APUSH Study Guide 13, 14, 15 PDF

AP US History Review Sheet Ch 13-14-15 Test Date: ___________ Chapter 13: The Sections Go Their Ways south south = less urbanzation and less transportation ○ had some factories but for the most part they relied on the north ○ kind of had a textile...

AP US History Review Sheet Ch 13-14-15 Test Date: ___________ Chapter 13: The Sections Go Their Ways south south = less urbanzation and less transportation ○ had some factories but for the most part they relied on the north ○ kind of had a textile industry - not as big as the north slavery and cotton - biggest industry 1860s - only 25 percent of people in south actually owned slaves south had many little farms - less large planations ○ plantations yeiled high proft KEY POINT - southern capital was tied up in land and slaves north industization was booming growth increased demand for labor westward expansion gave new matierails unskilled workers could barley support their families slave stereotypes many african american slaves became submisisve and relized it was best to be obident - there weere very few trail blazer who stood up against slavery slaves had strong culture and familes ties slaves were NOT GOOD for the low class white man because they took all the jobs that this kind of person needed to survive antebellum small vilage - not like a northen farm produced most the food consumed master exercised paternal authority - mothers household behavoir “southern lady) most slaves worked in feilds - others were households servants hisortical - slaves have always been around - why would we stop now bibical - reffernces in the bible - god wanted this cultural - southern cultural racial - people turned to african americans economic - souths whole industry moral - white mans burden constitutional - ⅗ comprimse Baltimore and Ohio Railroad first railroad increased production of transposition ment that it was easier to transport goods, ideas and people helped the midwest side against the south - they were linked to easerten markets Denmark Vesey lived in the south, bought his freedom and then why like guys we all need to rebel planned a whole resistance for 5 years but then someone opted on him ○ rebellion never actually happened - but 37 slaves got killed Nat Turner slave revolt people were very scard ○ one of the only succesful rebellions John Deere invented the steerplowshare made alot of money made it easier to cut through prairie sod McCormick reaper Major figure in the development of the mechanical reaper ○ Horse-drawn reaper that bent the grain against the cutting knife and then deposited it neatly on a platform There, it could be easily raked into windrows ○ With this machine, 2 workers could cut 14x as much wheat as with scythes Chapter 14: The Coming of the Civil War - GO OVER IF THW WHIGS OR DEMOCRATS WHERE IN SUPPORT OF SLAVERY popular sovereignty the idea that th epeople living in the region could decdide if it was a slave state ○ until the people decided otherwise slavery was legal ○ this was a terrible idea and resulted in bloody kanas people were fighting and there was a ton a voilnce - this can be seen as a major start for the civil war Fugitive Slave Act encouraged southerns to try and recover escaped slaves caused panic among balck commuintys and northen commuintys ○ lots of blacks fled to candana many northens fefused to obey the laws- this was considered one of the tipping points in starting the civil war southersn thought that the north was not follwing the comprimse of 1820 Uncle Tom’s Cabin harriet beecher stowe’s novel american best seller told the true stroy of slavery - shed light on the inhumaness to northerns ○ southers were anoyed because they thought it was inaccurate and embellishment Young America Movement manifest density fuled this idea ○ desire to reach new markets, spread democrcary and avoid rising sectional tensions tried to get more land - this was mostly frown upon by the north because they felt like the south was just trying to gain more slaves Ostend Manifesto  american minster in europe proposed that america should buy cuba or take it by force if spain refused to sell outraged northerns ○ saw it as a slaveholders plot government had to disvow (end the plan) Kansas-Nebraska Act stephan douglas was a bigg advocate for this ○ he wanted the region for the transcontinental railroad nebraska layed north of the missouri compromise line (this ment that it would have been a free state) in efforts to gain support douglas agreed to divide the nebraska terroirty inot kansas and nebraska ○ repealed the missouri comprise (this phrobhibted slavery north of 36 30 degrees) ○ popular sovinerty would decide the status of the stares lots of people strongly disgarred with this bill but douglas got enough support to pass it KEY POINT - was the final tipping point for the country and caused civil war Dred Scott Decision slave that was accompinated with his owner from missouri to illion and the wisoconins terroty before returning to missouri scott goes back to missouri and tries to become a free man - claims that because he was in free states (illions and wisconsin) he is now a free man 1857 - the supreme court ruled that african americans were not citizens in any circumstances ○ terrible setback, coundt go to court (cause they werent citizens) ○ ALSO declare that the missoirui comprimse is actaully unconstiionalt - people should be allowed to enjoy their property (slaves) anywhere KEY POINTS - slaves were basically allowed in any state ○ tension rises and north is convived the south is trying to spread slavery Lecompton Constitution - go over this one more buchan promotes walker as the terroitnal govoner of kanas walker was a southern but against the spread of slavery in new terroitys pro slavery leaders hold a constional convention in lecomtpon ○ the freesoil people refuse to participate ○ the people of the convection draft this proslavery constitution - BUT they refuse to submit to a vote for all the settlers remember this goes against popular sovereignty walker (the governor) is like absolutely no - we are not gonna do this buchan (the president) is like it might be easier to just let kansas into the union with the constitutional framework that they wrote ○ lowkey really unfair cause it doesnt follow popular sovereignty Buchan and douglas (the guy all into popular sovinety) start fighting ○ split of the democratic party  ○ voter then reject the lecompton constitution Bleeding Kansas kanas becomes a national issue ○ both people against slaves and for slavery tried to flood thre area and gain control (popular soverinty failing) goveremnt was like we dont really care - didnt get involve Lincoln Douglas Debates 7 debates between lincoln and douglas - they actually didnt have really different ideas on slavery both didnt want slavery to extend into the terroirtys also didnt want forced abolition BUT the debates extaggerated their differences ○ licion made it seems like dogoul was pro slavery and douglas made it seem like licion was an abolishment lcision convinved dougals to admit that the dred scott decision could not stop settlers from exlduing slavery from a terroirty ○ settlers could refuse to enact local laws necessary to protect slavery Freeport Doctrine - confused helped douglas win the re election but cost him the presdeincy campaign In a debate at Freeport, Lincoln asked Douglas if, considering the Dred Scott decision, the people of a territory could exclude slavery before the territory became a state ○ Douglass replied they could, simply by not passing the local laws essential for holding blacks in bondage ○ “It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the extract question” ○ “ the people have the lawful means to introduce or excluded as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist… unless it is supported by local police regulations” Argument that saved Douglas in Illinois But freeport doctrine hurt him two year later when he made his bid for the Democratic presidential nomination ○ Southern extremists would not accept a man who suggested that the Dred Scott decision could be circumvented Harper’s Ferry Raid john brown and small group of followers attack the federal arsenal at harpers ferry, virigna wanted to incite the slaves to rebel and use wepaons to arm the slaves no slaves join them and brown gets captured, coficted of murder and then hanged notherns view him as a martyr but southerns view him as crazy Crittenden Compromise - look into this more an andmendemnt that would have recongzed slavery south of the 30,36 line but lincoln shut this down (opposed to slavery entering the new terroirty)  this failed and was never put into effect - last attmept to compromise Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote uncle toms cabin Stephen Douglas based his poltics on expansion and popular sovientry he was opposed to savery but completely ignored the moral aspect of it thought natural conditions would prevent slavery from moving west wanted the democratic nomination for president in 1852 ○ instead the party choose franklin pierce ( he defeated general winfeild scott” ○ whig party is falling apart cotton whigs got convinced to become democrats southern democrats controlled congress which disturbed both democrats and whigs in the north Franklin Pierce president before lincoln Know Nothing Party the whig party starts to collapse ○ the know nothing party - also knowed as the american party is born nativist platform - the american party basically had support in all sections most disliked blacks - but the party adopoted the views on slavery whereever they were ○ meabning in the north they were aganist slavery - south for slavery Reblican party former free soilers, concsois whigs and anti nebreaska democarst banned together inot the repbiclan party almost all the support for the repiblans came from the north they werent abolistisnt but rather wanted to keep slavery out of their terroirty and stop the spread ○ wanted to maintain exculsive acess to the west for free white labor New England Emigrant Aid Society Formed during the fight for control of Kansas Plans for transporting antislavery settlers into the area ○ Transported a handful of New Englanders to Kansas ○ New Englanders very conspicuous Helped many Midwestern antislavery settlers make the move John Brown an anti slavery extrmeist and his followers murder 5 proslavery men at pottawatomie creek ○ this was after president pierce denuncation of the free state government at topeka encouraged the proslavery forces to take the offensive the proslavery people sacked the anti slavery town of lawerance and caused lots of damage (then john brown went crazy) Charles Sumner senator of MA demanded that kansas must be admitted as a free state he beats up douglouys and senator andrew butler of south carolina ○ butlers nephew is like no way anyone messes with my uncle so he beats up sumner on the floor of the senate with a cane ○ brooks (the nephew) becomes a southern hero ○ northens think this further proves how crazy slavery and the south is - they view sumner as a martyr (someone who dies for a cause) James Buchanan democrats choose james buchan as candiate for the 1856 election democarst win because they make up this whole propaganda that the republicans are secretly trying to destory the whole union republiucans hoped that Buchanan would be able to promote reconciliation ○ didnt think he had the character to stand up to southern extrmeist ○ A LITTLE CONFUSED - figure out who was for slavery and who was aganist (democartcs ir republicans) Abraham Lincoln northens thiught douglues was there best shot as keeping everyone unified (they wanted him to be senator again) amrhama licion is repubicaln and a lawyer that presoviily served in the illinois legislature and congress good sense of humor not an abolsihment but wanted to stop slavery - as time goes on he takes more of a stance against slavery for moral reasons attacked the insttion rather than the indiviula slave owners his main desire was just to preserve the union John Breckenridge southern dems nominate him for the election of 1860 John Bell the constitutional unions party nomination for the election of 1860 Election of 1860 south is getting paranoid - really start to defend slavery southern delagtes refuse to suport douglas (he looks like the countries best option at staying united) at democrarcitc convention ○ 2nd convention and no one can agree ○ dems split up cause they cant get their shit together northen dem - douglas southern dems - john beckridge republicans decide that they need to pick someone kind of neutral - lincoln ○ high tariffs, homestead law, internal improvements and election of slavery in terroirtuies ○ licoln had moderate views and had a good political personality lincoln wins because of electroal college - not popular vote Jefferson Davis  president of the south - was not good as a politician or a leader south faced a lot of issues with new goveremnt - everyone wanted states rights ○ which is hard to inquoperate on a national level End 1861- south carolina and 6 lower states succeed - provisional government ○ feared northern poltical and econmical domination ○ sectional tension had been growing for so long Chapter 15: The War to Save the Union Abraham Lincoln had a cabinat of people repersenting a wide range of political oppions firm ingaurations speech - warned that seccesion was illegal Jefferson Davis president for south relied on defensive to wear the union down ○ had a one party system but there was alot of divide ○ southern governors v president main problem was finance - printing money caused extreme inflation england didnt need the souths cotton as much as they thought they would Ft. Sumter lincoln did not reclaim federal propety seized by the confederates BUT he was determined to defend fort sumter in the charekeston harbor and fort pickens ○ both remained in federal hands took moderate steps - resuppylung the garrison at fort sumter ○ april 12 - confederates fire at fort - force it to surrender ○ lincoln is like hell ya - and calls for 75,000 voulennters ○ other states (virgina, north carolina, arkansas and tennese) realize its actually war so they succed and join the confederacry Lincoln makes it clear that he opposes secession to persve the union not to abolish slavery North v South north had more econmy, manufacting people thought that yhe north wouldnt be able to fight a long fight because they eventually would need the cotton south had really good military leaders, they were fighting a defensive war northern generals didnt do great in the beggining north finances the war ○ rasing income taxes ○ assesing a direct tax on states ○ borrowing and printing money Battle of Bull Run first battle of the civil war confederates win - very disogranized - but this rattles the northerns boosted southern morales  ○ lincoln devises a new strategy that includes a naval blockade of southern ports ○ operations in the west to gain control of mississippi and invade virginia ○ george B mcclellan gets appointed to command the union forces Politics republicans had control of the congress in the union ○ still alot of divide about slavery and weather this war should be about slaves or seccesion lincioln susspened the hapeaus corpeau and applyed martial law freely some radical republicans wanted to give all african americans full rights imminently Shiloh Mcclellah continued to prepare to attack richmond and union forced invaded tennesnse confederate suprise attack and really shake the union up grant looses his command title Stonewall Jackson killed in battle George B. McClellan union - north had some issues as a leader saw his men as gentleman was wimpy and coulnt pull the trigger Copperheads peace democrats that were against the war as whole ○ hoped for negotitated oeace with the south West Virginia Union under the command of George B. McClellan ○ Units had drive the Confederates from the pro-Union western countries of Virginia ○ Cleared the way for the admission of West Virginia as a separate state in 1863 Fighting was on a small scale ○ But McClellan had a way of inflating its importance Ulysses S. Grant north Robert E. Lee south really good leader - bold and daring on the battlefield but also humble Monitor and the Merrimack Famous battle, March 9, 1862 ○ Between USS Monitor and the Confederate Merrimack ○ First fight in history between armored warships Control of these waters was securely in northern hand Battle of Antietam figure out what happen here  Between Lee (south) and McClellan (north) Lee army pursuing intensely and aggressively ○ McClellan army tipped off by a captured dispatch McClellan beginning to move more swiftly September 17, McClellan forcing Lee to fight at Sharpsburg, Maryland ○ Lee no room to maneuver ○ Even casualties ○ Lee’s position perilous Here, McClellan could have won the war for the Union ○ But his hesitancy and deliberation allowed the Confederates to escape ○ Lincoln dismissed McClellan for his command lincoln was disguised by mcchelans performance so he gets out under the power of general henry halleck Emancipation Proclamation turning point in the war jan 1 1863 all slaves in rebellion states were free - pratically it didnt but gained the liberal opinion in europe made the war about slavery slaves tried to escape and fight for the north Homestead Act 1862 Gave 160 acres to any settler who would farm the land for five years Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 Provided the states with land at the rate of 30,000 acres for each member of Congress to support state agricultural colleges. Pacific Railway Act 1862 Authorized subsidies in land and money for the construction of a transcontinental railroad Legal Tender Act (greenbacks) / National Banking Act Conscription Act New York Draft riots workers who opposed conscription and didnt want to fight to free slaves ○ they felt like the slaves would take their jobs if they were to get freed ○ became and assult aganist blacks martial law and the suspending the writ of habeas corpus Battle of Vicksburg On independence day, one day after Gettysburg ○ Federal troops won another great victory far to the west  Ulysses S. Grant resumed command of the Union troops ○ Very controversial officer ○ Lincoln very much supports him as an officer though ○ Grant’s aim to capture Vicksburg, city of strategic importance Guarded a 150-mile stretch of the Mississippi river Grant decided to attack from the east ○ Deceitful plan as he left some troops up north to seem like they were attacking from there → grant several decisive victories ○ Got federal control over the entire length of the Mississippi ○ Captured Texas and Arkansas from Confederacy Lincoln initially did not like Grant’s plan of capturing Vicksburg ○ Afterwards, Lincoln confesses his error + placed Grant in command of all federal troops west of the Appalachians Battle of Gettysburg Turning point of the war ○ Made it clear the north would win. ○ 50,000 people died, and the south lost its chance to invade the north. Confederacy attacked cemetery ridge ○ Pounding it with the heaviest artillery ever seen ○ General George G. Meade (Union) held his position, ○ Lee had to retreat, clearly being bested in the battle Meade, like McClellan, hesitated ○ Let the opportunity pass to defeat the Confederacy once and for all Gettysburg Address William Tecumseh Sherman previously went to west point, worked a boring life, then came back as a general (similar to grant, who he was friends with) union general famous for his march to the sea ○ where he destroyed the south Sherman victories staggered the Confederacy + anti-Lincoln forces in North ○ Lincoln easily reelected ○ → broke the South’s resistance The March to the Sea March to the sea by Sherman ○ Thought Georgia but had more objectives than just conquering territory One was economic Destruction of southern resources One was psychological If north can march an army right through the south, then the North can prevail  ○ Georgia blacks, flocked to the invaders, cheered happily as the soldiers put their former masters’ homes to torches Siege of Petersburg / Richmond Grant + General William Tecumseh Sherman ○ Attack Lee and try to capture Richmond At Richmond ○ North sustaining thousands and thousands of casualties Not backing down Grant knew war could only be won by wearing down Lee’s numbers ○ At cold harbor, not advantage gained to compensate for heavy union losses As confederates dug in, Grant also put Petersburg under siege ○ Both sides constructing complicated lines Union forces looking to extend their lines, cut off rail connections supplying Lee’s troops and Richmond ○ By late June, Lee pinned Moving again would mean to abandon/surrender Richmond Appomattox Courthouse the location where the defeated lee was cornered after the capture of richmond and forced to surrender to grant by ending the war with peace concessions. Massachusetts 54th Famous black regiment ○ Organized by the governor of Massachusetts after the Emancipation Proclamation authorized the enlistment of blacks Essential Mastery Questions - chapter 13 1. Explain why, in economic terms, the South was unable to abandon its system of slave labor between 1820 and 1860. 2. Consider the role of an antebellum slave. Describe a sequence of “typical” experiences in your life and relate your thoughts and feelings about these experiences. 3. Consider the role of a northern wage laborer in the 1840s. Describe a sequence of “typical” experiences in your life and relate your thoughts and feelings about these experiences. 4. How did commerce and transportation affect the growth of the nation? And, how did they contribute to sectional consciousness between 1830 and 1860? Essential Mastery Questions - chapter 14 1. Explain why the Compromise of 1850 failed to end the debate on slavery. 2. Explain why the “nation took the greatest step in its march toward the abyss of secession and civil war” when Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 3. What role did Kansas play in developing hostilities in the 1850s, and why? 4. Evaluate the importance of the Dred Scott Decision, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Harper’s Ferry raid, and the election of 1860 to the coming of secession and civil war. Rank them in order of their significance and explain why. 5. Consider the presidents, and major political figures of the era, men like Henry Clay, Franklin Pierce, Roger Taney, Stephen Douglas, James Buchanan, John Breckinridge, Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln. To what extent can we blame the War on the actions or inaction of politicians in general, and anyone in particular? Essential Mastery Questions- chapter 15 1. Why did both sides feel confident of victory as the Civil War began? 2. How did Lincoln and Davis each manage their difficult jobs as president? How did the Union pay for the war, and what did the political landscape look like during the war? (p392-97) 3. Evaluate the contribution the Emancipation Proclamation made to the war effort. Also explain how it altered the social and economic systems of both the North and the South. 4. Describe the economic and social changes in both the North and the South that accompanied the Civil War. 5. What roles did blacks - both slave and free - have in the fighting of the war? 6. What roles did women have in the war? 7. Select what you think were the five most important battles of the war; justify your choices.