Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1: The Human Organism ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Anatomy ORGANIZATION - Investigates body s...

Chapter 1: The Human Organism ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Anatomy ORGANIZATION - Investigates body structure Six levels from chemical to - The term means to dissect organism: Physiology 1. Chemical: - Investigates the process and functions - Smallest level - Human Physiology: - Atoms, chemical, molecules - Studies human organism Systemic Physiology - Studies body-organ systems Cellular Physiology - Studies body cells 2. Cellular - Cells: basic units of life Importance of Anatomy & Physiology - Compartments and organelles - Responds to stimuli; environmental - Examples are mitochondria, changes; environmental cues; disease & nucleus injury TYPES OF ANATOMY Systemic - Studies body organ-system 3. Tissues - Group of cells with similar Surface structure and function plus - Studies external features, for example, extracellular substances they bone projections release - Four broad types: epithelial, Regional connective, muscular, and - Studies body regions (med school for nervous. cadaver) Anatomical Imaging - Using technologies ( x-rays, ultrasound, and MRI) KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 1  Chapter 1: The Human Organism 4. Organs STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF - Two or more tissues types acting together THE BODY (STEP BY STEP) to perform function(s) - examples : stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney. 5. Organ-System - Group of organs contributing to some function - Example: digestive system, reproductive system ORGAN SYSTEM OF THE BODY 1. Integumentary System - Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of the nails, hair, skin, sebaceous glands and sweat 6. Organism glands. - All organ systems working together - Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 2  Chapter 1: The Human Organism 2. Skeletal System 4. Nervous System - Provides protection and support, - A major regulatory system that allows body movements, produces detects sensations and controls blood cells, and stores minerals movements, psychological and adipose tissue. Consist of processes , and intellectual bones, associated cartilages, functions. Consists of the brain, ligaments, and joints spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. 3. Muscular System 5. Endocrine System - Produces body movements, - A major regulatory system that maintains posture, and produces influences metabolism, growth, body heat. Consists of muscles reproduction, and other functions. attached to the skeleton by Consist of the endocrine glands tendons. such as the pituitary glands that secrete hormones. KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 3  Chapter 1: The Human Organism 6. Cardiovascular System 8. Respiratory System - Transports nutrients, waste - Exchanges oxygen and carbon products , gasses and, and dioxide between the blood and air hormones throughout the body; and regulates blood pH. Consists plays a role in the immune of the lungs and respiratory response and the regulation of passages. body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. 9. Digestive System - Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, 7. Lymphatic System absorption of nutrients, and - Removes foreign substances from elimination of wastes. Consist of the blood and lymph, combats the mouth, esophagus, stomach, disease, maintains tissue fluid intestines and other accessory balance, and absorbs dietary fats organs. from the digestive tract. Consist of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, & other lymphatic organs. KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 4  Chapter 1: The Human Organism 10. Urinary System 12. Male reproductive System - Removes waste product from the - Produces and transfers sperm cell blood and regulates blood pH, ion to the female and produces balance, and water balance. hormones that influence sexual Consists of the kidneys, urinary functions and behaviors. Consists bladder, and ureters. of the testes, accessory structure, ducts, and penis 11. Female Reproductive System - Produces oocytes is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structure. KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 5  Chapter 1: The Human Organism HOMEOSTASIS Examples Common cause of - Maintenance of constant environment Change despite fluctuations in the external or Body Fever internal environment temperature Variables Heart rate, - Measures of body properties that may blood Exercise change in value pressure, respiratory Ex: - heart rate rate - Blood pressure - Blood glucose level Negative Feedback Normal Range - Is the mechanism used for homeostatic - A normal extent of increase or decrease regulation. around a set point. - A negative feedback response involves: - Detection: of deviation away from set point and; Set Point - correction: reversal of deviation - Normal or average value of a variable toward set point and normal range overtime, body temperature fluctuates around a set point. Positive Feedback - Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulus further stimulates the response ❖ System response causes progresive deviation away from; ❖ Set point, outside of normal range ❖ Not directly used for homeostasis Set point for some variables can be ❖ Some positive feedbacks temporarily adjusted depending on body occurs under normal activities, as needed: conditions ex: childbirth ❖ Generally associated with injury, disease ❖ unable to maintain homeostasis KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 6  Chapter 1: The Human Organism THE COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK Comparison of Negative Feedback 1. Receptor: and Positive Feedback - Detects changes in variable 2. Control Center: - Receives receptor signal - Establishes set point - Send signal to effector 3. Effector: - Directly causes change in variable KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 7  Chapter 1: The Human Organism TERMINOLOGY AND THE Body Planes BODY PLAN Sagittal Plane Anatomical Position - separates the body into right and left - Person standing erect with face and palms parts forward - All recreational descriptions based on the Median Plane anatomical position, regardless of body - A sagittal plane along the midline that orientation divides body into equal left and right halves Directional Terms - Superior: above Transverse Plane - Inferior: below - A horizontal plane that separates the body - Anterior: front ( also: ventral) into superior and inferior parts - Posterior: back (also: dorsal) - Medial: close to midline Frontal Plane - Lateral: away from midline - A vertical plane that separates the body - Proximal: close to point of attachment into anterior and posterior parts - Superficial: structure close to the surface Note: in four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans. Anatomical Directional KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 8  Chapter 1: The Human Organism SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN BODY BODY CAVITIES PARTS & REGIONS 1. Thoracic Cavity Upper Limbs - Space within chest wall and - Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand diaphragm - Contains heart, lungs, thymus Lower Limbs gland, esophagus, trachea - Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot 2. Mediastinum Central Region - Space between lungs - Head, neck, trunk - Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea 3. Abdominal Cavity - Space between diaphragm and pelvis - Contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney 4. Pelvic Cavity - Space within pelvis - Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 9  Chapter 1: The Human Organism Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: Membrane Cavity Pericardium around Pericardial Cavity heart Pleura around lungs Pleural Cavity Peritoneum around Peritoneal SEROUS MEMBRANE abdominopelvic cavity cavity and its organs Line trunk cavities, cover organs structure: Visceral serous membrane covers organ Parietal serous membrane is the outer PERICARDIUM & PERICARDIAL membrane CAVITY Cavity- a fluid-filled space between the membranes Pericardium Visceral pericardium- covers heart Parietal pericardium- thick, fibrous Pericardial Cavity- reduces friction KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 10  Chapter 1: The Human Organism PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY Pleura Visceral pleura- covers lungs Peritoneum Parietal pleura- lines inner wall of thorax Visceral peritoneum Pleural Cavity - Covers, anchors organs - Reduces friction - Double layers called mesenteries - Adheres lungs to thoracic wall Parietal Peritoneum - Lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal Cavity - Reduces friction KYLA ELYSHA MARIE RONDAN BSN 1 - F 11