands 4. Conduct A Visual Preference Survey - a. PRIME LANDS approximating or reverting to a  visual surveys consist of sets of  0 to 15% in slope wilderness condition, including lands photographs of buildings, streets,  close proximity to water, sewer and unsuitable for settlement due to sidewalks, shopping centers, parks, other utility lines topography, hydrology, or vegetation and/or other examples of a region’s built  suitable for industrial, commercial, or natural environment residential, and other urban uses o T-2 RURAL ZONE - consists of sparsely  the images are then shown to residents settled lands in open or cultivated state at public workshops and stakeholder b. MARGINAL LANDS include woodland, agricultural land, meetings  over 15% in slope grassland, and irrigable desert (ex.  subject to flooding farmhouses, agricultural buildings,  unsuitable or uneconomic to develop cabins, and villas) 7. Conduct a Structural and Environmental b. SKYLINE - applicable in areas with Quality Survey conglomeration of tall structures  the study of the quality of the urban environment and of man-made c. VISTA - view seen from an opening, such structures (residential, commercial, as a street or a boulevard industrial, and institutional) is aimed at identifying the so-called urban renewal d. URBAN OPEN SPACE - through the area experience of the individual in motion. *Two Types of Urban Renewal Actions: amva a. REHABILITATION - the improvement or restoration of identified blighted areas b. REDEVELOPMENT - clearance and rebuilding of areas which are in more advanced stages of blight 8. Conduct a Land Values Study  the land values goes into an investigation of the structure of land values, upward or downward graduations and trends of change in these values  actual market values are arrived at only by extensive and costly studies which may not be practicable in most situations 9. Conduct Studies of Aesthetic Features of the Planning Area  most directly related to the amenity considerations involved in land use planning  aesthetic features are determined on the basis of perceptual considerations as these are observed in such terms as beauty, pleasantness, sense of spaciousness, and historical value *Paths and Vantage Points from which the City/ Municipality can be Perceived: a. PANORAMA - sweeping view of sections of the city/municipality