Animal Drugs PDF

By Dr. Dalia El Amir  Definition These are medicinally active drugs that are derived from animal sources. Examples 1. Animal proteins: gelatin (soft gelatin capsules) 2. Animal oils → Cod liver oil 3. Animal fats → Lanolin 4. Animal waxes → Beeswax 5. Animal hairs → Wool & Silk Examples...

By Dr. Dalia El Amir  Definition These are medicinally active drugs that are derived from animal sources. Examples 1. Animal proteins: gelatin (soft gelatin capsules) 2. Animal oils → Cod liver oil 3. Animal fats → Lanolin 4. Animal waxes → Beeswax 5. Animal hairs → Wool & Silk Examples 6. Secretions of certain insects or mammalians → Shellac, Musk & Civet 7. Extracts of certain animal organs → liver, bile & stomach extracts 8. Entire small animal organisms:  Insects → Cantharides Gelatin  It is obtained by boiling the collagneous tissues of animals such as skin, tendons, ligaments and bones with water evaporating the aqueous extract and drying the residue in air.  It is official in the E.P. under the name of Gelatinum and known in commerce as gelatin. Description  Colorless or pale yellow translucent sheets, flakes or granular powder.  Slight odor and taste.  Insoluble in cold water, dissolve on heating and forms a jelly on cooling. Chemical Tests  Test for proteins:  One percent solution + Millon’s reagent = white precipitate which turns red on warming.  One percent solution + picric acid = yellow precipitate.  One percent solution + tannic acid = buff precipitate. With lead subacetate =white precipitate.   Gelatin heat + soda lime or conc. NaOH ammonia gas.  Gelatin + few dps CuSO4 & xss 20% NaOH violet colour (Biurette test)  Constituents Protein = glutin Uses:  Nutritient  Preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms (e.g: soft gelatine cap).  Base for glycerin suppository  Solidifying agent in bacterial cultural media. 2. Cod Liver Oil ‫زيت كبد الحوت‬  It is the fixed oil prepared from the fresh liver of the Cod (Gadus callarias, and other species of Gadus – Family Gadidae).  It is official in the E.P. under the name of Oleum Jecoris Aselli and known in commerce as cod liver oil. Preparation  The liver are removed during the fishing process, frozen till being subjected to steaming process (to destroy lipase enzyme). The oil maintained in closed containers in carbon dioxide atmosphere to prevent oxidation process.  The separated oil is chilled to a temperature -5ºC.  The precipitated part is removed by filtration.  The oil is then adjusted to the definite vitamin content. Constituents  Vitamin A (not less than 600 units.  Vitamin D (not less than 85 units.  The oil contains glycerides of unsaturated (85%) e.g. oleic, palmetoleic, gadoleic, gondoic, cetoleic and saturated (15%) e.g. palmetic, stearic fatty acids. Recommended dietary allowance Dietary reference intake 3. Bees Waxes  It is the purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera Linne. Family Apidae.  Waxes are mixtures containing ester of higher monohydric alcohols combined with fatty acids.  It is different from fats that it never contains ester of glycerol.  a. Yellow Beeswax  It is the wax prepared after removal of honey, by melting the comb in boiling water, when cooled, the wax form cake on the surface which is removed and allowed to be solidify in molds.  Yellow to grayish-brown or brownish-yellow solid.  It has agreeable honey-like odor and faint characteristic taste.  Constituents:  Alkyl esters of fatty acids and wax acid chiefly myricyl palmitate, myricyl ceroatate.  Wax acids such as cerotic acid and its homologs.  Hydrocarbons.  Cholesteryl esters. b. White Beeswax  It is the bleached and purified bees wax. The bleaching process is accompanied by allowing the melted wax to flow slowly over revolving wetted cylinder upon which it hardens as thin ribbon-like layers which are removed and exposed to sunlight and air till they are completely bleached.  Uses:  Ingredients in ointments.( e.g: Mebo®)  As a base for plasters.  In manufacturing of candles and cosmetics. 4. Insects a. Cantharides  It is dried beetles of Lytta vesicataria Latreille, Family: Meloidae.  Constituents:  Bitter principles cantharidin and cantharidic acid.  Uses:  Used as counterirritant.  It is highly toxic and should not be used internally. b. Cochineal  It is dried female insect of Dactylopius coccus, Family Coccidae.  Constituents:  Red coloring matter: carminic acid. E120  Uses:  Coloring matter for toothpaste and tinctures. Leech  Leeches belong to a class of legless invertebrates called annelids.  Their multiple curative effects are due to the components of their saliva. How Leech is used in medicine?  During the process of feeding, leeches secrete a complex mixture of different biologically and pharmacologically active substances into the wound.  Components of medicinal leech saliva that exert effects in the host's body are: How Leech is used in medicine? 1. Hirudin Anti-coagulant 2. Calin 3. Acetylcholine Vasodilator 4. Eglins Anti-inflammatory. 5. Hyaluronidase Antibiotic How Leech is used in medicine?  Hirudin Inhibits blood coagulation by binding to thrombin  Calin Inhibits blood coagulation by inhibiting collagen- mediated platelet aggregation  Inhibits blood coagulation by blocking the binding of von Willebrand factor to collagen. Inhibits collagen- mediated platelet aggregation How Leech is used in medicine?  Acetylcholine Vasodilator  Eglins Anti-inflammatory.  Inhibit the activity of alpha-chymotrypsin, chymase, substilisin, elastase, cathepsin G  Hyaluronidase Antibiotic  Increases interstitial viscosity. How Leech is used in medicine?  Hirudin is the principal anticoagulant in leech saliva. Hirudin is now produced by recombinant DNA technology and is administered to patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Medical Conditions treated by Leech  Inflammatory Reactions  Heart Diseases  Rheumatic Diseases  Venous Disease and Varicose Veins  Arthritis  Muscle Tension  Thrombosis