APUSH Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

APUSH Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Unit One 1.​ Pre-Columbus, where were the largest and most sophisticated civilizations in the Americas found? 2.​ What development made large, settled communities like Cahokia possible? 3.​ What was women’s work/men’s work in most Native Amer...

APUSH Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Unit One 1.​ Pre-Columbus, where were the largest and most sophisticated civilizations in the Americas found? 2.​ What development made large, settled communities like Cahokia possible? 3.​ What was women’s work/men’s work in most Native American cultures? 4.​ How were Native American tribes similar? 5.​ Describe trade among Native American tribes. 6.​ Describe warfare among Native American tribes. 7.​ How did the Portuguese, led by Henry the Navigator, advance sea travel and exploration? 8.​ Bartolomeu Dias – 9.​ Vasco de Gama – 10.​What impact did Portuguese sailors have on the slave trade? 11.​What were the motives of Portugal’s sea exploration? 12.​What trade connections did Europe and Africa historically have? 13.​What religious connections did Europe and Africa historically have? 14.​How did Zhu Gaozhi’s 1424 edict impact China’s role in New World development? 15.​Describe some of Columbus’s impressions upon first coming into contact with the Taino people. 16.​Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas. How do we see the impact of the Treaty of Tordesillas today? 17.​How did the geography of trade change after 1492? 18.​Protestant Reformation – 19.​What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation? 20.​How did Cabeza de Vaca’s journey help motivate future explorers? What were they searching for? 21.​How did the Reconquista “spill over” into Spain’s colonization of the Americas? 22.​What was the goal of Walter Raleigh’s establishing a colony at Roanoke? 23.​How did Raleigh’s settlement strategy change with his second attempt at establishing an American colony? 24.​What were some factors that might have caused the failure of the second colony at Roanoke? Unit Two: 1.​ 1. Describe the challenges faced at Jamestown during the early years of settlement. 2.​ 2. In his autobiography, John Smith claimed to have saved the colony of Jamestown. How so? 3.​ 3. What crop eventually saved the colony of Jamestown? How did cultivation of this crop change the relationship between the colonies and the Indians? 4.​ What is the difference between Puritans and Separatists? 5.​ What situation arose that led to the survival of the Pilgrims in Massachusetts? 6.​ What made Roger Williams’ colony of Providence different from traditional Puritan colonies? 7.​ Mayflower Compact – 8.​ Halfway Covenant – 9.​ Headright System – 10.​Describe the religious policies of Maryland. 11.​Describe the religious philosophies of the Quakers. 12.​Describe James Oglethorpe’s motivations in establishing Georgia. 13.​Indentured Servants – 14.​In general, how was slavery in 17th century America different from slavery in 18th and 19th century America? 15.​How did the English Civil War fuel English settlement in North America? 16.​The English Civil War, King Philip’s War, and Bacon’s Rebellion; describe the participants/events/outcome/impact on England’s colonies in North America. 17.​How did the beaver pelt trade with France impact the relationship amongst different Indian tribes? 18.​How did the trade in beaver pelts impact French settlements in the New World? 19.​Describe the religious aspects of New France. How did these religious characteristics impact New France’s relationship with English colonies? 20.​What did Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette accomplish? 21.​What did Robert LaSalle accomplish? 22.​What were the first permanent European settlements in Texas/California? 23.​Describe the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. 24.​What Pueblo grievances against the Spanish led to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? 25.​Divine Rights of Kings – 26.​Describe Locke’s ideas relating to government, natural rights, and the social contract. 27.​How did the Glorious Revolution change the religious landscape of the New England colonies? 28.​How were children of mixed races dealt with as far as their slave status? 29.​Middle Passage – 30.​Describe the conditions of the Middle Passage. 31.​How were the early slaves (1600s) and later slaves (late 1600s forward) different in nature and treated differently? 32.​Describe slavery in the northern colonies. 33.​What tension existed in New England in the 1690s that led to the Salem Witch Trials? 34.​What factors led to the social isolation of women in the 1600-1700s? 35.​Describe the theory of mercantilism and the British colonies’ role in this economic system. 36.​How did the Age of Enlightenment impact religion in the colonies? 37.​Describe the message of Great Awakening preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. 38.​How did The Great Awakening change American society? Unit Three 1.​ How did the landscape of European claims in North America change as a result of the French and Indian War? 2.​ What was the Proclamation Line of 1763? How did colonists react to this? 3.​ Why was the end of the French and Indian War for Native Americans living between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic “an unmitigated disaster”? 4.​ Why did George Grenville and Parliament attempt to raise taxes in the colonies in 1764? 5.​ Describe ways in which the colonists protested the Stamp Act. 6.​ What impact did acts like the Stamp Act have on the individual colony’s relationships with each other? 7.​ How was Boston punished for the Tea Party? 8.​ Describe 2 specific actions of the Daughters of Liberty intended to protest British taxes. 9.​ What was the general feeling toward Britain and its policies at the First Continental Congress? What concrete actions came out of the First Continental Congress? 10.​Somerset Decision – 11.​What advantages did the British army have and disadvantages did Washington’s army have? 12.​Thomas Paine made what 2 basic points in Common Sense? 13.​What was the most important change made to the Declaration of Independence from Jefferson’s original version? 14.​Describe the basic structure/powers of the Articles of Confederation. 15.​Describe Washington’s overarching strategy for the war. 16.​Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the war? 17.​Baron von Steuben – 18.​Marquis de Lafayette – 19.​Why were France and Spain willing to aid the American cause? How did their entry into the war change the nature of the Revolution? 20.​How did women aid in the war effort? 21.​Britain did not have to surrender after Cornwallis’s defeat at Yorktown. Why did they? 22.​Describe the impact of the American Revolution on various groups within the new Republic. 23.​Annapolis Convention – 24.​Federalism – 25.​Compare and Contrast the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan. 26.​There was much debate surrounding the executive office and its election. Eventually, the Electoral College was formed. How does the Electoral College elect the president? 27.​Describe the conflicting ideas surrounding liberty, slavery, and private property that were debated at the Constitutional Convention. 28.​Three-Fifths Clause – 29.​Fugitive Slave Clause – 30.​Why did the delegates not include a Bill of Rights? 31.​Why was the Tenth Amendment “perhaps the most important to the Anti-Federalists”? 32.​What 4 newly created positions became the first presidential cabinet?  33.​Summarize the financial state of the United States as Hamilton took over as Secretary of Treasury – what challenges existed? 34.​Hamilton’s plan of assumption revolved around the federal government assuming all debt (national and state) and paying it off while instituting a tax policy that would show creditors that the U.S. could meet its financial obligations. Certain groups (southern states, veterans, farmers/Jefferson’s followers) protested this idea – why? 35.​Describe the compromise that Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison struck regarding Hamilton’s economic plan (Compromise of 1790). 36.​Describe the different philosophies and supporters of the Federalist/Democratic-Republicans. 37.​Describe the roles and duties of the Bank of the United States. How did Hamilton see the Bank helping the strained economic situation of the U.S.? 38.​Why were southern plantation owners like Madison and Jefferson against the Bank of the United States? 39.​In regards to the Bank, how did both sides (pro and anti) use the Constitution to argue their case? 40.​Describe Hamilton’s vision of the American economy. 41.​In his 1776 book Wealth of Nations, British economist Adam Smith argues in favor of a capitalist system (market economy). According to Smith, what generates wealth and how is this different from previous economic theories? 42.​How did Washington react to the Indian attacks and failed treaties in the Northwest Territory? Use specific evidence. 43.​Treaty of Greenville – 44.​What was the impact/outcome of the Battle of Fallen Timbers? 45.​Why did western farmers oppose the whiskey tax? 46.​How did Washington handle the Whiskey Rebellion and the individuals involved? What significance do you think Washington’s actions had on people’s view of the federal government and Washington as a leader? 47.​What reasoning did U.S. officials and U.S. citizens have to support the French Revolution? To not support the French Revolution? 48.​What situations existed that caused some Americans to call for war against Britain in the 1790s? 49.​What positives came out of Pinckney’s Treaty? 50.​Alien and Sedition Acts – 51.​Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – 52.​How did the Democratic-Republicans respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts? How was this response a threat to the authority of the federal government? 53.​XYZ Affair – 54.​Quasi-War – Unit Four 1.​ Jefferson thought the government was “too complicated, too expensive.” How did he try to solve this? 2.​ Midnight Judges – 3.​ What was the three-fold ruling in Marbury v. Madison? Why was this such an important case to the Supreme Court? 4.​ Discuss the characteristics of American life in the early 1800s in terms of: a.​ Mobility b.​ Social Hierarchy c.​ Violence 5.​ Sally Hemmings – 6.​ “Wall of Separation Between Church and State” – What does this mean? What arguments could one use against this piece of American lexicon? 7.​ Deists – 8.​ Why did the teachings of John Wesley “appeal in freedom-loving Jeffersonian America”? 9.​ Discuss the differences between Methodists and Baptists. 10.​Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner – 11.​How did the religious revival of the Second Great Awakening impact slaves? 12.​John Carroll – 13.​According to Jefferson’s wishes, what were the Corps of Discovery’s “assignments” as they explored the Louisiana Territory? 14.​Describe how Native American assistance helped the Lewis and Clark expedition. 15.​Though Jefferson was thrilled with Napoleon’s offer to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million, one Constitutional issue still troubled him – explain. 16.​Describe the practice of impressment. Why did the British Navy have the need to do this? 17.​Why did Jefferson pass the Embargo Act of 1807? Was it effective? How did this backfire on Jefferson? 18.​Describe the different strategies of Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) and Tecumseh in combating white expansion in the West. 19.​Who were the War Hawks? Why did they believe war with the British would be good for the United States? 20.​What came of the Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812? Why was Britain open to ending the war? Why was this a smart move on Britain’s part? 21.​Why were Federalists in New England against the war? What actions did they take to protest? 22.​Why was the Battle of New Orleans both insignificant and significant to the War of 1812 and its aftermath? 23.​How did the end of the War of 1812 affect the mood of America? Why was this an odd mood given the circumstances? 24.​How did the war and its aftermath impact the economic and commercial path of America? 25.​How did the U.S. secure Florida and improve its claims in the Oregon Territory? 26.​Adams-Onis Treaty – 27.​What did the Monroe Doctrine state? Why was this a bold statement for the U.S. to make at this time? 28.​Flying Shuttle/Spinning Jenny/Water Frame/Steam Engine – 29.​3. Samuel Slater – 30.​What problem did the cotton gin solve? How did the cotton gin impact the institution of slavery, especially in the Deep South? 31.​Black-Belt – 32.​Besides establishing a British –style power-loom mill in Massachusetts, how else did Lowell change the manufacturing business in America? 33.​What advantages did New York City enjoy that allowed it to play such a dominant role in the nation’s cotton economy? 34.​What caused the Panic of 1819? How did this panic impact America’s outlook on the future? 35.​Why were Presidents Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe hesitant to endorse more federally financed construction of roads and canals? 36.​What was the message put forth by Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle? What changes would Rip Van Winkle see in the America of the 1820s that he wouldn’t have seen in Revolution-era America? Discuss the following topics: a.​ The Economy b.​ Connectedness c.​ The Production and Purchase of Goods d.​ Time 37.​Era of Good Feelings: Why was it called this? What tensions existed that went against this moniker? 38.​What were the Facts/Ruling/Impact and Importance of the following Supreme Court Cases: a.​ McCulloch v. Maryland b.​ Gibbons v. Ogden 39.​Describe the need for and components of the Missouri Compromise. 40.​How had the voting eligibility in 1824 changed/not changed since the Constitution was adopted in 1789? 41.​The 1824 election is often referred to as “the corrupt bargain”. What controversy took place during this election that led to this name? 42.​Describe John Q. Adams’s plan to improve the country. 43.​Describe the components and benefits of Henry Clay’s American System. 44.​Describe the philosophies of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. 45.​How were American expectations of presidential elections changed from 46.​“Jackson cared about a few issues, and these shaped his agenda as president.” What issues did Jackson care about? 47.​What was the “spoils system”? How did Jackson use the spoils system (use evidence)? What negatives came from Jackson’s use of the spoils system? 48.​Who was Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet”? 49.​How had the Five Civilized Tribes, and in particular the Cherokee, assimilated into American/European culture? 50.​Indian Removal Act – 51.​Describe the opposition and opponents of the Indian Removal Act. 52.​Describe the rulings in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia. How did Jackson react to Worcester v. Georgia? 53.​How did Cherokee leaders John Ross, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot respond to the forced removal of Cherokees to Oklahoma? 54.​Trail of Tears – 55.​How did other tribes (Chickasaws, Seminoles) react to other tribes being forced west? 56.​Black Hawk’s War – 57.​What event led to the chartering of the Second Bank of the United States? 58.​What groups were against the Second Bank of the United States? Why? 59.​What arguments did Jackson have against the Second National Bank (and all banks)? 60.​Who was Nicholas Biddle and what role did he play in the nation’s economy? 61.​How did Jackson and Secretary of the Treasury Roger B. Taney eventually kill the Second Bank of the United States? 62.​Describe John Calhoun’s theory of nullification. 63.​What groups/regions opposed the “Tariff of Abominations”? Why? 64.​Why did South Carolina in particular oppose the Tariff of Abominations? 65.​How did Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster respond to Hayne’s/Calhoun’s ideas about states’ rights, nullification, and secession? 66.​How did Jackson and South Carolina respond to the crisis? 67.​Why, in the bigger scheme, was it important to South Carolina that they establish the right to nullify the tariff? 68.​Charles G. Finney – 69.​“Burned-Over District” – 70.​Lyman and Catherine Beecher – 71.​Several reform causes sprang from the revivalism movement of the Second Great Awakening. Briefly describe the following movements: a.​ a. Women’s Rights b.​ b. Anti-Slavery c.​ c. Prison Reform d.​ d. Mentally Ill e.​ e. Temperance f.​ f. Pacifism g.​ g. Education 72.​Mother Ann Lee (The Shakers) – 73.​John Humphrey (The Oneida Community) – 74.​Robert Owen (New Harmony) – 75.​Joseph Smith and Brigham Young (The Mormons) – 76.​Ralph Waldo Emerson (Transcendentalism) – 77.​Why did Whigs support a national public school system? 78.​What ideas did Horace Mann propose to improve education in his home state of Massachusetts? 79.​Why were Catholics especially unhappy with the growing influence and cost of the public school system? What action did they take as a response to these concerns? 80.​Describe the lessons contained in The McGuffey Reader. What were the goals of these lessons? 81.​Describe the concept of manifest destiny. 82.​Why did the following groups oppose the idea of Manifest Destiny: Whigs, Anti-slavery 83.​Advocates, Pro-slavery Advocates, Californios 84.​Tejanos - 85.​Empresario - 86.​"Remember the Alamo and Goliad" -what took place at these locations that this became a rallying cry for Texas independence? 87.​Describe the Battle of San Jacinto and the Treaty of Velasco that resulted from the battle. 88.​Why was the US reluctant to annex Texas as a state? 89.​What values did expansionist Americans see in California? 90.​How did the Democrats and Whigs organize their selection of candidates differently for the election of 1836? 91.​What was the gag rule? Why did Martin Van Buren enact the gag rule? What impact did the gag rule have on Congress and the issue of slavery? 92.​How did Jackson's financial policies contribute to the Panic of 1837? 93.​Panic of 1837 - 94.​Specie Circular- 95.​What caused the Panic of 1839? 96.​Why was Tyler's assumption of the presidency after the death of William H. Harrison such a disaster for the Whigs? 97.​Webster-Ashburton Treaty - 98.​Describe the Democratic (Polk) platform for the election of 1844. Why was this a smart platform to adopt? 99.​How did Tyler "finagle" the entry of Texas as a state in the US? 100.​ Who were Marcus and Narcissa Whitman? How did they impact American settlement in the West? 101.​ A popular phrase of the era was "54' 40' or fight" - describe what this related to. 102.​ Why were southern planters against the addition of the Oregon Territory? 103.​ How did Polk (and Zachary Taylor) initiate the start of the Mexican-American War? 104.​ Describe Thoreau's pamphlet Civil Disobedience and the event surrounding its creation. 105.​ Battle of Veracruz - 106.​ 6. Battle of Mexico City - 107.​ Why was Polk concerned about General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott having too much battlefield success? l 8. Bear Flag Revolt - 108.​ Why was the US conquest of California much easier than that of Mexico? 109.​ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 110.​ Gadsden Purchase - 111.​ Free Soil Party - 112.​ How did gold mining change from 1848 to 1851? 113.​ What impact did the Gold Rush have on the whaling industry in the Pacific? 114.​ What consumer products came from whales? 115.​ How did whaling ships extend American influence around the world? 116.​ Opium War - 117.​ Why was China a difficult trade partner for western nations? 118.​ Treaty of Wang-hsia - 119.​ Describe Commander Matthew Perry's foray into Japan. Why was the US interested in establishing relations with Japan? 120.​ Kanagawa Treaty-