Introduction to Microbiology Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Microbiology Clinical Bacteriology Lecture Prepared by: Cherries V. Sanchez, RMT, MSMT Department of Medical Technology College of Health Sciences National University - Manila Learning Outcomes: Describe the significant discoverie...

Introduction to Microbiology Clinical Bacteriology Lecture Prepared by: Cherries V. Sanchez, RMT, MSMT Department of Medical Technology College of Health Sciences National University - Manila Learning Outcomes: Describe the significant discoveries that led to development of Microbiology. Enumerate the development of Science with emphasis on person/scientists and their contributions. Discuss the roles of a Medical Technologist in a Microbiology Laboratory. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  What is Microbiology? Scientific study of microorganisms Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye Bio - life logy - study of No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Acellular Infectious Agents Prions Virus Misfolded protein particles DNA or RNA Neurodegenerative diseases Not both ds or ss Enveloped or non-enveloped No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Acellular Infectious Agents No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Acellular Infectious Agents No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Types of Cells (Cellular Microbe) Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic Cells No Nucleus Nucleus No Organelles Organelles Cell Wall of If cell wall, Cellulose peptidoglycan or chitin Binary Fission Mitosis 1 circular chromosome Linear chromosomes No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Cellular Microorganisms : Eukaryotes Fungi Unicellular form (yeast) Filamentous form (mold) Dimorphic –exist as either yeast or molds No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Cellular Microorganisms : Eukaryotes Parasites Protozoa Amoeba Flagellates Ciliate Sporozoa Helminths Nematodes Cestodes Trematodes No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Cellular Microorganisms : Prokaryotes Archaea Archaic – Greek word “Ancient” No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Cellular Microorganisms : Prokaryotes Bacteria 1-20 μm or larger Shapes (sphere, rods, spirals) Spatial (single cells, chains, cluster) Reproduction: Binary fission Bacterial cell wall forms: Gram Positive & Gram Negative No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Microbial Taxonomy 3 Distinct areas Classification Categorization of organisms into taxonomic groups (based on biochemical, physiologic, genetic, and morphologic properties) DKPCOFGS Nomenclature Naming of an organism by international rules according to its characteristics Identification Practical use of a classification scheme to: Isolate and distinguish desirable organisms from undesirable ones Verify the authenticity or special properties of a culture in a clinical setting Isolate and identify the causative agent of a disease No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Classification Species (abbreviated as sp., singular, or spp., plural) Most basic of the taxonomic groups / collection of bacterial strains Subspecies Subgroups within a species Biotype Serotype Genotype No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Classification Genus (plural, genera) Composed of various species with common characteristics Family Composed of similar genera No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Nomenclature Established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or the Bacteriological Code Genus designation – First letter is always capitalized Species designation – first letter is always lower case Italics or underlined Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes Abbreviated S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes Informal designation When referred to as a group Names are neither capitalized nor underlined staphylococci, streptococci No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Identification Methods: Genotypic characteristics Phenotypic characteristics Macroscopic Microscopic Staining Environmental Resistance profiles Antigenic profiles Subcellular profiles No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Other Terminologies in Bacterial Taxonomy Biogroup – group of microorganisms that share the same biochemical properties. Serogroup – group of microorganisms having similar antigens. Epithet – proper word for the name of the species. Strain – altered or variant microorganism within the same species. Morphovar / Morphotype – prokaryotic strain that differs morphologically from other strains. Polyphasic Taxonomy – Modern system of bacterial classification and identification (phylogenetic, phenotypic, and genotypic characterizations). No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  History of Microbiology No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. The Discovery of Microorganisms Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) Considered as the first true microbiologist Father of Microbiology Father of Bacteriology Father of Protozoology First person to see live bacteria and protozoa He observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as “Animalcules”. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Spontaneous Generation Theory Life can arise from non-living matter tried to prove or disprove spontaneous generation Francesco John Lazzaro Aristotle Redi Needham Spallanzani (384-322 B.C) (1626 - 1697) (1731 – 1781) (1729 – 1799) No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Spontaneous Generation Theory Experiment of Francesco Redi - 1668 Demonstrated that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Spontaneous Generation Theory Experiment of John Needham - 1745 Boiled mutton broth using flask  eventually became cloudy He asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Spontaneous Generation Theory Experiment of Lazzaro Spallanzani - 1765 Improved the previous experiments of Needham Heating the broth placed in a sealed jar Spallanzani’s results contradicted the findings of Needham Microbes move through the air and that they could be killed through boiling Needham Spallanzani No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Theory of Biogenesis Rudolf Virchow Challenged spontaneous generation theory with the concept of biogenesis Cells can only arise from preexisting cells No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Theory of Biogenesis Advent of Immunology Louis Pasteur Disproved the Spontaneous Generation Swan-neck flask experiment Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms Developed the vaccine against anthrax and rabies Fermentation and Pasteurization No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Theory of Biogenesis John Tyndall Tyndallization Method of Sterilization in 1860 Bacterial spores can be destroyed Moist heat for 3 consecutive days 100˚C for 30 minutes No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Theory of Biogenesis Ferdinand Cohn Discovered that some bacteria could withstand heating and boiling Endospores No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Germ Theory of Disease Robert Koch Germ theory of disease (Koch’s postulates) Show evidence that bacteria can cause diseases Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis First to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein. Developed a culture medium No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Koch’s Postulates: Proof of the Germ Theory of Disease No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Germ Theory of Disease Collaborators of Koch Walther Hesse Introduced the use of culture media Fanny Hesse Suggested the use of agar, as a solidifying agent, in the preparation of culture media. Julius Richard Petri Developed the petri dish Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Advent of Immunology Edward Jenner Introduced the concept of vaccination smallpox vaccine Coined the word vaccine from the Latin 'vacca' for cow No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Theory of Antisepsis Ignaz Semmelweis Demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Theory of Antisepsis Joseph Lister Introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain Use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Modern Therapy: Magic Bullet Selman Waksman Discovered the Streptomycin and Neomycin antibiotics Father of Antibiotics No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Modern Therapy: Magic Bullet Alexander Fleming Discovered the penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Discovered the lysozyme No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Modern Therapy: Magic Bullet Howard Florey and Ernst Chain They made the purification process for penicillin and the clinical trials to humans Edward Abraham He was the first to propose the correct biochemical structure of penicillin. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Modern Therapy: Magic Bullet Paul Ehrlich Discovered the treatment of syphilis – Arsenic Salvarsan (Arsphenamine) No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Importance of Microbiology - Bacteria No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Importance of Bacteria in: Environment Plants Animals Agriculture Industry Nitrogen cycle Medicine No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Careers in Microbiology Bacteriology- Bacteriologist Protozoology- Protozoologist Phycology- Phycologist Parasitology- Parasitologist Mycology- Mycologist Virology- Virologist No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  Diagnostic Microbiology Quality of the specimen collection from the patient Techniques to demonstrate the microbe in the sample Determine the antimicrobial activity Planning Treatment Virulence of the organism Site of infection Patient’s ability to respond to the host-parasite interaction No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. References: Rodriguez MT. (2022). Review Handbook in Diagnostic Bacteriology (3rd Edition). C&E Publishing Inc. Tille P. (2021). Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology (15th edition). USA: Mosby. Mahon CR and Lehman DC. (2023). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (7th edition). USA: Saunders Engelkirk P and JD. (2015) Burton’s Microbiology for the health sciences (10e). 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health. All pictures are taken from the internet and textbooks. No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.