AP World History Past Paper PDF

Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Latin America in the 20th Century Issues of social justice, cultural autonomy and economic security Workers organizations become political force Urban growth and emigration Talk of change but little occurs Transformations...

Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Latin America in the 20th Century Issues of social justice, cultural autonomy and economic security Workers organizations become political force Urban growth and emigration Talk of change but little occurs Transformations in education, social services, women's rights and the role of industry Military Government Catholic church, liberation theology and socialism have political influence Military rule often seen as solution to problems Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Peru saw military takeovers By the 1970's democracy returns to Argentina, Brazil, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Colombia and Peru Cuba American influence following Spanish rule Sugar exporter Class disparity Fidel Castro 1953 attempted revolution By 1958 military ruler Batista out In 1961 U.S. breaks relations with Cuba 1962-threat of nuclear war Continuing Soviet aid U.S. Presence in Latin America Sought to protect economic, strategic, political and ideological interests Reduced tensions after 1930 Women's Rights By 1950's most women could vote Elective office and industry inclusion Attitudes over women's roles was slower to change Advancement but not up to the level of industrialized nations Population Rapid urban growth Migration within and through the region Issues with illegal immigration Working class not well represented in politics Cultural issues remain unresolved and global position is complex\ \ \ \ \ Africa, the Middle East and Asia in the Era of Independence\ \ Post-Colonial Challenges Ethnic and religious division Lack of technological and management expertise Population growth Degraded environment Corruption Military dictatorships Mass urban migration creates parasitic cities Women's Rights Constitution promised equality but male dominance remained Inferior education Religious fundamentalism Sanitation and famine endanger women and children A few prominent women in Indian, Pakistani and the Philippine politics Neocolonialism Industry hurt due to limited capital Export of cash crops had uncertain revenue Revenue supported government spending Arbitrary boundaries caused civil strife Aid from industrial nations required political and economic concessions Leaders blamed problems on colonialism The New West African Nations Government Response Egypt-military dictatorship -- Muslim Brotherhood formed Fundamentalist Islam Reforms Strikes, violence and assassinations -- Nasser-turns to USSR model -- Sadat-Western reforms India-socialism with civilian rule -- Science and industry developed -- Social reform, democracy, civil rights -- Population growth slows progress The Middle East in the Cold War Era Government Response Iran-revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini overthrows Shah -- Religious fundamentalism-Islamic law -- Saw the West as the enemy -- Devastating war with Iraq and failed efforts South Africa -- Apartheid -- African "homelands" -- ANC led by Nelson Mandela -- External and internal pressures ended white rule The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the Emergence of New Nations Patterns of Civilizations India-democratic success similar to early traditions of decentralization Middle East-secular and religious tensions are similar to earlier traditions Africa-emphasis on authoritarian rulers reflects early tradition of "Big Man" rule\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim Post-War Japan American occupation Democracy, constitution, two-party system Emperor figurehead Military disbanded New educational system Japan: Economics and Politics Cooperation between state and industry Labor and management worked together including lifetime employment Women's status remained traditional Some political corruption Recession and unemployment upset pattern Korea Cold War division between U.S and USSR North-communist, South-early military authority and later democracy War fought to stalemate North Korea now an impoverished, isolated dictatorship South Korea an industrialized economic powerhouse Pacific Rim Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong stable and vigorous economies Return of Hong Kong in 1997 linked China to the world Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia showed strong economic growth China Mao offers solutions and moves quickly to address social and economic problems Peasant revolution Centralized state planning, 5-year plan Landlords and intellectuals purged Great Leap Forward-industrialization through small-scale projects - failed Cultural Revolution purge caused instability Vietnam French opposition to rebels following WWII Defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 U.S. support of South Deposed Diem after initial support 500,000 troops and massive bombing Communists prevail in 1975\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Globalization Key Terms Green Revolution- Asian agricultural improvements in seed, fertilizers, and irrigation. F.W. de Klerk- South African Prime Minister in the late 1980's; helped end Apartheid. Benazir Bhutto- Twice elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in the 1980's. African National Congress- Black political organization in South Africa. Hosni Mubarak- President of Egypt from 1981-2010; cooperated with the West and Israel. Muslim Brotherhood- Islamic Fundamentalist and nationalistic group in Egypt; opposes west. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini- Religious leader and ruler of Iran; led Iranian revolution of 1979. Indira Gandhi- Female Prime Minister of India in 1966; astute politician. Anwar Sadat - Pro-Western President of Egypt in the 1970's; signed peace treaty with Israel. Jawaharlal Nehru- one of Gandhi's disciples; governed India after its independence in the 1950's. Nelson Mandela- long imprisoned anti-apartheid leader and later President of South Africa. Ngo Dinh Diem- US supported leader of South Vietnam in the 1950's; deposed by the US. Deng Xiaoping‐ China's least ideological Communist Party leader in the 1960's and 1970's. Cultural Revolution- 3 year campaign in mid-1960's China to restore Mao's vision for China. Communist Party of Vietnam- led in the late 1920's by Ho Chi Minh; fought for Vietnam's independence. Ho Chi Minh- most important Vietnamese Communist leader. Hong Kong- British colony on Chinese mainland. Returned to Chinese control in 1997. Great Leap Forward- disastrous economic policy in China in the late 1950's; based on small scale industrial projects in peasant communes in China; led to economic turmoil in China and later abandoned. Dien Bien Phu- most important victory for Viet Minh army over the French; gave Viet Minh control over North Vietnam. Tayson Rebellion- peasant revolution in southern Vietnam in late 1970's; forced gov't. reforms. Taiwan- Independent Republic of China set up on island after nationalists fled from Communist Chinese mainland in late 1940's; supported by U.S but still claimed by Communist China. Republic of Korea- South Korea; continues to be militarily supported by the US against North Korea. Viet Minh‐ Communist dominated nationalistic movement in Vietnam in the 1940's; supported by China. Boris Yeltsin- First President of the Russian Republic following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Glasnost‐ policy of more "openness" and cooperation with the west put into place by Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980's in the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev- last communist leader of the Soviet Union before its collapse. Pushed for "glasnost" and "perestroika"- programs that favored more cooperation with the west. First U.S.‐Iraq War- 1991 US led United Nations action against Iraq's occupation of Kuwait. NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement; free trade zone between Canada, Mexico, and the US established in 1994. Multinational Corporations- powerful companies from the west and the pacific rim that dominate international trade. Globalization- the increasing "interconnectedness" of all parts of the world; includes economics, politics, communications, and culture.