arabic heritage 1.pdf

The Development of PoliticoReligious Movements Development of two major Islamic movements n n n n n The rise of a lavish and world-oriented court elite alongside the educated intellectuals, paved the way for religious factionalism resulting in a variety of independent sectarian communities. The Shi’...

The Development of PoliticoReligious Movements Development of two major Islamic movements n n n n n The rise of a lavish and world-oriented court elite alongside the educated intellectuals, paved the way for religious factionalism resulting in a variety of independent sectarian communities. The Shi’ites It also paved the way for the development of two major Islamic movements: Sunni schools of law and theology developed and mobilized by clerical elite referred to as the ʿulamāʾ and Sufism Early beginnings v v v v v v v Abu Bakr 632 – 634 Umar bin al-Khattab (634-644) Uthman bin ‘Affan (644 – 656) Ali bin Abi Talib (656 – 661) The Umayyads Husayn bin ‘ali and the battle of Karbala (680 CE) Ali bin al-Husayn (zayn al-’Abidin) The Shi’a : Early beginnings v Main branches: Zaydis or Fivers (because they recognize five rightful imams), Isma’ilis or Seveners (seven imams) Imamiyya or the Twelvers (twelve imams) Line of Imams (quietists or activists) n. v v v v Quietists and activist n Ø v v ‘Alī b. al-Husayn (Zayn al-‘Ābidīn) (d.714) was accepted by the majority as fourth Imam. However, because of his quiescent attitude towards the Umayyads, we are told that the shi’a of al-Kufa followed Muhammad the son of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib. Following the death of ʿAlī b. al – Husayn the Shīʿa divided into two factions: group supporting Zayd b. ‘Alī b. al-Ḥusayn who rebelled against the Umayyads (those are called the fivers or the Zaydiyya) a group supporting Muḥammad al-Bāqir the quiescent figure and aslo the son of ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn recognized by the other Shi’is as the fifth imam. Zaydiyya (the fivers) n n After the death of Zayd bin ‘Ali bin al-Husayn, the Zaydīs took part in several risings but they were not a united body. Some sources name eight different schools among the Zaydiyya. The school founded by al-Qāsim alRassī (d.860) is the only surviving school today, mainly in Yemen. The Zaydiyya became the first Shīʿī movement to achieve political independence by establishing a dynasty (a Zaydī imamate) in Tabaristan, on the Caspian Sea. Imamiyya and Isma’iliyya n n n n n Those recognizing Muḥammad al-Bāqir as the rightful heir later divided into two groups following the death of his son Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (d.765). 1. The Isma’ilis or the seveners 2. The Imamiyya or the twelvers The “Ismāʿīlī” community, which believed in the imamate of Jaʿfar’s eldest son Ismāʿīl (d.760) and his descendants. The “Imāmiyya” or “Twelver” community, which believed in the imamate of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s son Mūsā alKāẓim (d.799) and his descendants Isma’ilis n n The Ismāʿīlīs, from whom the Fāṭimid Caliphate would emerge, held that the imamate had passed on from Jaʿfar alṢādiq to his grandson Muḥammad through Ismāʿīl, who was the true imam but had predeceased his father. The Ismāʿīlīs were political activists leading rebellions against the Abbasids, and were devoted dāʿīs (missionaries) converting new peoples to their faith. The Imamiyya (the twelvers) n n n For them the line of imams through Mūsā al-Kāẓim, the seventh imam, came to an end with the eleventh, Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī (d. 874). The Twelvers then developed a concept of a hidden twelfth imam, Muḥammad, who would eventually appear as the mahdī, the ‘guided one’, the messiah chosen by God to restore the true faith of Islam and to establish the reign of justice in the world. Until that day comes, and until the mahdī descends, the community is led by agents acting on behalf of the hidden imam. Politically, the Twelvers were quietists. Lines of Imams n n n n n n Zaydiyya Ali-Hasan-Husayn-Ali bin Husayn-Zayd bin Ali Isma’ilis or Isma’iliyya Ali-Hasan-Husayn-Ali bin Husayn-Muhammad alBaqir-Ja’far al-Sadiq- Muhammad bin Isma’il (alMahdi) Imamiyya Ali-Hasan-Husayn-Ali bin Husayn- Muhammad alBaqir-Ja’far al-Sadiq-Musa al-Kazim-’Ali al-RidaMuhammad al-Jawad- Ali al-Hadi-Al-Hasan al’Askari (d.874)-Muhammad (al-Mahdi) Kahoot