AP Human Geography - UNIT 3 Notes PDF

Unit 3 Notes Folk Culture Popular Culture Other/Mixed Isolated group practicing the Large group of diverse Sports originated as isolated same culture, Ex: amish people sharing similar folk customs and diffused people...

Unit 3 Notes Folk Culture Popular Culture Other/Mixed Isolated group practicing the Large group of diverse Sports originated as isolated same culture, Ex: amish people sharing similar folk customs and diffused people behavior like other folk cultures via - Usually transmitted relocation diffusion. - Smaller scale and slower transmissions through hierarchical - Football (or soccer) from one location to diffusion came from England in another primarily - Diffuses rapidly and the 11th century. through relocation extensively from - Transformation from diffusion (migration) hearths or nodes of folk to popular sport - Combination of local innovation with help began in the 1800s physical and cultural of modern when organized clubs factors influence communication, were formed in the distinctive contagious, stimulus, UK. Professional distributions. - hierarchical, and players hired isolation from other relocation diffusion Religious or other people and their - Widely distributed customary beliefs cultures due to across many - Sacred Features, Ex: varying physical countries with little Walls, Door barriers, Ex: long regard for physical Orientation, Corners distances or mountain factors - Houses in south ranges - Principal obstacle to central part of Java - Ex: kummi dance access is lack of face south—the performed by tamil income to purchase direction of the South women in Nadu, India the material Sea Goddess who - Ex: Mcdonalds, star holds the key to Earth war, hip hop, the Avengers  - Eastern wall of a Folk Music house is sacred in Fiji. - Originates Popular Music - All directions except anonymously, - Music written with the south have transmitted orally intent of being sold significance in folk - Modifications to songs - Performed in front of houses in Madagascar. over successive a paying audience generations to - Often displays a high represent changes in degree of technical conditions skill - Content of songs - Musicians often have centers on events in strong connections daily life, life-Cycle with other similar events, Ex: birth, musicians that may death, or marriage, span the globe environmental - Limited connections features with local musicians - Ex: agriculture or of different genres climate Popular Clothing - Migration of people Preferences also diffuses the music - Style of clothing Folk Clothing Preferences shows occupation or - Style of clothing worn income instead of the in response to environment. distinctive - Business suits worn agricultural by professionals practices and - Designer clothes worn climatic conditions by the affluent - People in the Netherlands wear  wooden shoes since Threats to Pop culture their climate is very - Sustainability of wet. practice over many - Fur-lined boots protect non-uniform against cold in arctic landscapes climates. - Causes pollution Folk Housing - Depletion of natural - Available resources resources influence what is built, Ex: stone, grass, sod, and skins. - Two Most Common: Wood, Brick - Climate and local topography influence design of housing structures. - Chinese villages, Ex: All used similar materials to build with. Ex: adobe. Distinct designs in each location attributed to local cultural preference and local geography. Threats to folk culture - Loss of traditional values  - Media imperialism - Satellites - Limit government control of information - Globalization makes uniqueness difficult, Ex: less dowry in indian cultures, Amish still travel by horse in Illinois then to kentucky Barriers on Diffusion: - Distance or physical barriers - Distance is too far, Ex: diffusion of Buddhism from India is very slow due to the Himilayan Mountains - Age barriers - Older people are more resistant to new words or norms. - Linguistic barriers - When people don't speak the same language or words don't translate properly. - Religious barriers - When a religion has restrictions such as taboos. - Political barriers - Internet/media censorship in many countries like North Korea. - Folk/local culture - Traditional culture may reject implementation of new culture. - Social class barriers - Many have limited access to technology causing less exposure. - Economic barriers - People cannot afford expensive movies or updated technology. - Regulatory barriers - Import laws/customs, trade agreements, media contracts/providers delay diffusion. People adapt their food preferences to conditions in the environment... - Example: - Asia - Rice in the milder, moist regions and wheat in drier regions of Asia.  - Europe - Italy uses quick frying food because of their fuel shortages and Northern Europe slow stewing and roasting foods because they had more timber. A restriction imposed by a social custom to eat particular plants or animals that are believed to embody negative forces is a taboo. - Ancient Hebrews forbade eating animals that did not chew their cud or that have cloven feet and fish lacking fins or scales. - Muslims embrace the taboo against eating pork. - Hindus embrace the taboo against consuming cattle. Language - System of communication through speech, collection of sounds with same meaning. Language Language Families Language Branches Language Groups Collection of languages Collection of languages Collection of languages related by common ancestral within a family related within a branch that share a language, no recorded through a common ancestral common origin in the history. language. Differences are not relatively recent past and as significant or as old as display similar grammar and - Nostralic, austric, between families, several vocabulary, within the sino-caucasian, sino- thousand years ago. branch, that are traceable. tibetan, indo european, uralic, afro-asiatic,etc. - Indo-iranian, - 2/3 of the world The two largest language germanic, baltoslavic, speaks a Indo- families: romance European or Sino- Tibetan language - Indo-European - Predominant language family in Europe, South Asia, North  America and Latin America. - Sino-Tibetan - Languages spoken in China and other smaller countries in Southeast Asia. No single Chinese language. Mandarin Chinese is the most- used language on earth and the official language of the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan. Languages of Southwest Asia and North Africa and Central Asia - Afro-Asiatic - Arabic is a major language. Official language in 24 countries of S.W. Asia and North Africa. One of the six official languages in the U.N. - Altaic - Most speakers are Turkish. It became the official language of many countries that formed after the Soviet Union collapsed, Ex: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. Niger-Congo - Swahili - First language of 800,000 people. Official language of Tanzania. Spoken by 30 million Africans, the language used to speak with outsiders from different villages. Indo-European Branches - Germanic branch - Primarily in northwestern Europe and North America. There are two: High and Low Germanic subgroups. English is a Low Germanic group. Also predominant in Northern and Western Europe.  - Indo-Iranian branch - Spoken primarily in South Asia. Most speakers of the language branch. Subdivided into eastern group (Indic) and western group (Iranian). - Balto-Slavic branch - Spoken primarily in Eastern Europe. - East Slavic and Baltic Groups: Most widely used language is Russian followed by Ukrainian and Belarusan. - West and South Slavic Groups: Most spoken west Slavic language is Polish followed by Czech and Slovak, while the most widely spoken south language is Serbo-Croatian. - Romance branch - Spoken primarily in southwestern Europe and Latin America. Most widely used are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian. - Regions where spoken languages tend to correspond to the political boundaries of Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy. Modern English has evolved from three Germanic tribes invading the British Isles. - Angles- from southern Denmark - Jutes- from northern Denmark - Saxons- from northwestern Germany - Over time, others invaded England and their languages influenced the basic English. - Vikings from present-day Norway - Normans from present-day Normandy in France spoke French. - First successful colony was Jamestown, VA, in 1607. Proto-Indo European - germanic, romance, baltoslavic, indo iranian’s origin, possibly began in turkey - Nomadic warrior theory hypothesis - diffuse through warfare and conquest - Sedentary farmer theory - diffuse through peaceful sharing of food US Dialects by hans kurath: - New england - from english settlers - Southeastern - ½ from southeast england, others from other diversity of countries and class  - Midlands - most diverse, quakers from north of england, scots, irish, german, dutch, swedish immigrants - Soft drinks are called different names in different areas of the U.S. US Settlements: - East, new england - puritans from east anglia, SE europe, little northern europeans - South east colonies - SE europe - Midlands - pennsylvania, quakers, scots and irish, german, dutch, swedish Conflicts because of language: - Northern Belgium (flemings - dutch dialect) vs southern belgium (walloons - french) - Conflict in signs, cultural affair, public health, urban development, french is official state language, germanic vs romance languages. - Switzerland has no language conflict and a decentralized gov so locals have power. - 527 languages in nigeria - Basque lang faces change, has been isolated for centuries - Hebrew has been revived and changed to fit modern language. Universalizing Religions - Christianity: 2.1 billion - Roman Catholicism southwest and east Europe, Latin America - Protestantism in northwestern Europe and US, North America - Orthodoxy in eastern and southeastern Europe - Canada-protestant and catholix, US-mormons and baptist, North/Midwest US- lutherans  - Hierarchical diffusion by emperor constantine in roman empire, relocation diffusion by missionaries and travellers along sea and trade - Christian churches in center of town, tallest building - Bury dead in cemeteries - Origin: Bethlehem by Jesus - Islam: 1.5 billion - Sunni: SW asia, north africa, 83%, voted in their leader - Shiite: Iran, Azerbaijan, iraq, oman, bahrain, 16%, bloodline succession - Most muslims: #1 indonesia, #2 pakistan, bangladesh, india - Muhammad’s successor’s conquests spread Islam, relocation diffusion in Sub saharan Africa and SE asia, military conquests from Umayyad is contagious diffusion, missionaries to Sub- Saharan Africa is relocation diffusion - Mosques for community assembly, cardinal directions,  minarets, muezzin, not sanctified - Bury dead in cemeteries - 5 pillars of faith - Origin: mecca by muhammad - Buddhism: 376 million - East and SE Asia - Mahayana: china, japan, korea, 56% - Theraadav: cambodia, laos, myanmar, sri lanka, thailand, 38% - Vajrayana: tibet, mongolia, 6% - Diffuse slow, along trade routes, emperor Asoka aids in magadha empire, relocation, contagious, and hierarchical - Pagodas with tall multiple towers and balconies, contain relics of buddha, now worshipped - Four noble truths - Origin: nepal by siddartha gutama - Sikhism: 20 million - Gurudwaras represent places of worship - Combines hinduism and islam, founded by Guru Nanak  - Most sacred site is golden temple - Bury dead, soul is not dead so no mourning Ethnic Religions - Hinduism: 1 billion - Cremate and burn bodies in ganges river - Largest ethnic religion, most in india - Holy books include the Vedas, Bhagavad Geeta, and Upanishads - Monotheistic religion with many forms - Animism - Inanimate objects or natural events like disasters have spirits, common in Africa. - Judaism - First abrahamic religion, ⅖ Israel, ⅖ US - Bury dead in cemeteries - Western wailing wall, last wall of solomon's temple - Body must be buried and touching earth, Jerusalem running out of space to bury.  - Dome of rock where abraham prepared isaac sacrifice - founder: abraham - Chinese religions: 800 million - North china, mongolia - Confucianism by confucius, taoism by lao-tzu - balance , order, and roles in society Ireland catholics vs protestants: - Small fraction of Ireland joined the UK in 1937. 46% are protestant like the UK and the other half is Catholic. - Belfast (their capital) is highly segregated and Catholics are looked down upon. - Northern Ireland is protestant. The rest, in the south, is where the Catholic majority lies. Israel conflicts: - Jews consider Jerusalem holy promise land. Musilms believe muhammad ascended there and conquered land during the 7th century. Chrsitians believed Jesus’ death and resurrection occurred there. - Fighting between Palestinians and Jews. Africans and Hispanics cluster in cities: - Chicago - West and south sides have a high percentage of Africans. - Los Angeles - Africans are prominent in the south central region. Hispanics are in the east and Asians are in the south and west. African migration in US: - Interregional migration from the southern United States to northern cities in the early 20th century.  - Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer cities and suburbs in the late 20th century. - Southern Africans experienced Jim Crow Laws - Ex: They have to sit in the back of buses. Sri lanka discrimination: - Sinhalaese: 74%, migrated from India and converted to Buddhism - Tamil: 16%, migrated from India and they practice Hinduism - Moors: Ethnic Arabs from SW Asia who practice Islam Kurds: - Sunni muslims speaking the indo-iranian language. - These people have their own culture but no defined country. Their ethnicity is divided between Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. - There was a treaty giving them a country never ratified. Unit 3 Vocabulary: Culture appropriation - What one does should be appropriate in their culture. Culture relativism - Judging another culture based on one’s own standards. Cultural landscape - Imprint of human culture on land. Cultural convergence - Two cultures become more similar from frequent interactions. Cultural divergence - A culture splits due to a lack of connection. Acculturation - Adoption of cultural traits from a larger group while still maintaining the original culture. Assimilation - Killing/removal of culture by learning a new culture to replace the previous. Habit - Repetitive act of an individual. For example, wearing jeans everyday. Post modern architecture - Began 1960s, combines traditional and contemporary architecture. Terroir - Contribution of a location’s physical features on the way food tastes. Also known as the effects of climate on food. Guest worker - European and German countries allow people to temporarily immigrate into their country for a job. China and Southwest Asia are major destinations for migrants. Literary tradition - System of written communication. Dialects - The regional variation of a language with distinguished vocab, spelling, and pronunciation. It is greatest in rural areas where people have little interaction. Isogloss - Boundary where words/dialect regions can be mapped out. Logograms - Symbols which represent words rather than sounds. Creole language - Mixing of two or more separate languages, Ex: Afrikaans is a mix of dutch and another African language. Multilingual states - States with more than one official language, Ex: Belgium, Switzerland, Nigeria. Revived language - One that was previously extinct but brought back to use. Ex: Hebrew was revived with modern updates. Lingua franca - Language of international communication, Ex: English, Swahili in east Africa, Hindi in South Asia, Russian in Soviet Union. Universalizing religions - Attempts to appeal to all people, has a known origin and is usually founded by one person, Ex: Siddartha Guatama developed Buddhism in India and the major holidays are based on the life of the founder. Ethnic religions - Appeals to one ethnic group living in one place (26% of the world), unknown origin, holidays are related to natural events or physical geography, mostly in India and Nepal. Agnosticism - They believe nothing can be known about whether God exists. Branch - Large and fundamental division within a religion. Denomination - Division of branch that unites local congregations under a single legal body, Ex: Baptists in Protestant Chrsitianity. Sect - Small group, broken off from an established denomination. Secularism - Dividing state from church, Ex: Renaissance era in Europe with the Catholic church. Sense of place - A feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character. Zionism - Policy for establishing a homeland for Jews in palestine. Sharia law - Islamic law which varies on the interpretation of the Karan. Interfaith - Relating to or between different religions. Intrafaith - Taking place within, or relevant to a single faith community, Ex: intrafaith marriage. Toponym - Something named after culture or landscape, Ex: Quebec, Ontario, Santa Fe. Syncretism - Blending multiple religions, Ex: halloween is Christian and Pagan. Pilgrimage - Journey for religious purposes, Ex: Muslims to travel to Mecca in the Hajj. Utopian settlement - An ideal community that is constructed around a religious life, Ex: Salt Lake City by the Mormons. Fundamentalism - Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles, Ex: the Taliban’s control over Afghanistan’s government led to strict laws opposing western values such as soccer. Autonomous region - No central authority, shares ideas and cooperates informally. Sacred sites - Ex: Kaaba mosque in Mecca, Jerusalem, Salt Lake City for Mormons, Dome of Rock. Race - Categorization of humans based on skin color or other characteristics such as one’s identity with common ancestors. Minority group - Any recognizable group suffering from discrimination. Ethnic groups - Racial groups based on culture or ethnicity, Ex: Asian American title covers many nationalities. Jews are racially diverse but are bound by a common religion. Ethnicity - The identity a group shares based on traditions from their homeland. Ethnic cleansing - One ethnicity removes another to create a homogeneous region, Ex: Bosnian Muslims in former Yugoslavia were eliminated and a diverse Balkan peninsula is created. Diaspora - Dispersion of people from their homeland, Ex: Jews from Israel. Genocide - Mass killing of a population/ethinicty, Ex: Tutsis murdered by Hutus in Rwanda. Apartheid - Physcial spereation of different races into different geogrpahic areas. Nationality - Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a country. Ethnic separatism - Desired regional autonomy expressed by a cultural group within a larger dominant culture.