Angol Minimum Teljes GYTK 2 PDF

I. General microbiology 1. List 3 people who contributed to the development of microbiology (from the examples)!  Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Semmelweis Ignác, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming 2. What is the shape and si...

I. General microbiology 1. List 3 people who contributed to the development of microbiology (from the examples)!  Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Semmelweis Ignác, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming 2. What is the shape and size of bacteria? (3 examples)  Coccus – 1µm, Gram nega ve rods 2-4 µm, Bacillus 5-10 µm, Spirochetes 20-30 µm; Ricke sia, Chlamydia 0,5 µm 3. What are the most frequently used basic culture media? (2 examples)  Nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar 4. What are the most frequently used selec ve culture media? (2 examples)  Eosin-methyleneblue culture medium (EMB), Bismuth-sulphite agar, Clauberg agar, Löwenstein-Jensen medium 5. What are the obligate structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?  Nucleoid, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane; outer membrane and periplasmic space for Gram nega ves 6. What are the op onal structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?  Capsule, pilus, cilia, spore, plasmid 7. What the 4 steps of the replica on curve of bacteria?  Lag phase, log or exponen al phase, sta onary phase, declina on phase 8. How long does it take for an average bacterium to form colonies on agar plates?  Overnight (16-18 hours) 9. What does steriliza on mean?  Process of complete elimina on or destruc on of all forms of microbial life 10. What does disinfec on mean?  Process of reduc on of the number of microbes to prevent infec ons. 11. Which parameters influence the effec vity of the steriliza on?  The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentra on of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the ini al me, the presence of the biofilm. 12. What are the parameters for hot air steriliza on?  180°C for 1 hour, 160°C for 2 hours or 140°C for 3 hours. 1 13. Parameters of the autoclaving process?  + 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes. 14. List chemical agents used for gas steriliza on!  Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone 15. What is the theore cal background of plasma steriliza on?  Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field turns into plasma state. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes. 16. Biological method used for checking the effec vity of the steriliza on.  By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cul vated. 17. Detec on of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?  LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS. 18. What are disinfectants?  Chemical agents used for the disinfec on of inanimate/non-living surfaces. 19. List 2 disinfectant from the provided list!  Isopropanol, NaOH, hypochlorite, phenol, formalin, glutaraldehyde 20. What are the an sep c agents?  Chemical agents used disinfec on on animate ( ssue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces. 21. List 2 an sep cs from the provided list!  Ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, ca onic detergent 22. What concentra on of ethanol can be used for skin disinfec on?  70% 23. What is the contact me of 70% ethanol used in skin disinfec on?  Minimum of 1 minute 24. What concentra on of hydrogen peroxide can be used for disinfec on?  3% 25. What does serological reac on mean?  Reac on based on the an gen-an body reac on performed in vitro. 26. What does agglu na on mean?  Serological reac on in which binding of cellular sized an gens (RBCs or bacterium cell) and their specific an bodies results in clumping. 27. Give 2 examples for reac ons based on agglu na on (from the list)! 2   Slide agglu na on, latex agglu na on, tube agglu na on 28. List 2 reac ons based on tube agglu na on!  Gruber-Widal reac on, Wright reac on, Weil-Felix reac on 29. Which infec on can be diagnosed by Gruber-Widal reac on?  Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi 30. What are the bacterial cell surface an gens?  O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule 31. What does an body tre mean?  The highest dilu on fold or the lowest an body concentra on where in vitro an gen- an body reac on is s ll detectable. 32. What does precipita on mean?  Serological reac on in which binding of dissolved an gens (enzyme, toxin or virus par cle) and their specific an bodies results in clumping. 33. What does iatrogenic infec on mean?  Infec on caused by medical staff during inves ga on or treatment. 34. What does nosocomial infec on mean?  Infec ons acquired in a health-care facility, manifes ng more than 48 hours a er admission. 35. What are the contents of the vaccines?  Live a enuated microbe; killed/inac vated microbe, toxoid, mRNA, virus vector, subunit an gens of the microbe. 36. What does na ve examina on of the microbe mean in microbiology?  The microbe is examined without killing it. 37. What kind of informa on can we got by light microscopically examina on? (3 examples)  The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the mo lity, the staining can be examined. 38. What are the solu ons used in Gram-staining?  Sodium oxalate, crystal violet, Iodine solu on, 96% of ethanol, fuchsine or safranin. 39. What devices are used for anaerobic cul va on?  Anaerostat, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber. 40. Defini ons: bacteriosta c, bactericide  bacteriosta c: inhibits bacterial growth  bactericide: kills bacteria 3 41. Defini on: selec ve toxicity  The an bio c has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host. 42. What are the risks of an bio c therapy? (2 examples)  Allergic reac on, dysbacteriosis, induc on of resistance, direct toxicity 43. Give 3 examples for specific an bio c side effects (from the list)!  Tetracycline – teeth enamel damage, chloramphenicol – bone marrow damage, vancomycin – red man syndrome, streptomycin – hearing loss, rifampin - orange discolora on of bodily fluids, fluoroquinolones – tendon rupture 44. Chemotherapeu c index?  dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis cura va minima (DCM) 45. List the cell wall synthesis inhibitor an bio c classes!  Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopep de. 46. List the glycopep de an bio cs!  vancomycin, teicoplanin 47. Which an bio cs alternate membrane func on?  Polymyxines 48. List protein synthesis inhibitor an bio cs! (3 example)  Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid 49. List nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors an bio cs! (2 examples)  Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim 50. List three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer!  conjuga on (plasmid), transduc on (bacteriophage), transforma on (uptake of naked DNA from the environment) 51. List the an bio c resistance mechanism!  Enzyma c degrada on or modifica on of the an bio cs, efflux pump, modifica on of the an bio c binding site 52. What does MRSA mean?  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 53. How is MRSA treated?  Eg. Vancomycin, 5th genera on cephlosporin 54. What does ESBL mean?  Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme 55. How are ESBL producing bacterial infec ons treated? 4   Eg. Carbapenem 56. How are carbapenemase producing bacteria treated?  Eg. Polymyxin 57. What does MIC mean?  Minimal bacteriosta c concentra on of an an bio c measured in µg/ml. 58. What does MBC mean?  Minimal bactericidal concentra on of an an bio c measured in µg/ml. 59. Define MBL, MACI and PACI!  MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (carbapenemase)  MACI: mul -resistant Acinetobacter  PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter 60. Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide of bacteria?  Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type  Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae)  meningococcus vaccines against serotypes ACWY – but not B! 61. What type of immunity is induced by the BCG vaccine?  Cellular, therefore it can be given to newborns 62. What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnos c laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?  Sputum and blood culture 63. What tests are performed on the sputum and blood culture of a pa ent with typical pneumonia?  Cul va on, Gram staining, biochemical reac ons, serology for an gen detec on, an bio c sensi vity tes ng 64. What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnos c laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?  Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage. 65. What tests are performed on the specimens of a pa ent with atypical pneumonia?  Serology tests 66. Which bacterial infec on can be treated by an toxin? (2 examples)  Infec ons caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria 5 II. Systemic bacteriology 1. Which bacteria can be differen ated with the coagulase test? a. Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase- nega ve staphylococci”) 2. Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci a. Gram-posi ve cocci, arranged in grape-like clusters 3. Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate a. round colonies with bu er consistency, golden pigment produc on and beta-haemolysis 4. What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples) a. Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase. 5. What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples) a. Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfolia ve toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin 6. List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples) a. Folliculi s, furuncle, carbuncle, impe go, pneumonia, osteomyeli s, food poisoning. 7. List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 examples) a. Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome 8. List at least 2 coagulase-nega ve staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)! a. S. epidermidis, S. saprophy cus, S. haemoly cus, S. lugdunensis 9. List diseases caused by coagulase nega ve staphylococci! a. Nosocomial infec ons, biofilm produc on on the surface of plas c devices. 10. How are nosocomial Staphylococcus infec ons treated? a. Based on an biogram 11. Which bacterium causes „Honeymoon cys s”? a. Staphylococcus saprophy cus 12. Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate a. Small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemoly c zone 13. Which streptococci are beta-haemoly c? a. Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalac ae 14. Which streptococci are alpha-haemoly c? a. Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans, S. mi s, S. salivarius) 6 15. Which species is the Lancefield Group A Streptococcus (GAS)? a. Streptococcus pyogenes 16. Which species is the Lancefield Group B Streptococcus (GBS)? a. Streptococcus agalac ae 17. What is the causa ve agent of scarlet fever? a. Streptococcus pyogenes 18. Which bacterial virulence factor is responsible for of scarlet fever? a. Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin 19. List diseases cause by Streptococcus pyogenes! (3 examples) a. Pharyngi s, tonsilli s, sinusi s, impe go, erysipelas, necro sing fascii s, scarlet fever, TSST 20. What kind of post streptococcal infec ons can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? a. Acute rheuma c fever, glomerulonephri s 21. Which two streptococcus species are s ll 100% sensi ve to penicillin? a. Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalac ae 22. What kind of diseases can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus agalac ae? a. Neonatal meningi s, sepsis, pneumonia. 23. Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningi s? a. Streptococcus agalac ae 24. Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae a. Gram-posi ve diplococci 25. How can we prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? a. By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine. 26. Which two bacteria can be differen ated based on their optochin sensi vity / resistance? a. S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R) 27. What kind of diseases can be cause by viridans streptococci? a. Dental caries or endocardi s. 28. What are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species? a. E. faecalis and E. faecium 29. What type of infec ons are caused by Enterococci? (3 examples) a. Endocardi s, sepsis, urinary tract infec on, intraabdominal infec on, nosocomial infec on 30. Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? 7  a. Gram-nega ve, non capsulated diplococci. 31. Which medium can be used for the cul va on of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? a. Chocolate agar or Thayer Mar n agar. 32. Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningi dis? a. Gram-nega ve, capsulated, diplococci. 33. How can Neisseria meningi dis spread? a. By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx. 34. What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria meningi dis? a. Sepsis, meningi s, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. 35. What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae? a. Gonorrhoea, ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum, proc s, orchi s. 36. What is the causa ve agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome? a. Neisseria meningi dis 37. Which tests are used to detect Neisseria meningi dis in liquor (CSF) sample? a. Microscopic examina on, Gram-stain, latex agglu na on. 38. How can we prevent the infec on in close contacts of a pa ent with Neisseria meningi dis disease? a. Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin. 39. Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infec on? a. Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype. 40. What type of infec ons are caused by Haemophilus influenzae capsule type b? (2 examples) a. Meningi s, epiglo s, celluli s 41. How can we prevent invasive infec ons caused by Haemophilus influenzae? a. By Hib vaccine 42. What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophilus ducreyi? a. Ulcus molle (chancroid). 43. What is the causa ve agent of whooping cough? a. Bordetella pertussis 44. What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples) a. Fimbria, pertac n, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecro c toxin. 45. What is the causa ve agent of tularemia (rabbit fever)? a. Francisella tularensis 46. How is tularemia treated? (1 example) 8  a. Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline 47. What are the causa ve agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples) a. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis 48. How is brucellosis treated? a. Doxycycline 49. What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples) a. Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointes nal anthrax. 50. How is anthrax treated? a. Fluoroquinolone 51. What kind of diseases can be caused by Bacillus cereus? a. Food poisoning (vomi ng, diarrhoea), wound infec on. 52. What is the causa ve agent of pseudomembranosus coli st? a. Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile 53. Which bacteria cause flaccid paralysis? a. Clostridium botulinum 54. Which bacteria causes spas c paralysis? a. Clostridium tetani 55. What is the treatment of tetanus? a. Wound care, an toxin, mechanical ven la on, an bio cs 56. What is the treatment of botulism? a. polyvalent an toxin 57. What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus coli s? a. Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplanta on 58. Which bacteria cause gas gangrene? (2 examples) a. Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histoly cum, Clostridium sep cum 59. What is the causa ve agent of diphtheria? a. Corynebacterium diphtheria 60. How can we detect the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? a. By Elek’s-test 61. What is the treatment of diphtheria? a. Passive immunisa on, an bio cs, mechanical ven la on if necessary. 62. Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (1 examples) 9  a. Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheri cum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minu ssimum, Corynebacterium urealy cum 63. What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes? (2 example) a. Meningi s, sepsis, granulomatosis infan sep ca. 64. What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults? (2 example) a. Gastrointes nal symptoms, meningi s, sepsis, endocardi s 65. What is the treatment of Listeriosis? a. Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice. 66. Which bacteria cause dental caries? a. Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans. 67. Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples) a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum 68. Which drugs are used in the first line treatment of tuberculosis? (2 examples) a. rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol 69. Which staining can be used to stain mycobacteria? a. Ziehl-Neelsen (acid fast) staining 70. How long does it take to culture pathogens of tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media? a. 6-8 weeks 71. How can tuberculosis be prevented? a. BCG vaccine 72. What are the faculta ve pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples) a. Mycobacterium avium komplex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans 73. What is the causa ve agent of leprosy? a. Mycobacterium leprae 74. What are the types of leprosy? a. Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy 75. What is the treatment of leprosy? a. Dapson, clofazimin, rifampicin 76. How can Nocardia stain? a. It is Gram-posi ve and Ziehl-Neelsen posi ve 77. Which E. coli are intes nal pathogens?(3 examples) 10  a. ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC 78. What kind of extraintes nal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli? (2 example) a. Urinary tract infec ons, wound infec on, neonatal meningi s, sepsis 79. What are the causa ve agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples) a. Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C. 80. What tests are used in the diagnos cs of typhoid fever? a. Blood culture, stool culture, Gruber Widal tube agglu na on 81. Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis? a. Salmonella Enteri dis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis 82. What are the causa ve agents of dysentery? (2 examples) a. Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei 83. What are the symptoms of dysentery? a. Bloody diarrhoea, fever, tenesmus 84. Which bacterium is the causa ve agent of plague? a. Yersinia pes s 85. How does plague spread? a. By the bite of the rat flea and by respiratory droplets. 86. What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae? a. Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infec on, bloodstream infec on, urinary tract infec on. 87. What is the causa ve agent of cholera? a. Vibrio cholerae 88. Which Vibrio species cause human diseases? (3 examples) a. Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemoly cus, Vibrio vulnificus 89. What are the characteris c biochemical proper es of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? a. Obligate aerobic, oxidase posi ve 90. Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? a. Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells. 91. Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? a. Gram-nega ve, mo le rod 92. What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa? a. Nosocomial lung infec ons, wound and blood stream infec ons 11 93. What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa? a. Mul resistant, based on an biogram. 94. How can Legionella pneumophila spread? a. By aerosol. 95. How can we diagnose legionellosis? a. By serology from blood, by immune chromatography from urine. 96. Which bacterium can cause chronic gastri s or stomach ulcer? a. Helicobacter pylori. 97. What is the most important cul vable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel? a. Bacteroides fragilis 98. Which genera belong to the Spirochaetales order? a. Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira. 99. What are the causa ve agents of Plaut-Vincent angina? a. Treponema vincen i and Fusobacteria. 100. What is the causa ve agent of syphilis? a. Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum 101. How can syphilis spread? a. By sexual contact, transplacental, by blood transfusion and by organ transplanta on. 102. What is the first symptom in syphilis? a. Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes. 103. In which stage of the syphilis can appear rash all over the body? a. 2nd stage. 104. When can develop neurosyphilis during the infec on? a. In all stages of the disease 105. What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia? a. Lyme disease and relapsing fever 106. How can Lyme disease spread? a. Tick bite 107. What are the pathogens of Lyme disease? (2 examples) a. Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelli, Borrelia garinii 108. What is the causa ve agent of epidemic relapsing fever? a. Borrelia recurren s 12 109. What is the vector of Lyme diseases? a. Tick 110. What is the vector of Borrelia recurren s? a. Body louse 111. What is the molecular background of relapsing fever? a. Bacterial an gen changing. 112. What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases? a. Erythema chronicum migrans 113. What is the causa ve agent of Weil’s diseases? a. Leptospira sp. 114. What are the characteris cs of the meningi s caused by Leptospira? a. Serosus, non-purulent. 115. What is the source of the infec on caused by Leptospira? a. Zoono c diseases, can spread by the urine of animals. 116. How can the Lyme diseases diagnosed? a. By serology, ELISA screening test and for confirma on immunoblot is used. 117. Which bacteria have no cell wall? a. Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma. 118. Which bacteria cause atypical pneumonia? a. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila. 119. What is the causa ve agent of typhus exanthema cus? a. Ricke sia prowazekii 120. What is the causa ve agent of parrot fever? a. Chlamydophila psi aci 121. What is the causa ve agent of trachoma? a. Chlamydia trachoma s, serotype A-C. 122. What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachoma s serotype L1-L3? a. Lymphogranuloma venereum. 123. What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins? a. They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secre on enhancers. 124. What is the effect of the cholera toxin? a. Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secre on 125. What are the causa ve agents of impe go contagiosa? 13  a. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes 126. What is the causa ve agent of erysipelas? a. Streptococcus pyogenes 127. What is the causa ve agent of walking pneumonia? a. Mycoplasma pneumoniae 128. List 4 capsulated bacteria from the list below! a. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalac ae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningi dis 129. How many percentage of the adults are carriers of Staphylococcus aureus? a. 20-30% 130. How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae? a. Approximately 100 131. What is the most common pathogen of community acquired pneumonia? a. Streptococcus pneumoniae 132. What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? a. Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to protein – recommended for new-borns and in elderly b. Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule – recommended for adults and teenagers 133. What is the most frequent bacterial cause of STD? a. Chlamydia trachoma s D-K 134. How are Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infec ons treated? a. Macrolide or doxycycline (β-lactams don’t work) 135. How Chlamydia trachoma s D-K is diagnosed? a. Nucleic acid amplifica on test (NAAT) eg. PCR from genital specimen 136. What are the most important nosocomial bacteria? (3 examples) a. MRSA, coagulase nega ve staphylococci, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter, VRE, C. difficile, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus 137. What is VRE? a. Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus 138. What is MRSE? 14  a. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis 139. What MRSA and MRSE are resistant to? a. β-lactams, except for 5th genera on cephalosporins 140. What type of acute infec ons are caused by Camplyobacter sp.? a. Gastroenteri s with diarrhoea and vomi ng 141. What are the most frequent causes of urinary tract infec ons (UTI)? (3 examples) a. E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus saprophy cus 15 III. Mycology 1. What are the fungal cell components (3examples)?  Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin, cell wall made of chi n, glucan, or cellulose. 2. Classifica on the fungi by morphology?  Unicellular or yeast, mul cellular or mould and dimorphic 3. Characterisa on of the dimorphic fungus  They grow as moulds at room temperature and grow as yeast at body temperature. 4. List at least two asexual spore type.  Blastopore, conidia, arthrospore, spherule. 5. What is the cul va on temperature of the fungi?  25°C and 37°C to detect the dimorphism. 6. What kind of culture media can be used to cul vate fungi?  Sabouraud culture media. 7. What are the contents (2 examples) of Sabouraud culture media?  An fungal agents against environmental moulds, carbohydrates, an bio cs. 8. What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?  Allergic reac ons, intoxica ons, mycosis ( ssue damage of fungi). 9. Classifica on of the mycosis?  Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunis c mycosis. 10. What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 examples)  Gram-, methylene blue-, India ink-, PAS-, Gömöri-Groco staining. 11. Mode of ac on of the an fungal drugs?  Inhibi on of ergosterin synthesis, pore forma on on membrane, inhibi on of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibi on of cell division 12. Which an fungals produce pores on fungal cell membrane?  Amphotericin B, Nysta n 13. Give 1 pathogen name causing systemic mycosis!  Coccidioides immi s, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces derma dis, Paracoccidoides brasiliensis 14. List two Candida species! 16   Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis. 15. List three causa ve agent of opportunis c mycosis.  Candida sp, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocys s jirovecii, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp. 16. Give 1 name of causa ve agent of dermatomycosis!  Trichopyton sp., Microsporum sp., Epidermophyton sp. 17. What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (1 example)?  Tinea pedis, T. manus, T. capi s, T. corporis, T. faciei, T barbae. 18. Give 1 name of Trichophyton species!  Trichphyton rubrum, Trichphyton schonleinii, Trichphyton tonsurans, Trichphyton verrucosum 19. What are the sources of the infec ons caused by dermatophytes?  Anthropophil – human, geophil– soil, zoophil – animal 20. What type of infec ons are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?  Lung infec on and meningi s 21. What type of infec on is caused by Pneumocys s jirovecii?  Inters al pneumonia of immunosupressed pa ents 17 IV. Parasitology 1. What are the development stages of the protozoa?  Trophozoite and cyst 2. What are the proper es of the trophozoite?  It is the ac ve form: it can move, feed, mul ply and die 3. What are the proper es of the cyst?  It is responsible for survival in unfavourable environment, it is a dormant, inac ve form. 4. How can the protozoa be classified?  By the type of movement: amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa 5. List two amoebas!  Entamoaeba sp., Acantamoeba sp., Naegleria sp. 6. What is the causa ve agent of amoebic dysentery?  Entamoeba histoly ca 7. What can Entamoeba histoly ca cause?  amoebic dysentery, liver, lung and brain abscess 8. What is the causa ve agent of primary amoebic meningoencephali s?  Naegleria fowleri. 9. What is the causa ve agent of amoebic kera s?  Acanthamoeba castellanii 10. Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?  Giardia lamblia 11. What is the treatment of giardiasis?  Metronidazole 12. Which protozoon can cause prosta s?  Trichomonas vaginalis 13. Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?  Trichomonas vaginalis 14. Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sandfly?  Leishmania sp. 15. What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?  Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis 18 16. What are the causa ve agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense 17. How can the sleeping sickness spread?  By the bite of tsetse fly 18. What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?  Lethargy, meningoencephali s, demen a, coma 19. What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?  Suramin, melarsoprol, nifur mox 20. What is the final host of Toxoplasma gondii?  Cats 21. In which popula on can Toxoplasma cause serious disease?  In pregnant women and in immunocompromised popula on 22. What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?  Spiramycin, pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide 23. How can malaria spread?  By the bite of Anopheles mosquito, transplacental and by transfusion 24. What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?  periodic high fever, chills, headache, pain in joints and muscle, anaemia, hepato- and splenomegaly, kidney failure 25. How is malaria diagnosed?  From blood: thick droplet, thin film stained by Giemsa; serology, PCR 26. What is the treatment of malaria? (2 examples)  Chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisin, hypnozoites by primaquine 27. Preven on of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?  chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline 28. Preven on of malaria by vaccine?  A vaccine containing fusion protein is used for children living in some endemic areas in Africa ( effec ve against Plasmodium falciparum) 29. Classifica on of the helminths by morphology?  Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms; roundworms 30. What are the most characteris c proper es of the flukes (3 example)?  they are short, flat, leaf shaped, hermaphrodites, have developed diges ve system 19 31. What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?  water snail 32. What is the causa ve agent of fascioliasis?  Fasciola hepa ca 33. What is the treatment of fascioliasis?  bithionol or triclabendazole 34. What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?  ca le 35. What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?  pig 36. What kind of human diseases can be caused by Taenia solium? (2 examples)  tapeworm infec on and cys cercosis 37. What is the treatment of taeniasis?  Niclosamide, mebendazole 38. Which helminth can cause itching in the perianal area?  Enterobius vermicularis 39. How can Enterobius vermicularis infec on be treated?  Mebendazole 40. How can Enterobius vermicularis infec on be diagnosed?  Microscopy of perianal sample taken by s cky cellulose tape 41. Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?  Ascaris lumbricoides 42. Which helminths can suck blood?  Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus 43. What is the treatment of the infec on caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?  mebendazole, albendazole 44. What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?  visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans syndrome 45. What kind of helminthic infec on can spread to humans by ea ng the meat of a carnivore animal?  Trichinella spiralis 20 V. Virology 1. What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses (3 examples)?  pharyngi s, pneumonia, pertussis syndrome, pharyngoconjuc val fever, acute haemorrhagic cys s, gastroenteri s 2. How can parvoviruses spread?  by respiratory droplets 3. What kind of disease can be caused by parvovirus B19 (3 examples)?  erythema infec osum, hydrops fetalis, aplas c anaemia 4. What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses?  cervix cancer, oral cancer 5. What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses?  condyloma acuminatum, warts 6. What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)  JC: progressive mul focal leukopathia (PML);  BK: haemorrhagic cys s and nephropathy 7. What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?  herpes labialis, herpes simplex derma s, eczema herpe cum, herpes gladiatorum, herpe c whitlow 8. What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?  herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes, encephali s 9. How can HHV1 and HHV2 infec ons treated?  acyclovir 10. What can VZV (Varicella Zoster virus) cause?  chickenpox and shingles 11. How can chickenpox be prevented?  By live a enuated vaccine 12. What can EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) cause?  mononucleosis infec osa, Burki lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral hairy leukoplakia 13. What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?  mononucleosis-like infec on, congenital infec on, in immunosuppressed: severe systemic infec ons 14. What can HHV-6 cause? 21   exanthema subitum or roseola infantum 15. What can HHV-7 cause? (2 examples)  encephali s, flaccid paralysis, hepa s, gastri s, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea, pityriasis rosea 16. What can HHV-8 cause?  Kaposi-sarcoma, lymphoma 17. How can Hepa s B virus spread?  by parenteral way, by sexual contact or perinatal 18. How can Hepa s B virus infec on be treated?  by interferon and nucleo de analogues 19. How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can it cause?  by direct contact and causes benign tumour of the skin 20. What can Poliovirus cause?  asep c meningi s, poliomyeli s, post-polio syndrome 21. What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?  A: herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunc vi s  B: pleurodynia or Bornholm disease, myocardi s, pancrea s 22. What can Rhinoviruses cause?  sore throat, runny nose, coughing 23. How can Hepa s A virus spread?  Faeco-oral route, contaminated food or contaminated water 24. How can Caliciviruses spread and what can it cause?  Faeco-oral route, by contaminated water, and by aerosol. It causes diarrhoea and vomi ng. 25. How can Rotaviruses spread and what can they cause?  by fecoral route and they can cause diarrhoea and vomi ng 26. How can Hepa s E virus spread and what can cause?  by contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental. It causes acute hepa s. 27. How can yellow fever virus spread?  by mosquito bite, from human to human or from monkey to human. 28. How can Hepa s C virus spread?  Parenteral, with blood (sharing needles, ta ooing, unscreened blood products) 22 29. Which pa ent group is most at risk for Rubella virus infec on?  pregnant women, because can cause in utero infec on (congenital rubella syndrome) 30. How can Influenza viruses spread and what can they cause (3 examples)?  By respiratory droplets. Symptoms: high fever, fa gue, muscle pain, headache, some mes gastrointes nal symptoms. 31. How can Morbillivirus spread and what can it cause?  by respiratory droplets and it can cause measles with exanthemas and Koplik spots. 32. What are the complica ons of measles?  pneumonia, encephali s and SSPE: subacute sclero zing panencephali s 33. How can Mumpsvirus spread and what can it cause?  Respiratory droplets. It causes inflamma on of salivary gland, pancrea s, orchi s, deafness. 34. What is the causa ve agent of rabies?  Lyssa virus. 35. How can rabies prevented?  by vaccina on, administered as postexposure prophylaxis, a er the bite. 36. What is the treatment of HIV infec on?  By combina on of nucleo de analogue and protease inhibitors 37. How can HTLV-1 spread?  by sexual contact, by blood and transplacental or by breast-feeding 38. How can Dengue-fever virus spread?  by mosquito bite. 39. List two members of Flaviviruses.  Yellow-fever virus, Dengue-fever virus, ck born encephali s virus, Zika-virus. 40. What does arbovirus mean?  arthropod borne virus 41. List two diseases caused by prions!  kuru, fatal familiar insomnia, Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome, bovine spongiform encephali s 42. What is the name of the pathogen of COVID-19?  SARS-CoV-2: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus – 2 23 43. What does COVID-19 stand for?  CoronaVirus Disease 2019 44. How SARS-CoV-2 infec on is diagnosed?  RT-PCR and/or an gen rapid test 45. What are the contents of the vaccines used for the preven on of COVID-19?  mRNA or inac vated virus or virus vector or protein subunits 46. How SARS-CoV-2 binds to human cells?  With the spike protein 47. What symptoms are caused by the mpox virus?  Fever, vesicular rash 48. How can HPV infec on be prevented?  Vaccina on is available for 9 serotypes of HPV 49. List oncogenic viruses! (3 examples)  HPV, HBV, HHV8, EBV, HCV, HTLV 24