SNC2D0 Biology Unit Review - Tissues, Organs, Organ System PDF

SNC2D0 BIOLOGY UNIT REVIEW -TISSUES, ORGANS,ORGAN SYSTEM Part I: Digestive System, Respiratory System and Heart/Circulatory System Review 1. Name the human organ system that provides each of the following functions: digestive system, circulatory system, muscular system...

SNC2D0 BIOLOGY UNIT REVIEW -TISSUES, ORGANS,ORGAN SYSTEM Part I: Digestive System, Respiratory System and Heart/Circulatory System Review 1. Name the human organ system that provides each of the following functions: digestive system, circulatory system, muscular system, skeletal system, nervous system, integumentary system, immune system, reproductive system, excretory system, respiratory system, endocrine system ___________________Immune___________-defends against infection ___________________Skeletal___________-supports, protects and helps in movement _______________Reproductive_______________-allows for offspring to be produced ________Nervous______________________-allows body to detect and respond to changes in environment __________Integumentary____________________-creates a waterproof barrier to protect body ___________muscular___________________-works with bones to provide movement __________excretory____________________-removes liquid wastes from body __________respiratory____________________-allows for exchange of gases _________digestive_____________________-takes in food and breaks it down _________endocrine_____________________-manufactures and releases hormones _________circulatory_____________________-transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes around body Digestive System Review 2.Describe two types of digestion that occur in our bodies: Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion The chemical breakdown of food into smaller The physical breaking down of food by chewing, pieces by enzymes churning, etc., 3. List the organs in the digestive system in the correct order from the beginning to end of digestion: rectum stomach large intestine esophagus mouth small intestine anus 4. Label the missing parts on the diagram:. esophagus stomach large intestine small intestine rectum anus 5. Villi are tiny folds found lining the inner surface of the small intestine. Briefly explain how villi help in the main role of the small intestine. Villi increases the surface area of the small intestine. They are thin-walled and have capillaries running up their interior so that digested nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Respiratory System Review 6. a) Label the indicated structures on the diagram using the terms below. larynx ppharynx TTrachea Bronchus Bronchioles Diaphragm Alveoli b) i) Which structure moves down when air is inhaled?_________diaphragm___________________ ii) The trachea branches into two smaller airways leading into each lung. These airways are called: _____bronchi___________ iii) What is the function of the epiglottis, the small flap of tissue at the entrance to the trachea? It closes over the trachea when we swallow to prevent food getting into our lungs. 7. The tiny air sacs in the lungs are called ALVEOLI. These small, grape-like structures are surrounded by a network of small blood vessels called capillaries. Label the diagram (numbers 1-4 below) to show the process of gas exchange in the alveoli. Labels: 3. O2 gas diffusing into the blood stream 1. Air to be exhaled 4. CO2 gas diffusing from blood stream into alveoli 2. Inhaled air 1.__________Air to be exhaled_____________________________________ 2.______________Inhaled air_________________________________ 3._______________oxygen gas diffusing into the bloodstream ________________________________ 4._______________carbon dioxide diffusing into alveoli ________________________________ Heart/Circulatory System Review 8. Heart valves are small flaps of tissue that separate the chambers of the heart. What is the function of heart valves? The valves prevent blood from flowing backwards in the heart 9. The diagram below shows the TWO circulation pathways from the heart: Identify which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood and which side carries deoxygenated blood. Right side of heart: ______Deoxygentated___________ blood Left side of heart:____oxygenated ___________ blood 10. Label the aorta, pulmonary artery, left and right ventricles, left and right atrium 11. Complete the paragraph below about the heart and circulation using the terms provided: atrium atrium ventricle ventricle capillaries carbon dioxide carbon dioxide oxygen oxygen pump four vena cava aorta The heart is a _____four______ chambered muscular __________pump_______ that pumps blood around the body. Deoxygenated blood enters the upper right _______Atrium________ of the heart from the largest vein in the body called the _____vena cava_____. From the right atrium, the blood passes into the right _ventricle__________________ where it is pumped to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood gives up _____carbon _____________ ___dioxide___________ gas and picks up _oxygen______________ gas. The oxygenated blood now returns to the heart entering into the left _atrium__________________. The blood moves from the left atrium into the left ___________ventricle___________ and it is then pumped out into the largest artery in the body called the ______Aorta_________________. The oxygenated blood travels throughout the body, passing into smaller and smaller arteries until it passes through tiny vessels called _____capillaries________________ in the body tissues. In the tissues, the blood gives up its __oxygen___________________ gas and picks up waste ______carbon_______ __dioxide__________ gas. The blood then passes into veins to be carried back to the heart where the cycle starts again. Cell Organelles Review 12.a) What type of cell is shown below? (animal or plant) Give a reason: b) Label the structures shown in the diagram. c) Name the structures in a cell which perform the following functions: i) site of photosynthesis: ______________chloroplast_______ vii) repackages proteins:_____________golgi ii) digests worn out parts :_______lysosomes___________ body___________ iii) controls substances entering/leaving ____cell viii) transport channels:__________endoplasmic membrane____________ iv) jelly-like matrix: _____________________cytoplasm_____ reticulum____________ v) supports and protects plant cells:______cell ix) produces wall___________ proteins :________________ribosomes_________ vi) produces energy for the cell:_______________mitochondria______ x) stores water, food wastes :_________vacuole___________ 13.a) What important steps happen during the interphase stage of the cell cycle? The cell undergoes growth and duplicates in DNA in preparation for cell division b) Label the four stages of mitosis indicated in the onion root tip microscope diagram. Prophase Anaphase Telophase Metaphase c) What process happens after the final stage of mitosis? After telophase, the cytoplasm and other cell organelles are split in cytokinesis. 14. Match the terms on the left with the definitions on the right. _I__ peristalsis a. Tiny vessels that link arteries and veins where exchange of materials occurs. __H_ aorta b. The process by which plants produce sugar and O2 gas from CO2 gas and water. _A__ capillary c. Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that help in absorption of nutrients. _K__ alveoli d. A group of specialized cells with similar structure and function. __J_ embryonic stem cell e. The chemical that makes up our chromosomes and contains our genetic code. __G_ veins f. A flap of tissue in the heart and veins which stops blood from flowing backwards. _L__ enzymes g. Vessels in the body that carry blood back to the heart. _F__ valve h. The largest artery in the human body which carries oxygenated blood to the body. _B__ photosynthesis i. The muscular contractions in the digestive system that propel food along. D___ tissue j. A cell from an early stage human embryo which can develop into any kind of cell. __C_ villi k. Tiny sac-like structures in the lung where gas exchange occurs. E____ DNA l. Chemicals produced in the digestive system to help break down food materials. 15. List THREE types of specialized cells or tissues found in animals and describe their function. e.g. BONE tissue- provides support, protection and helps in body movement. ______Red Blood Cells- carry oxygen gas ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____Muscle cells- keep arms and legs to move _________________________________________________________________________________ ____Nerve Tissue/cells-carry messages around the body _________________________________________________________________________________ Suggested Discussion/Application Questions 16. Discuss the level of biological organization in complex organisms. Include the following terms. Give an example for each level of organization in your discussion. organ, cell, tissue, organ system, organism. Arranged from smallest to largest: 1. cell- cardiac muscle cell in the heart 2. tissue-cardiac muscle tissue surrounding the heart left ventricle 3. organ-all the tissues in the heart 4. organ system-circulatory system 5. organism-made up of all the different organ systems 17. Describe TWO potential benefits of embryonic stem cells and explain why they are controversial. Embryonic stem cells can be used to produce all the different tissues in the body. They can be used to regenerate damage tissue (eg., spinal cord cells) or to research new treatments for diseases. They are controversial as they are taken from human embryos. 18. Describe how genetic information is stored in our cells and explain how this information is transferred on to the daughter cells when a cell divides. Genetic information is encoded in the DNA that makes up our chromosomes. Before the cell divides the chromosomes are copied during interphase. The copied chromosomes (sister chromatids) are pulled apart during anaphase so that each daughter cell receives the identical copies. 19. a) What is cancer? b) Describe TWO causes of cancer and TWO ways you can limit your chances of developing cancer. Cancer is “mitosis going wild”. It occurs when a mutation or damage to the DNA causes the cell to divide uncontrollably causing tumors. Causes: exposure to carcinogenic chemicals (eg., tobacco smoke) exposure to high energy ionizing radiation ( such as UV light or X-rays)