Sunni Schools of Law and Theology in Tenth Century Islam
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between Shari'a and Fiqh?

  • Shari'a is the divine law, while Fiqh is the human understanding and interpretation of the divine law. (correct)
  • Shari'a is the legal code, while Fiqh is the moral and ethical teachings of Islam.
  • Shari'a and Fiqh are the same thing, they are just different terms used in different contexts.
  • Shari'a is the body of Islamic religious law, while Fiqh is the study of Islamic jurisprudence.

    • Which school of Islamic law emphasized the principle of 'Istihsan', or preference based on opinion?

  • Hanafi school (correct)
  • Maliki school
  • Shafi'i school
  • All of the above schools emphasized Istihsan

    • Which school of Islamic law emphasized the 'living tradition' of the people of Medina?

  • Hanafi school
  • Maliki school (correct)
  • Shafi'i school
  • None of the above, all schools emphasized the living tradition of Medina

    • Which school of Islamic law restricted the use of qiyas (analogical reasoning) and ijma' (consensus of scholars)?

    <p>Shafi'i school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which school of Islamic law held the principle of 'Maslaha', or public interest?

    <p>Maliki school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which school of Islamic law originated in Iraq and emphasized the use of reason?

    <p>Hanafi school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary work of Ahmad ibn Hanbal?

    <p>Al-Musnad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes Ahmad ibn Hanbal's view on qiyas (analogical reasoning) and ijma' (consensus)?

    <p>He relegated them to an insignificant role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modern-day country is predominantly influenced by the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence?

    <p>Saudi Arabia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is associated with the discipline of 'ilm al-kalam (Islamic theology)?

    <p>The Mu'tazilites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ahmad ibn Hanbal's stance on the discipline of 'ilm al-kalam (Islamic theology)?

    <p>He considered it a bid'a (innovation) in Islam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the fourth Imam accepted by the majority of Shi'a, known for his quiescent attitude towards the Umayyads?

    <p>Ali bin al-Husayn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of Shi'a recognizes twelve rightful Imams?

    <p>Imamiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the death of Ali bin al-Husayn, which faction did the Shi'a divide into?

    <p>Supporters of Zayd bin 'Ali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Islamic sect recognizes seven Imams as rightful leaders?

    <p>Isma'ilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the battle of Karbala in 680 CE against the Umayyads?

    <p>Husayn bin 'Ali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of Shi'a recognizes five rightful Imams?

    <p>Isma'ilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Ismāʿīlīs from the Imamiyya (Twelvers) regarding the imamate?

    <p>Passing of the imamate from Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq to Muḥammad through Ismāʿīl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Shi'i movement held that the imamate had come to an end with the eleventh imam, Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī?

    <p>Imamiyya (Twelvers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group within Shi'ism developed the concept of a hidden twelfth imam known as the mahdī?

    <p>Imamiyya (Twelvers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a distinguishing political characteristic of the Ismāʿīlīs among Shi'i groups?

    <p>Leading rebellions against the Abbasids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement within Shi'ism believed that agents act on behalf of a hidden imam until his appearance as the mahdī?

    <p>Imamiyya (Twelvers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dāʿīs' in the context of Shi'i movements refer to individuals who were primarily involved in:

    <p>Preaching and converting new peoples to their faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group recognized Muhammad al-Baqir as the rightful heir and subsequently divided into the Isma'ilis and the Imamiyya?

    <p>Those recognizing Ja'far al-Sadiq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Zaydiyya is correct?

    <p>The school founded by al-Qasim al-Rassi is the only surviving school today, mainly in Yemen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group believed in the imamate of Ja'far al-Sadiq's eldest son Isma'il and his descendants?

    <p>The Isma'ilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Imamiyya is NOT true?

    <p>They believed in the imamate of Isma'il and his descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events is NOT mentioned in the text regarding the Zaydiyya?

    <p>They established a caliphate in Andalusia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct about the Shi'i movements mentioned in the text?

    <p>The Isma'ilis and the Imamiyya emerged from a division within the followers of Muhammad al-Baqir.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which central Sufi concept emphasizes complete trust and reliance in God, often described as the 'letting go' of one's own will?

    <p>Tawakkul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded by Abdul-Qadir Gilani in the 12th century, is known for its emphasis on spiritual purification and the attainment of divine proximity?

    <p>Qadiriyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sufi concept of ___________ refers to the annihilation or dissolution of the individual self, leading to a state of unity with the divine.

    <p>Fana'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influential Sufi thinker and theologian, known for his work 'The Revival of the Religious Sciences', emphasized the importance of balancing the exoteric (outward) and esoteric (inward) aspects of Islam?

    <p>Abu Hamid al-Ghazali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded in the 12th century by Najm al-Din Kubra, is known for its emphasis on spiritual practices like meditation, dhikr, and the cultivation of inner contemplation?

    <p>Kubrawiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proliferation of Sufi ___________ in the 12th century onward led to the widespread dissemination and popularization of Sufi teachings and practices across the Islamic world.

    <p>Orders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the concept of Fana' related to Sufi mysticism?

    <p>It refers to the concept of complete annihilation of the self in the Divine presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a murshid-murid relationship in Sufi orders?

    <p>It signifies the special relationship between a spiritual guide and a disciple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mystical order was deeply connected with Abu Hamid al-Ghazali?

    <p>Suhrawardiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central aspect that distinguishes mystical orders in Islam?

    <p>The chain of transmission (ṭarīqa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for attaining divine truth (haqīqa) in Sufi mysticism?

    <p>Meditation and experiencing psychological states like aḥwāl and maqāmāt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Sufis often combine missionary activities with politics?

    <p>By exerting political influence while spreading Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central concept of Sufism that some mystics focused on?

    <p>Absolute trust in God (tawakkul)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi master introduced the doctrine of strict self-control and the annihilation of the self (fana')?

    <p>The text does not mention a specific Sufi master who introduced this doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Abu Hamid al-Ghazali write that established a moderate form of mysticism?

    <p>Ihya' 'Ulum ad-Din (The Revival of the Religious Sciences)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order was established by 'Abd al-Qadir al Jilani?

    <p>The Qadiriyah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order was established by Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi?

    <p>The Suhrawardiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded by Abdul-Qadir Gilani in the 12th century, is known for its emphasis on spiritual purification and the attainment of divine proximity?

    <p>Qadiriyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded by Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi, is known for its integration of philosophical and mystical elements in its teachings?

    <p>Suhrawardiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, inspired by the Persian poet Jala al-Din al-Rumi, was primarily restricted to the region of Anatolia?

    <p>Mawlawiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili, is known for its emphasis on the spiritual practice of dhikr (remembrance of God) and its focus on the inner journey of the seeker?

    <p>Shadhliyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded by Ahmad al-Rifa'i in the 12th century, is known for its ecstatic practices and the veneration of its founder?

    <p>Rifa'iyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, inspired by the teachings of the Persian Sufi poet Jala al-Din al-Rumi, developed a unique dance-based spiritual practice known as the Sema?

    <p>Mawlawiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order was attributed to Ahmad ibn al-Rifa'I and became significant for the development of institutional Sufism?

    <p>Mawlawiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with establishing the Shadhliyya order that became popular in Egypt?

    <p>Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Shadhili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order was founded by 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani in the 12th century and is considered important and widely spread?

    <p>Suhrawardiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mystical order was associated with al-Suhrawardi and gained prominence during the 13th century golden age of Sufism?

    <p>Shadhliyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ahmad ibn al-Rifa'I is associated with which Sufi order known for its emphasis on spiritual practices like meditation?

    <p>Suhrawardiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani established which widely spread Sufi order that continues to be significant?

    <p>Mawlawiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Sufi orders was founded by Ahmad al-Rifai and is known for its practices involving fire and snake handling?

    <p>Rifa'iyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order is associated with the famous whirling dervishes and their practice of Sama' (spiritual dance)?

    <p>Mawlawiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Sufi orders was established by Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi and emphasizes the importance of spiritual purification through asceticism and self-denial?

    <p>Suhrawardiyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order, founded by 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani in the 12th century, is known for its emphasis on spiritual purification and the attainment of divine proximity?

    <p>Qadiriyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sufi order was founded by Ali al-Shadili and is known for its emphasis on the importance of the spiritual guide (murshid) and the strict adherence to the Shari'a (Islamic law)?

    <p>Shadhliyya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Wahhabi reformers, according to the text?

    <p>To ensure that Islam was reflected in the political system and supported in both private and public life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices did the Wahhabis reject, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices did the Wahhabis make obligatory, according to the text?

    <p>Attending public prayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Wahhabi reformers in creating a new system of ethics and morals, according to the text?

    <p>To cleanse the society from any foreign practices and adoptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between the Wahhabi reformers and the political rule?

    <p>The Wahhabis supported the existing political rule and sought to legitimize it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement, founded by Hasan al-Banna in Egypt, is mentioned in the text as having spread to different Arab countries?

    <p>The Muslim Brotherhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's primary goal in reforming religious practices?

    <p>To advocate for a strict adherence to the doctrine of <em>tawhid</em> (God's oneness) and the rejection of all later innovations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's actions, such as cutting down a sacred tree and destroying a monument, reflect his reformist aims?

    <p>They were symbolic gestures to demonstrate his adherence to the doctrine of <em>tawhid</em> and his rejection of practices he deemed idolatrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the alliance between Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud?

    <p>It led to the establishment of the first Saudi state, combining political and religious authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's stance towards the 'ulama' (Islamic scholars) of his time?

    <p>He accused the 'ulama' of lacking independent thinking and blindly following traditional authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's actions in stoning an adulteress?

    <p>It was a demonstration of his adherence to the <em>shari'a</em> (Islamic law) and his rejection of leniency towards certain crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the 18th-century reformers mentioned in the text?

    <p>They differed significantly in their concerns and approaches to reform, despite their shared historical context</p> Signup and view all the answers

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