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GLOBALIZATION Countries/nation-states begin to establish stronger relationships are create ‣ There is no universally accepted definition of globalization. However, most...

GLOBALIZATION Countries/nation-states begin to establish stronger relationships are create ‣ There is no universally accepted definition of globalization. However, most of the definitions organizations for increased collaboration. provided extrapolate globalization with economics INTERNATIONAL ORGINZATIONS (IOs) ‣ Globalization = World or global economy They were created to speed up response to international concerns Three or more countries form a group DEFINITIONS GIVEN BY SCHOLARS voluntarily. ‣ Globalization is a social process, that occurs repeatedly. INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ‣ A common idea in the definitions is that there is a ORGANIZATIONS (IGOs) shrinkage of the world in terms of being closer GLOBAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL despite geographical distance. ORGANIZATIONS (GLOBAL IGOs) Examples are the united MALCOLM WATERS nations, the world bank, the “A social process in which the constraints of world trade organization, and geography on social and cultural the international monetary arrangements recede and in which people fund. have become increasingly aware that are Almost all countries are receding” members of this organization. ANTHONY GIDDENS (1990) REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL “Globalization can be defined as the ORGANIZATIONS intensification of worldwide social relations Examples are ASEAN, the EU, that link distant localities in such a way that and the organization of Islamic local happenings are shaped by events countries. occurring many miles away and vice versa.” Membership in these MARTIN ALBROW (1990) organizations is exclusive to “Globalization refers to all those processes by specific regions. which the peoples of the world are DELOCALIZATION incorporated into a single world society, a Before globalization, products and other global society.” services were locally produced and required DAVID HELD ET AL. (1999) workers to work on-site. With an increase in “Globalization can be thought of as a process de-localization, products, and other services that embodies a transformation of the spatial are now carried out abroad and sold organization of social relations and somewhere else. OUTSOURCING transactions.” Availing services of people from other CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION countries with payment. The purpose is INTEGRATION to lighten the burden of working so After World War II, countries are more that people can work on more convinced that there are problems that important matters and activities. transcend national borders (ex. Climate WHAT IS BEING OUTSOURCED change, COVID-19) BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING (BPO) Contracting services in relation to operation by a third-party services provider. KNOWLEDGE PROCESS OUTSOURCING (KPO) Focused primarily on research and development, patent development and applications, market research, and others. WHERE IS IT OUTSOURCED ENABLERS OF GLOBALIZATION OFFSHORING ‣ Events that led or continue to support globalization Relocation of operating activities to to persist another country. ‣ Globalization can be categorized as a historical, NEARSHORING political, or economic event; these events are Outsourcing of BPs to nearby supported by technological advancements. countries. Purely categorizing these events is impossible ONSHORING at times. However, it can always be considered Domestic outsourcing is where BP or as a historical event. services are rendered by a company EXAMPLES OF EVENTS from within a country to limit Historical Opening / Discover Different Trade expenses. Routes i.e. Silk Road, spice trade MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCS) or routes, Suez Canal, etc. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCS) Non-state actors together with Age of Discover Conquest nongovernmental organizations Has facilities and other assets in at least one Political World wars country other than its home country. A multinational company generally has offices The emergence of the United States and/or factories in different countries and a as a world power, the Defeat of Ussr centralized head office where they coordinate global management. Economics Agricultural and Industrial Revolution TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, MOBILITY, AND FASTER DELIVERY OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Gunboat Diplomacy ‣ Businesses are conducted through phones. Products - it uses its military power to are delivered at a much faster rate force other nations to do ‣ Communication is crucial and therefore technology what it wants them to do. enables us to talk in real time and with video with our family members. PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ‣ All people desire for a comfortable life. This is an ‣ Globalization is a double-edged sword. It has innate desire that fuels his/her actions to explore, positive and negative effects. travel, conquer, and work among others. (Nayan DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION Chanda, 2007) 1. Economic / Pangkalakalan 2. Socio-Cultural / Sosyo-kultural ‣ Jan Aart Scholte (2005) believes that globalization is 3. Political / Politikal part of a long process and at the moment we are 4. Environmental / Pangkapaligiran experiencing modern globalization. It is difficult to 5. Technological / Teknolohikal pinpoint its origin. Goran Therborn (2005) believes POSITIVE EFFECTS otherwise as globalization is part of an epoch. Common Response To Response to Threats Environmental Problems ‣ Globalization started in the middle of the 20th Century with the following specific events: The invention and use of the telephone, the flight of Technological Job Opportunities passenger jets, the Use of Satellite, the Bombing of Advancements the Twin Towers, the Emergence of the US as a superpower, Rise of multinational companies and the Cultural Awareness defeat of USSR. NEGATIVE EFFECTS Environmental Increased and Degradation due to Widespread Threats Development / Environmental Exploitation Economic Disparity Exploitation of Workers Cultural Homogenization DAHILAN AT EPEKTO NG MIGRASYON DULOT NG POPULATION Government forces a GLOBALISASYON TRANSFER group of people out of a DEFINITION OF MIGRATION region ‣ Movement of persons from one place to another / Paggalaw ng tao sa isang lugar patungo sa IMPELLED MIGRATION Not forced but leaves panibagong lugar. for a comfortable life ‣ Considering distance traveled from one place; more complex than human movement SEASONAL Moving for a period of ‣ Country A -> Country B time Emigration = Pag-alis Immigration = Pagpasok RETURN MIGRATION Voluntary movement of FLOW individuals to their place of origin. INFLOW ○ Dami ng bilang ng mga nandarayuhan ○ Immigration / Pagpasok MGA DAHILAN NG MIGRASYON (FACTORS) OUTFLOW / DEPARTURES PUSH FACTORS ○ Bilang ng mga umaalis The reasons for migrating ○ Emigration ○ Environmental STOCKFIGURES ○ Political Ang bilang ng mga mandarayuhan na nanatili ○ Economic sa bansang nilipatan ○ Social TYPES OF MIGRATION PULL FACTORS Urban to rural; vice versa What attracts people to a certain country ○ Environmental INTERNATIONAL / Other country, different ○ Superior Health Care system INTERCONTINENTAL continent ○ Quality of life INTERNATIONAL / Another country, the ○ Good Governance INTRACONTINENTAL same continent TYPES OF MIGRANTS VOLUNTARY MIGRANTS (CHOICE) INTERNAL / National boundaries INVOLUNTARY MIGRANTS (FORCED) INTERREGIONAL Same country, different IRREGULAR MIGRANTS region Those undocumented individuals who seek to live abroad or somewhere else INTERREGIONAL Movement from one TEMPORARY MIGRANTS region to another Those who are documented will after some time return to their original place INTRAREGIONAL Movement from one PERMANENT MIGRANTS place to another in the Those who will remain in the receiving country same region to another REFUGEES People have crossed an international frontier INTERNAL Within the same country and are at risk or have been victims of MIGRATION or same continent persecution in their country ○ Rohingya Refugees ○ Syrian Refugees EXTERNAL Different Countries or ○ Jewish Refugees MIGRATION different continents INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPs) People who have not crossed an international EMIGRATION Leaving one country to frontier, but have, for whatever reason, also another fled their homes ○ International Committee of the Red IMMIGRATION Moving to a new country Cross ○ Taal Volcano Eruption ○ Those who flee fighting STEP MIGRATION Shorter migration from origin to a place of destination CHAIN MIGRATION A series of migrations within a family/group GLOBALIZATION THEORIES It assumes that with the help, traditional In general, globalization is the sharing of countries can develop into modern countries culture, money, and products between in the same way. countries that is happening because of DEPENDENCY THEORY international trade and advances in A reaction to globalization theory and uses transportation and communication. the idea of core and periphery countries ○ International trade has influenced It is the idea that periphery or third-world changes across borders for centuries. countries are poor and export resources to Globalization is also a social process where wealthy nations or first-world countries. Not people become more and more aware of other because they are in an earlier stage of cultures and peoples, across geographical, development but because they have been political, and social borders. integrated into the world system as an WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY underdeveloped country It focuses on the importance of the world as a ○ They have their own structures and unit rather than looking at individual features not seen in developed countries. countries Criticized for being too focused on the They are in an unfavorable economic position economy of core countries and forgetting which means they don't even have the about the culture or even the class struggles opportunity to improve and develop. They'll of individual nations remain poor and dependent on wealthier CORE COUNTRIES nations. Western Europe and the United States PERSPECTIVES IN GLOBALIZATION are examples. These countries have a HYPER-GLOBALIST strong central government with Sees globalization as a legitimate enough tax to support it. They are process, a new age in human history. economically diversified, Countries' economies become industrialized, and relatively interdependent as the nation's states independent of outside control control themselves become significantly less They have a strong middle and important. working class and focus on high-scope SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE production of materials rather than Considers today's international raw materials processes as becoming regionalized PERIPHERY COUNTRIES rather than globalized. Countries' Latin America and Africa are borders are not becoming less examples. They tend to have a important. The third world countries relatively weak government and aren't being integrated into the global depend on only one type of economic economy with the same benefits as activity such as extracting raw first-world countries. materials. Skeptics don't believe that the current There is a high percentage of poor and economy is leading towards global uneducated people, as well as a small capitalism as transnational upper middle class which controls most Corporations are still tied to their of the economy. This creates a huge home country and national borders are inequality in the population. as important as ever. These countries are greatly influenced TRANSFORMATIONALIST by core countries and transnational Doesn't have either a specific cause or corporations which can harm future a specific outcome. They believe that economic potentials. National Governments are changing, SEMI-PERIPHERY perhaps becoming less important, but The middle ground between core and it is difficult to describe the change so periphery countries. They have a simply. As to the strong stance, relatively diversified and developed skeptics take on the marginalization of economy. third-world countries, These countries can come either from transformationalists again just see periphery countries moving up towards that the world is changing. industrialization or core countries declining from their core status. MODERNIZATION THEORY All countries follow a similar path of development from a traditional to a modern society IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON RECEIVING The government needs to have a balance of COUNTRIES welcoming migrants ensuring public services From the dawn of time, humans have been on can keep up with the demand. the move, driven by a myriad of reasons and ○ There is NO one-size-fits-all solution circumstances, such as searching for safety, CULTURE better economic opportunities, and even love. Migration contributes to diversifying the ○ Each person has a unique story about culture in communities, this cultural exchange why they migrated and chose to can be enriching and eye-opening. embark on that journey. Yet it can cause tendons as different beliefs Policies and numbers often overshadow the can clash, leading to misunderstanding and human elements of migration. At its core, it's a prejudice human story about individuals and their ○ We need to celebrate our differences experiences. while finding common ground Migration shapes societies and cultures in GENERATIONAL SHIFTS countless ways. Migration can help countries with aging populations such as Japan as most of them During the early times of migrating, it can be are young, filling gaps in the workforce. And daunting to overcome language barriers, they can also boost birthrates, counteracting however, it is a crucial aspect of integrating the effects of an aging population. with the community. However, government needs to invest in Jobs are a huge factor, securing employment education, healthcare, and job training. is often the top priority of migrants. Migrants POLITICAL often fill labor gaps that locals might not want Politicians love to exploit migration resorting such as labor-intensive jobs such as to fear-mongering and misinformation. construction. However, these roles are We need policies that balance the rights of essential in the economy but often migrants and the needs of the host countries. undervalued ○ This includes secure borders. Efficient ○ Highly qualified individuals may find asylum process, and pathways to themselves in positions far below their citizenship expertise which can be disheartening INTEGRATION as they may feel underutilized which Integration is key to unlocking the benefits of leads to unemployment migration. This means proving the tools Culturally, migrants bring tradition and migrants need to thrive diverse perspectives, but also means updating Cobot discrimination and enhance to a new environment and social norms which intercultural integration. can lead to discrimination. HIDDEN IMPACTS Migration also affects communities that shape It can lead to innovation and the economic and social fabric of these entrepreneurship places. Migrants can bring sustainable practices from ○ The economic impact is a their home countries, contributing to double-sword-like increase in demand environmental protection efforts. for housing and services that drives up RIPPLE EFFECT prices affecting long-time residents in The effects of migration vary in context and the places with the rising cost. circumstances. Migration can bring diverse backgrounds with Migration is not inherently good or bad one another but also create tension, especially Migration is a key feature of our time if resources are stretched thin and there is competition for jobs, housing, and services The impacts of migration are multifaceted, balance is crucial in order to ensure prosperity. It requires careful planning. DOES MIGRATION HELP OR HURT THE NATIONAL ECONOMY? It is complicated, but migrants contribute to the economy as they work, pay taxes, and spend money which leads to economic growth, particularly in sectors facing labor shortages. However, there is a strain on public services like the more demand for healthcare and education. MIGRATION RECEIVING COUNTRIES Where migrants migrate We can categorize the effects of migration into three ○ MICRO Migration experienced as an individual ○ MESO Impact of globalization at a community level ○ MACRO Society level ORIGIN COUNTRIES BRAIN DRAIN ○ All the qualified individuals in the periphery countries leave in search of better job opportunities ○ All that there is left are people who do not have experience or are unqualified ○ Examples in the Philippines are nurses, teachers, and doctors SECURITY Migration allows other people to conduct terrorist attack which destroys peace CHEAP UNTIL CONTRACTUALIZAT EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT CHEAP AND FLEXIBLE LABOR A strategy that ensures a bigger return on LABOR FORCE investment through cheap and flexible labor. The working-age population includes those who are already 15 years old who either have ‣ Mura ang trabaho, nagkakaroon ng surplus ng a job or are jobless. unemeployed. Mas gugustuhin ng mga filipino magkaroon ng trabaho kahit maliit ng sahod upang magkakita. SUBCONTRACTING Refers to the practice of bringing in an outside company or individual to perform specific parts of a contract or project. In most cases, a company subcontracts another business to perform a task that cannot be handled internally. LABOR ONLY CONTRACTING UNEMPLOYMENT A contractor merely recruits, supplies, or places workers to the principal. 15 years No Seeking Available A contractor does not have sufficient old and work/job job To work capital above A contractor does not exercise the right to control the performance of the All jobless Available Not workers. to work seeking ○ There is no employer-employee job relationship. The law bans it. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT JOB ONLY CONTRACTING A contractor has sufficient capital, VOLUNTARY Sinandyang hindi maghanap o equipment, and tools to carry out the magtrabaho task The contractor controls the people. FRICTIONAL Naghihintay ng panibagong An arrangement whereby a principal trabaho o panandaliang agrees to put or farm out with the ipinatigial ang trabaho dahol sa contractor or subcontractor the ibang gawain performance or completion of a specific service. STRUCTURAL Nangyayari kapag ang isang uri POOR WORKING CONDITIONS ng produkto ay hindi na kailangan Oftentimes, the workplace is not conducive to sa ekonomiya working. This includes just working hours SEASONAL Nangyayari kapag ang trabaho ay which is 40 hours per week pana panahon o para lamang sa CONTRACTUALIZATION (JOB SECURITY) tiyak na panahon Companies often hire workers for the period of 6 months and then release them. CYCLICAL Nagkakaroon nito kapang ang Sometimes, these workers can re-apply for industriyang ng mga mangagawa another 6 months. Job security means being ay nakakaranas ng business cycle. from unwanted dismissal. Kapag mahina ang industriya, ○ There are no benefits. There is no job mataas ang antas ng security. unemployment. REGULAR EMPLOYEES Security of Tenure REASONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT With government-mandated benefits Jobs skills mismatch Collective bargaining agreement Lack of quality among graduates CONTRACTUAL EMPLOYEES Outdated school curriculum No security of Tenure Lack of skills, experience and job Without government-mandated qualifications benefits Discrimination and unreasonable job Do not benefit from Collective requirements bargaining agreement. Poverty and Laziness UNDEREMPLOYMENT 4. Prospects for personal development, equality Acquired skills do not match the skills required and security for a job FOUR PILLARS OF DECENT HUMAN WORK (DOLE) Acquired skills are superior / higher than the 1. Employment required skills of a job a. Tiyakin ang pagliha ng mga Part-time job instead of full-time job sustenableng trabaho, malaya at SALARY AND JUST WAGE pantay na oportunidad sa pagggawa, at maayos na workplace para sa mga JUST WAGE mangagagwa This can provide workers with the ability to b. May trabaho ba kayo makukuha enjoy life, save for the future, pay for pagkatapos magaral expenses for quality life, and engage in some 2. Social Dialogue form of recreation. a. Palakasin an laging bukas na MINIMUM WAGE pagpupulong sa pagitan ng The minimum amount of remuneration that an pamamahalan, mga mangagawa, at employer is required to pay wage earners for kompanya sa pamamagitan ng the work performed during a given period paglika nga mga collective bargaining which an employer cannot reduce unit. DIGNITY OF HUMAN WORK 3. Workers rights a. Naglalayong palaksin at siguruhin ang Work is part of our being a human person. pagliha ng mga batas para sa It is the person that works and that person is paggawa at matapas na the subject of the work. pagpapatipad n gmga ka rapatan ng mga mangagagwa It is the intention of whoever created us to b. Rights based on existing laws cultivate the earth and use it responsibly 4. Social protection As all people have dignity as the doer of work, a. Hikayatin ang mga kompanya, that dignity is still present in him/her. pamamahalan, at mga sangkot sa The object of work is its output and is only paggawa na lumikha ng mga secondary to the person doing the work. mekanismo para sa protecktion ng In working, we become better people. mangagawa, katanggaptangaap na pasahahod ay opportunidad Work has dignity because the person who RIGHTS OF WORKERS does the work has dignity Security of tenure / no unjust termination of employment ANO ANG TRABAHO ○ In some private companies, you need Work that has payment to serve 3 years to become regular. Sa Marami nag ttrabaho na eexploit government 3-6 months ○ Work becomes suppressive Just work days, work hours, and weekly rest ○ People who are working are now ○ Dapat may overtime pay exploited ○ Monday to friday DECENT HUMAN WORK Government-mandated benefits Work as affected by globalization and ○ Philhealth, gis, sss, paterney leave migration Equal opportunities for growth 1. The sum total of all the aspirations of the Safe working conditions person working; Di napipilitan ang Right to self-organization and collective nagttrabaho. bargaining 2. Productive and produce fair income. Other benefits a. You are able to produce something. b. Hindi lang siya basic income; Dapat ito WHY WORK? ay just. Ang just wage ay hindi lang basta minimum wage, siya ay wage na We work because we want to have a good life, kaya magbigay ng pagkakataon na we want to better ourselves. (Personal mag enjoy sa buhay. Meron din dapat dimension of work) naiipon. Dapat nagkakataon na We work to provide a good life for other i.e. maging ready for emergancy such as my family, my future family, the society hospitilizaiton. Nakaayon sa estado ng (Social dimension of work) buhay Work is part of our being as a human person. 3. Freedom to express themselves and to form organizations a. CHILD LABOR Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential, and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. Child laborers cannot go to school or they leave school. Child labor is mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous and harmful to children. CHILD LABOR CHILD WORK Labor is a burden to a Age appropriate child Supervised by abusive Supervised by individuals responsible and caring individuals Long hours of work A limited number of hours The workplace is often Under safe conditions not safe Illegal, exploitative, Legal, developmental, subversive and with proper clandestine remunerations