Globalization and International Organizations
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Questions and Answers

What is Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)?

  • Conducting market research in-house
  • Contracting services related to operations to a third-party service provider (correct)
  • Relocation of manufacturing units to other countries
  • Developing patents internally

What is the primary focus of globalization as defined by most scholars?

  • Cultural exchange
  • World economy (correct)
  • Political alliances
  • Environmental sustainability

Nearshoring refers to outsourcing business processes to distant countries.

False (B)

Globalization is universally accepted to have one specific definition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one event that supports the ongoing trend of globalization.

<p>Technological advancements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a global intergovernmental organization (IGO).

<p>United Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globalization is often associated with the shrinking of the world in terms of being closer despite geographical __________.

<p>distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ of operating activities refers to moving them to another country.

<p>offshoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of organizations with their definitions:

<p>IGOs = Organizations formed by three or more countries for voluntary cooperation IOs = Organizations that respond to international concerns Global IGOs = Organizations that include almost all countries as members</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) focused on?

<p>Research and development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Onshoring refers to outsourcing services within the same country.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a global intergovernmental organization?

<p>Non-Governmental Organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globalization is only an economic process and does not affect social or cultural aspects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of globalization events are difficult to categorize purely?

<p>Historical, political, or economic events</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the outsourcing type with its definition:

<p>Offshoring = Relocation of operating activities to another country Nearshoring = Outsourcing to nearby countries Onshoring = Domestic outsourcing of business processes BPO = Contracting services to a third-party service provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who defines globalization as a social process that diminishes the constraints of geography?

<p>Malcolm Waters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of modernization theory?

<p>Countries develop from a traditional to a modern society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration has no impact on the culture of receiving countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason that individuals migrate?

<p>To find safety or better economic opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration can lead to __________ as different cultural beliefs may clash.

<p>tensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Aging Population = A demographic trend where the median age of a country increases. Cultural Exchange = The sharing and blending of different cultural practices. Job Training = Education aimed at enhancing specific skills for employment. Migration Impact = The effect that population movement has on society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential service that governments must ensure can keep up with migrant demands?

<p>Public services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do migrants often fill in the labor market?

<p>Labor-intensive jobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a universal solution to the challenges posed by migration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migrants are typically welcomed and valued in all host countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration can help counteract the effects of an aging population by filling gaps in the __________.

<p>workforce</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative impact of migration on local communities?

<p>Increased competition for jobs and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migrants can contribute to __________ and entrepreneurship in their host communities.

<p>innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to migration and their definitions:

<p>Integration = Process of migrants adapting to a new environment Fear-mongering = Exploiting migration for political gain Discrimination = Unequal treatment based on a person's background Ripple effect = The broader impacts of migration on society</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a benefit of migration?

<p>It increases diversity in backgrounds and ideas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A secure border is not important for managing migration effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one tool that integration provides to migrants?

<p>Support in adapting to new social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the perspective of skeptics regarding periphery countries?

<p>They consider that periphery countries are marginalized and face economic challenges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transformationlist perspective suggests that national governments are becoming less important.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two regions that are typically considered periphery countries.

<p>Latin America and Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Countries in the _____ category have economies that are relatively diversified and developed.

<p>semi-periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Periphery Countries = Countries with weak governments and reliance on one economic activity. Core Countries = Countries that are economically dominant and influential. Transnational Corporations = Companies that operate across multiple countries. Inequality = Economic disparities within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of periphery countries?

<p>Dependency on a single economic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skeptics argue that today's international processes are becoming globalized.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum wage?

<p>The minimum amount of remuneration that employers must pay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Work does not have inherent dignity as it is only about the output.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of class structure exists in periphery countries?

<p>High percentage of poor and uneducated people, with a small upper middle class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of collective bargaining between governments, workers, and companies?

<p>To ensure fair labor practices and negotiate better working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of creating laws to protect workers' rights is called _____

<p>legislation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Dignity of Work = Acknowledgment of the inherent worth of labor Minimum Wage = Lowest remuneration an employer can pay Workers' Rights = Entitlements based on existing laws Social Protection = Measures to safeguard the welfare of workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a right of workers?

<p>Job security with no unjust termination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person must work for three years in private companies to become a regular employee.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does work contribute to personal growth?

<p>Work allows individuals to develop skills and contribute meaningfully to society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Outsourcing

The transfer of specific tasks or business processes to external companies often in different countries.

Offshoring

Outsourcing business processes to companies located in a different country.

Nearshoring

Outsourcing business processes to companies located in nearby countries.

Onshoring

Outsourcing business processes to companies located within the same country.

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Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)

Outsourcing tasks related to knowledge and information, such as research, development, and market analysis.

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Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)

Outsourcing tasks that involve routine operations within a business.

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Enablers of Globalization

Events that have contributed to the ongoing growth and spread of globalization.

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Globalization

The movement of people, ideas, goods, and capital across national borders.

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International Organizations (IOs)

Organizations formed by three or more countries voluntarily, with a shared goal of addressing international issues.

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Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

International organizations comprised of governments working together to address global concerns.

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Global Intergovernmental Organizations (Global IGOs)

A type of IGO with global scope and membership, focusing on issues impacting the entire world.

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Shrinkage of the World

The process of countries becoming increasingly connected and interdependent, breaking down geographical barriers.

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Globalization as a Social Process

Scholarly perspectives on globalization emphasize it as a continuous and evolving process.

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Receding Geographic Constraints

Globalization involves a decrease in the influence of geographical boundaries on social and cultural interactions.

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Awareness of Receding Constraints

Increased awareness of a shrinking world, where people recognize their interconnectedness.

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Labor Gaps

Migrants often fill roles that locals might not want, such as labor-intensive jobs in construction. These jobs are essential to the economy, but are often undervalued.

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Underutilized Skills

Highly skilled migrants may find themselves in jobs below their expertise due to factors like language barriers or lack of recognition of their credentials. This can lead to frustration and unemployment.

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Cultural Integration Challenges

Migrants bring diverse cultural perspectives and traditions, but adapting to a new environment and social norms can lead to discrimination.

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Economic Ripple Effects

The economic impact of migration is complex. It can increase demand for housing and services, which can drive up prices, impacting long-time residents.

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Political Exploitation of Migration

Politicians often exploit migration by using fear-mongering and misinformation. This can create negative public opinion and make it harder to implement fair and inclusive immigration policies.

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Integration for Success

Integration is key to unlocking the benefits of migration. It means providing migrants with tools and opportunities to thrive in their new communities, reducing discrimination, and promoting intercultural exchange.

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The Complexity of Migration

Migration is a complex and multifaceted issue with both positive and negative impacts. Finding a balance between the rights of migrants and the needs of host countries is crucial for sustainable prosperity.

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Modernization Theory

The idea that all societies progress through similar stages of development, from traditional to modern.

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Periphery Countries

Countries that are in the process of transitioning towards industrialization and economic development.

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Core Countries

Countries with highly developed economies, advanced technology, and significant political influence.

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Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, often due to factors like seeking better economic opportunities, safety, or love.

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Impacts of Migration

The diverse ways migration shapes societies and cultures, including cultural enrichment, potential tensions, and changes in demographics.

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Cultural Exchange

The blending of cultures that occurs when migrants interact with the receiving society, creating new customs, traditions, and perspectives.

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Integration of Migrants

The challenges and opportunities presented by the arrival of migrants, including the need for language learning and integration into the new community.

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Generational Shifts

The impact of migration on the age structure of a population, with potential benefits for aging societies and challenges for education, healthcare, and job training.

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Minimum Wage

The least amount of money that an employer must pay their workers for a certain period of work.

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Dignity of Work

The belief that all work is important and valuable as it reflects the dignity of the person doing it.

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Workers' Rights

The right to work, the right to safe working conditions, and the right to a fair wage.

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Collective Bargaining Unit

A group of workers, like a union, who negotiate with employers about wages, working conditions, and other benefits.

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Security of Tenure

The ability of a worker to keep their job without fearing unjust dismissal.

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Collective Bargaining

A process to achieve a fair agreement between workers and employers through negotiation.

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Regular Employment Requirements

A period of time that an employee must work before being considered permanent or regular in some private companies. Often 3 years.

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Semi-Periphery Countries

Countries like China and South Korea that are developing rapidly, having diversified economies and a strong middle class. They are bridging the gap between core and periphery countries.

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Skeptical Perspective on Globalization

A perspective that suggests globalization is more regionalized than globalized, and national borders are still important. It argues that periphery countries are not integrated into the global economy with the same benefits as core countries.

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Transformationalist Perspective on Globalization

A perspective that believes that the rise of transnational corporations leads to a weakening of national governments and increased economic integration. However, it doesn't offer a clear-cut cause or outcome.

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Transnational Corporations

Large companies that operate across national boundaries, often with significant global influence. They play a major role in globalization.

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Global Capitalism

The idea that countries with significant resources, technological expertise, and political influence hold a dominant position in the global economy.

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Study Notes

Globalization

  • Globalization is a social process, repeatedly occurring, where the world feels smaller despite distance.
  • No universal definition exists for globalization, but most relate it to the global economy.
  • Scholars define it differently: Malcolm Waters sees it as shrinking geographical constraints on social relations; Anthony Giddens highlights intensified worldwide social relations; Martin Albrow views it as the incorporation of world's people into a singular global society; David Held et al. describe it as a transformation of spatial organization of social relations.
  • Globalization involves the integration of countries after World War II, with concerns transcending borders (e.g., climate change, COVID-19).

International Organizations (IOs)

  • IOs are created for increased international collaboration & response to global issues.
  • Countries voluntarily form groups of three or more.
  • Global governmental IOs (e.g., UN, World Bank, WTO, IMF) are attended by most countries.
  • Regional IOs (e.g., ASEAN, EU, Organization of Islamic Countries) are specific to regions.

De-localization

  • Prior to globalization, products were locally produced, requiring on-site workers.
  • Now, products & services are often outsourced and produced in other countries.
  • Companies benefit from outsourcing to lower labor costs and focus on other tasks.
  • Examples include business process outsourcing (BPO) & knowledge process outsourcing (KPO).

Globalization Enablers

  • Historical, political, economic events supported by technological advancements shape globalization.
  • Examples include historic events like trade routes, wars, revolutions, and economic phenomena.
  • Technological advancements (phones, internet) enable real-time communication & faster delivery.

Globalization Effects

  • Globalization has positive and negative aspects.
  • Dimensions include economic, socio-cultural, political, environmental, and technological aspects.
  • Positive effects include technological advancements, cultural awareness, job opportunities, etc.
  • Negative effects include increased unemployment and economic disparity.

Impacts of Migration on Receiving Countries

  • Migration affects culture, by diversifying it and causing misunderstanding/prejudice.
  • Societal impacts include generational shifts (migrants addressing population aging), and need for accommodating policies.
  • Migrants can bring innovation and entrepreneurship to host countries.
  • Impacts vary in context and circumstance; migration isn't intrinsically good or bad, it's a key feature of current times.

Impacts of Migration on Origin Countries

  • Origin countries experience "brain drain" where skilled workers leave in search of better opportunities reducing workforce and expertise.
  • Migration can create labor shortages requiring the need for foreign help.

Globalization Theories

  • World-systems theory focuses on the world as an interconnected unit rather than individual countries, highlighting the interdependency of economies and questioning whether periphery countries' underdevelopment stems from being a part of a global system.
  • Dependency theory suggests that periphery countries are poor due to resource extraction and dependency on core countries.
  • Modernization theory posits all countries can progress towards modernization following a similar path.
  • Hyper-globalists see globalization's significant influence on countries, while skeptics consider it regionalized. Transformationalists see globalization as a complex process with varied outcomes.

Child Labor

  • Child labor is work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and dignity; it's often harmful to their physical and emotional development.
  • Such work is often unsupervised, for lengthy hours, in unsafe workplaces, and sometimes illegal.

Employment/Unemployment

  • Working-age population encompasses those aged 15 or older with jobs or actively seeking them.
  • Unemployment encompasses various types (voluntary, frictional, structural, seasonal, cyclical) based on reasons (lack of skills, discrimination, etc.).

Decent Human Work

  • Decent human work involves the recognition of work as a core component of human dignity, ensuring fair wages, security of tenure, social protection, and freedom of association.
  • Decent work also means providing workers with opportunities for personal development, equity, and security.
  • Four pillars: sustainable employment, fair wages, rights, and social protections.

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Description

Explore the complex concepts of globalization and the role of international organizations in addressing global challenges. This quiz delves into the definitions of globalization, its historical context, and the significance of IOs like the UN and World Bank. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact in a shrinking world.

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