A&P Ch. 1 PPT Quinn.PDF

Introduction to the Human Body 1  Words To Know Cardio = heart Hypo = below Antero = anterior umbilico = navel Postero = posterior Abdomino = abdomen Cranio = skull, cranium Latero = lateral Ventro = ventral Epi...

Introduction to the Human Body 1  Words To Know Cardio = heart Hypo = below Antero = anterior umbilico = navel Postero = posterior Abdomino = abdomen Cranio = skull, cranium Latero = lateral Ventro = ventral Epi = above 2  The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body. – Anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs. Physiology examines how the body functions. – Physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances and abnormal circumstances. Structure and function are inseparable. – Together, they provide the basis for understanding health and human performance.  Microscopic Anatomy and Macroscopic Anatomy Microscopic anatomy – Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye – Specimens examined under microscope – Has two main divisions: Cytology, the study of body cells and their internal structure Histology, the study of tissues  Microscopic Anatomy and Macroscopic Anatomy Gross Anatomy – AKA Macroscopic Anatomy Systemic Anatomy* Regional Anatomy Surface Anatomy * this course Some specialized branches of anatomy – Pathologic anatomy examines anatomic changes resulting from disease considers anatomic and microscopic changes – Radiographic anatomy investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures  Figure 1.1a Peristalsis Wave of contraction Small intestine Bolus (b) Physiologists ANATOMISTS Relaxation (a) Anatomists Focus on the function of Study the small intestine the small intestine including its relationship Focus on the form and to the rest of the body structures of the small intestine PHYSIOLOGISTS Examine how the muscles of Esophagus the small intestine propel food through the digestive tract Propulsion of bolus forward. Liver Stomach Anatomists and Physiologists Large Know form and function of the Small intestine small intestine are interrelated intestine ANATOMISTS PHYSIOLOGISTS Describe the multiple layers in the wall of the Describe the mechanisms by small intestine which different nutrients are broken down Protein Carbohydrate ANATOMISTS Study the tissues of the small Fat globules intestine and the cells that compose them Bile salts Amino acids Monoglycerides Monosaccharides Epithelial PHYSIOLOGISTS cell of intestinal Study the mechanisms by villus which different nutrients are absorbed Organelles Blood Lymphatic Villus capillary capillary Cell Section of intestinal wall (top left): © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Phototake; (top right): © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Visuals Unlimited; (bottom left):© Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited; (bottom right): © EM Research Services, Newcastle University What are the Necessary Life Functions (7) Organization Metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) Growth & Development Movement Responsiveness Regulation (homeostasis) Reproduction  Lets Order Our ALE Organization! Put these levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex: ALE = Active Learning Exercise!!! 11  Levels of Organization Chemical Level – Atoms, molecules – Perhaps organelles – the transitional parts. – Chapter 3  Levels of Organization Cellular Level – Smallest unit of living things – Cells – Made of organelles  Levels of Organization Tissues – Groups of similar cells – With a common function or job – Chapter 4 – Four basic kinds are: Epithelium, muscle, connective, nervous.  Levels of Organization Organ – Made of 2 or more tissues – Complex functions – E.g. heart, stomach  Levels of Organization Organ System – Group of organs working together. – Perform a complex function. – 11 main systems pgs 6-7.  Levels of Organization Organism – Adjective = organismal – One of us – a single living thing.  Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization Small intestine Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Tissue level Cells Organ level Liver Atom Molecule Stomach Gallbladder Cellular level Macromolecule Large intestine (e.g., DNA) Organelle (e.g., Golgi apparatus) Small intestine Organ system level Chemical level Organismal level The Body’s Levels of Organization: Introduction to Organ Systems ALE All organisms must exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases to carry on metabolism Multicellular organisms require organ systems to perform multiple activities In humans, 11 organ systems – Can you name and describe them? Careful – some are inter-related with others. – In your groups, try and think about what systems there are, then report out. Figure 1.3 Hair Skull Sternum Skinand Rib associated Cartilage glands Upper limb bones Vertebrae Sacrum Lower limb Knee joint bones Toenails Sense organ (eye) Central Nervous System Integumentary System (Chapter 6) Skeletal System (Chapters 7–9) Brain Provides protection, regulates body Pectoralis major Provides support and protection, Spinal cord temperature, site of cutaneous muscle site of hemopoiesis (blood cell receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, production), stores calcium and prevents water loss. phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments. Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nerves Aponeurosis Tendons Sartorius muscle Muscular System (Chapters 10–11) Nervous System (Chapters 12–16) Produces body movement, generates A regulatory system that controls body movement heat when muscles contract. by initiating responses to muscles, processes and responds to sensory stimuli. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory. Integumentary System i.e. skin. Protection, regulates body temp, cutaneous receptors, vit D, prevents desiccation, the “bag” to our “bones” Skeletal System Support and protection, hemopoiesis (blood production), stores calcium & P, muscle attachment points Muscular System Locomotion, generates heat Nervous System Control center, regulatory system, processes stimuli & initiates responses. Also, consciousness, intellect, & memory.  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus Figure 1.3 Pineal gland Pituitary gland Parathyroid glands (continued) Thyroid gland (posterior surface of thyroid) Thymus Adrenal glands Heart Pancreas Blood vessels Kidney Ovaries (female) Testes (male) Endocrine System (Chapter 17) Nasal cavity Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, Cardiovascular System (Chapters 18–20) Nose Pharynx which regulate development, Consists of the heart and blood vessels; the (throat) growth and metabolism; maintain Cervical heart moves blood through blood vessels in Tonsils Larynx homeostasis of blood composition lymphnodes order to distribute hormones, nutrients, Trachea and volume, control digestive gases, and pick up waste products. processes, and control Bronchi reproduction. Thymus Axillary Lungs lymphnodes Thoracic Spleen duct Inguinal lymph nodes Popliteal lymph node Lymph vessel Lymphatic System (Chapters 21–22) Respiratory System (Chapter 23) Transports and filters lymph (interstitial Responsible for exchange of gases fluid transported through lymph vessels) (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and participates in an immune response between blood and the air in the when necessary. lungs. Endocrine System Glands & cell clusters that secrete hormones, which regulates development, growth, & metabolism. Maintains homeostasis of blood composition & vol. Controls digestive processes & reproduction. Cardiovascular System Heart & blood vessels. Moves blood throughout the body to transport hormones, nutrients, gases, and wastes. Lymphatic System Transports & filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) & participates in immune response when necessary. Respiratory System Gas exchange  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Salivary gland Figure 1.3 Oral cavity (mouth) Pharynx (throat) (continued) Esophagus Liver Kidney Stomach Ureter Large intestine Urinary bladder Small intestine Urethra Urinary System (Chapters 24–25) Digestive System (Chapters 26–27) Filters the blood and removes waste Mechanically and chemically products from the blood, concentrates digests food materials, absorbs waste products in the form of urine, and nutrients, and expels waste products. expels urine from the body. Mammary glands Ductus deferens Ovary Uterine tube Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Uterus Epididymis Urethra Testis Penis Vagina Scrotum External genitalia (clitoris, labia) Male Reproductive System (Chapter 28) Female Reproductive System (Chapters 28–29) Produces male sex cells (sperm) Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female and male hormones (e.g., testosterone), hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone), receives transfers sperm to the female. sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn. Urinary System Filters blood and removes wastes. Concentrates waste products in the form of urine and expels it from the body. Digestive System Mechanically & chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, & expels wastes. Reproductive System Produces sperm (male) or oocytes (female), and the sex hormones testosterone (male), estrogen & progesterone (female). Transfers sperm to female (male), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization, embryo & fetus development, milk secretion for  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology A precise language is required in anatomy and physiology Technical terms may differ from those of everyday conversation  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology: Anatomic Position Anatomists use a specific position of the body as a point of common reference Termed the anatomic position – Upright stance – Feet parallel and flat on the floor – Upper limbs at the sides of the body – Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) – Head is level – Eyes look forward Anatomical Position Prone Position Supine Position  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology: Sections and planes Section and planes used to examine internal anatomy and describe relative position of body parts – Section, slice or cut to expose internal anatomy – Plane, imaginary flat surface passing through the body Three major planes: – coronal – transverse – midsagittal  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology: Sections and planes Coronal plane – Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) – Also called a frontal plane Transverse plane – Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) – Also called a cross-sectional plane Midsagittal plane – Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves Coronal (Frontal) Plane Transverse (Cross-sectional) Plane Midsagittal Plane  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology: Anatomic Directions Directional terms – Help precisely describe the relative positions of structures anterior and posterior dorsal (toward the back) and ventral (toward the belly) proximal (nearer to the trunk) and distal (farther from the trunk) Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Deep Superficial  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology: Regional Anatomy Human body partitioned into two main regions – Axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk forms the main vertical axis of the body – Appendicular region composed of the upper and lower limbs Several regions located within these main ones  ALE “Treasure” Map Starting from your belly button… – Move: Superior ~18 in Laterally ~10 in Distally ~16 in If you were to take a transverse plane, what would you cut and how would you cut it? 52 You don’t need to know these just yet, but we will be working with these terms throughout the course. Become familiar with them! Human Body Regions (Table 1.3)  Two Main Cavities Posterior (Dorsal) Ventral  Dorsal Cavity – Now called the “Posterior Aspect” Fully encased in bone. Protects Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord Posterior Aspect  Ventral Cavity Also Has 2 Subdivisions Thoracic Abdominopelvic Separated by the Diaphragm  Abdominopelvic Cavity Note the 2nd “o” Lower part of the Ventral Cavity Further subdivided into: – Abdominal cavity (digestive) – Pelvic cavity (repro) Abdominopelvic cavity  Membrane Surrounding Visceral Organs Serous membrane Folded over so it’s like two membranes. Serous fluid between.  Serous Membranes Figure 1.9a: visualizing the serous membrane layers – Fist is comparable to an organ; balloon is comparable to a serous membrane – It’s a single membrane but with two “layers”.. Outer balloon wall (comparable to inner serous membrane) Air (comparable to serous cavity, or fluid) Inner balloon wall (comparable to outer serous membrane) (a)  Cavities & Membranes in Thoracic Cavity Mediastinum – Median space in the thoracic cavity – Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart Serous pericardium – Two-layered serous membrane – Covers the heart  Cavities & Membranes in Thoracic Cavity Pleura – Two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs – Pleural cavity potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid  Some Cavities & Membranes Peritoneum – Two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity – Peritoneal cavity potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid Figure 1.9b-c Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) Pericardium Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity with serous fluid Diaphragm (c) Pleura  The Language of Anatomy and Physiology: Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into four compartments with Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) transverse and midsagittal planes Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) through the umbilicus: – right and left upper quadrant – right and left lower quadrant (b) Abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1.10b  Homeostasis Keeps internal conditions stable – pH, Temp, ions, etc. Hundreds of anatomic structures and physiologic processes are continuously monitored and adjusted Homeostasis – The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing conditions  ALE Homeostasis Three Components – Receptor Stimuli – Control Center Set point Determines response – Effector Efferent pathway In your group: feedback - Come up with an example What’s an example -Propose each of the three of a homeostatic components in reaching control mechanism? homeostasis  Pathways? Mnemonic Afferent / approaches control center. Efferent / exits control center.  Negative Feedback Loop Most Common Inverse relationship Works to reverse the variable E.g. thermostat  Figure 1.11 STIMULUS 1 Changes in a variable that is regulated (e.g., What’s an example temperature, stretch in muscle) of a homeostatic RECEPTOR 2 Structure that detects control mechanism? the stimulus (e.g., sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in muscle) Homeostatic control HOMEOSTASIS mechanism RESTORED 3 Receptor sends input information to the control center (if receptor and control center are separate structures). EFFECTOR CONTROL CENTER 6 Structure (e.g., 4 Integrates input and muscle or gland) initiates change that brings about through the effector a change to the 5 Control center sends (usually brain or stimulus output information to endocrine gland) an effector. Figure 1.13a Sensory nerve endings RECEPTORS Sensory receptors in skin detect cold. Receptors send temperature information to brain. STIMULUS Cold temperatures lower body temperature below normal. CONTROL CENTER Hypothalamus of brain sets body (a) Body Temperature temperature at 37°C. Falls Below Normal Hypothalamus A decrease in body temperature stimulates a negative HOMEOSTASIS feedback mechanism. Body temperature returns to normal. Directs response to effectors EFFECTORS Blood vessels in skin constrict; sweat glands become inactive; Heat is conserved. skeletal muscles shiver to generate heat. Sweat glands Blood vessels Figure 1.13b Sensory nerve endings RECEPTORS Sensory receptors in skin and other organs detect heat. Receptors send temperature information to brain. STIMULUS Vigorous exercise or hot temperatures raise body temperature CONTROL CENTER above normal. Hypothalamus of (b) Body Temperature brain sets body temperature at 37°C. Rises Above Normal An increase in body temperature Hypothalamus stimulates a negative feedback mechanism. HOMEOSTASIS Body temperature returns to normal. Directs response to effectors EFFECTORS Heat is given off. Blood vessels in skin dilate; sweat glands secrete sweat, which, if Sweat evaporated, will cool the skin’s surface. Sweat glands Blood vessels  Positive Feedback Loop Works to increase the variable Direct relationship Amplifying, cascading effect E.g. blood clotting, & oxytocin during labor to intensify contractions Occurs less frequently than negative feedback  Keeping Internal Conditions Stable: Homeostasis, Health, and Disease Summary of homeostatic system characteristics: – they are dynamic (always changing) – the control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system – they have three components: receptor, control center, and effector – they are typically regulated through negative feedback – it is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or disease results  Keeping Internal Conditions Stable: Homeostasis, Health, and Disease Treating patients involves finding a diagnosis, a specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance Most medications have benefits and side effects – Many can be explained by examining homeostatic mechanisms  Example of Interactions Drugs may affect normal homeostatic control mechanisms (e.g., SSRIs) – SSRI drugs block the reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in the brain, prolonging its effects – Patients with depression may have lower levels of serotonin – Drugs help elevate the mood of patients with depression – Serotonin is also used in the nerve cells of the digestive system – Digestive system becomes more excitable due to drug – Symptoms such as nausea and upset stomach can occur