Latin America: Revolution and Reaction Quiz

Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

• Issues included social justice, cultural autonomy, and economic security
• Workers' organizations became a political force
• Urban growth and emigration
• Talk of change but little actual change occurred
• Transformations in education, social services, women's rights, and industry
• Military governments frequently occurred
• The Catholic church, liberation theology, and socialism held significant political sway
• Military rule was often seen as a solution to problems
• Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Peru experienced military takeovers
• By the 1970s, democracy returned to Argentina, Brazil, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Colombia, and Peru
• Cuba remained under American influence following Spanish rule
• Cuba was a major sugar exporter
• Class disparity was evident
• Fidel Castro attempted a revolution in 1953
• By 1958, military ruler Batista was out
• In 1961, the U.S. severed relations with Cuba
• Threats of nuclear war emerged in 1962
• Continuing Soviet aid to Cuba
• The U.S. presence served to protect economic, strategic, political and ideological interests
• Tensions lessened after 1930
• Women's suffrage became more widespread by the 1950s

Africa, the Middle East and Asia in the Era of Independence

• Post-colonial challenges included ethnic and religious divisions
• Lack of technological and management expertise was prevalent
• Population growth was rapid
• Degradation of the environment was a significant concern
• Corruption was a problem
• Military dictatorships were common
• Mass urban migrations created parasitic cities
• Women's rights were often promised but dominance remained with men
• Inferior education for women and girls
• Religious fundamentalism was a factor
• Sanitation and famine were major challenges for women and children
• Few prominent women emerged in India and Pakistan.

Neocolonialism and the Philippine politics

• Industry suffered due to limited capital
• Exporting cash crops generated uncertain revenue
• Government spending relied on revenue
• Arbitrary boundaries caused civil strife
• Aid from developed countries demanded political and economic concessions
• Leaders blamed colonial influences for problems
• New West African nations faced challenges

The Middle East in the Cold War Era

• Iran's revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini
• Overthrows the Shah
• Religious fundamentalism gained sway with Islamic law
• The West was seen as an enemy of the people
• Devastating wars with Iraq highlighted failed Cold War efforts

Apartheid

• African "homelands" were a feature of apartheid
• ANC, led by Nelson Mandela, confronted and ended white rule
• External and internal pressures influenced white rule cessation
• Colonial divisions in Africa led to the emergence of new nations
• India's democracy mirrored early decentralized models
• Middle Eastern tensions showed religious and secular divisions
• African rulers were authoritarian, mirroring "Big Man" rule traditions.

Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim

• Post-War Japan experienced American occupation
• Democracy with a constitution and two party system was instituted
• Emperor became a figurehead
• Military was disbanded
• New education system created

Issues in Korea, South Korea and Vietnam

• Women's traditional status remained
• Some political corruption
• Economic downturns and unemployment patterns existed
• Cold War divisions between U.S. and U.S.S.R. exacerbated tensions
• War efforts in North Korea resulted in a dictatorial state
• South Korea became an industrialized powerhouse
• Pacific Rim nations experienced stable and vigorous economies
• Hong Kong's return contributed to China's influence
• Strong economic growth was visible in Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia
• China implemented solutions and addressed social and economic problems

Globalization

• Green Revolution introduced agricultural improvements like seed, fertilizer, and irrigation in Asia.
• F. W. de Klerk, South African Prime Minister, played a role in ending apartheid in the late 1980s.
• Benazir Bhutto was twice elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in the 1980s
• Key figures like Nelson Mandela and Jawaharlal Nehru were important to their respective countries' independence movements

Test your knowledge on the significant social, political, and economic changes in Latin America from the 20th century into the 21st. This quiz covers key events like military rule, revolutions, and the role of the Catholic Church and socialism in shaping the region's history. Explore how these elements influenced social justice and cultural autonomy across countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Cuba.