ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (Lectures) PDF

ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 1. What is immunity? protection against infectious disease conferred by ma- ternal antibodies or response to immunization or pre- vious infection 2. What is p...

ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 1. What is immunity? protection against infectious disease conferred by ma- ternal antibodies or response to immunization or pre- vious infection 2. What is passive passed from mother to chick via egg; provides short (maternal) immuni- term protection (10 days to 3 weeks) ty? 3. What is active im- involves various immune responses, like humoral (B munity? cells) and cellular (T cells) immunity 4. What is humoral im- driven by B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies munity? that target pathogens in bodily fluids 5. What is cellular im- involves T lymphocytes that help identify and destroy munity? infected cells within the body 6. What produces B the Bursa of Fabricius cells? 7. What are B cells re- antibody production sponsible for? 8. What are plasma cells that actively secrete antibodies into the blood to cells? attack antigens 9. What are memory retain a "memory" of pathogens, enabling a faster cells? immune response upon future exposure 10. Where are T cells in the thymus produced? 11. What are helper T Th1 cells aid cytotoxic T cells in destroying infected cells? cells; Th2 cells present antigens to B cells to stimulate antibody production 12. What are cytotoxic identify and lyse (break down) infected or abnormal (killer) T cells? cells 13. 1 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 What are suppres- help prevent autoimmune responses by suppressing sor T cells? the immune response to the body's own cells 14. What is an antigen? foreign substance (e.g. virus or bacteria) that triggers an immune response 15. What is an anti- protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B cells in re- body? sponse to an antigen; binds specifically to the antigen that induced its production 16. What are three IgM, IgG, and IgA types of antibod- ies produced in avians? 17. What is IgM? the first antibody produced in response to infection 18. What is IgG? provides long term immunity and is produced in higher quantities upon second exposure 19. What is IgA? found in mucous membranes, plays a key role in im- mune defense at body surfaces 20. What do antibodies neutralize pathogens (bind to them to prevent them do? from infecting cells), promote phagocytosis (encourage immune cells, macrophages, to ingest and break down pathogens), cause cell lysis (lead to the breakdown of infected cells) 21. What is primary mainly stimulates the production of IgM antibodies with vaccination? some IgG 22. What type of vac- live vaccines; stimulate a broad immune response cines are typically used for the initial vaccine? 23. What is secondary activates memory B cells, leading to a faster and vaccination? stronger response with predominantly IgG antibodies 2 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 24. What is immuno- reduced ability of the immune system to respond to suppression? pathogens 25. What are some stress (environmental factors such as poor air quality, causes of immuno- extreme weather, and onset of egg production) suppression? infectious agents (various viruses and bacteria can suppress the immune response) 26. What are some ex- infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)- causes immune amples of immuno- cell destruction suppressive dis- chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV)- lowers im- eases? mune function, increases susceptibility to other infec- tions marek's virus and avian leukosis virus- known to de- crease immune response in infected poultry 27. What is the ster- large bone providing attachment for flight muscles num? 28. What type of bones lightweight, hollow/pneumatic bones (such as skull, do birds have? humerus, and keel) to facilitate flight and aid in respi- Why? ration 29. What are medullary bones (such as the ribs, tibia, femur, and pubic bones) bones? that store calcium; useful during egg formation 30. What is smooth controlled by the autonomic nervous system, found in muscle? blood vessels and organs (gizzard and intestines) 31. What is cardiac specialized muscle of the heart, ensuring continuous muscle? blood circulation 32. What is skeletal responsible for movement and body shape; poultry muscle? meat is skeletal muscle 33. What does the in- skin, feathers, scales, beak, comb, and wattle tegumentary sys- tem of poultry in- clude? 3 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 34. What does the in- protect the body from physical harm and temperature tegumentary sys- fluctuations (skin and feathers), assist with heat regu- tem do? lation and indicate testosterone levels in males (comb and wattle) 35. What are air sacs? sacs throughout the bird that allow efficient air flow through the lungs, essential for high oxygen needs during flight (birds have 9) 36. What is the respira- air bypasses lungs to enter posterior air sacs, then air tory cycle in poul- flows into lungs while air in anterior sacs is exhaled try? 37. What is the normal typically about 30 breaths per minute; during panting respiration rate for can be over 150 breaths/min. birds? When it is hot? 38. What do the beak food intake, saliva wets food for easier digestion and mouth do? 39. What does the crop stores food temporarily do? 40. What is the proven- the true stomach; initial digestion with enzymes and triculus? hydrochloric acid 41. What is the gizzard? mechanical digestion, grinding feed 42. What is the small in- part of the digestive system after the stomach that testine? digests carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; absorption of nutrients 43. What do the ceca absorb water, ceca performs some fermentation to and large intestine produce fatty acids and B vitamins do? 44. What is the cloaca? common exit for digestive and urinary waste 45. 4 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 What does the liver detoxifying organ that stores nutrients, produces bile do? for fat digestion, and forms proteins like albumin and globulin 46. What does the pan- produces digestive enzymes for breaking down carbo- creas do? hydrates, proteins, and fats 47. What are the male reproductive organ located inside the body; pro- testes? duce sperm 48. What is the ductus transports semen to the rudimentary phallus (internal deferens? structure used in mating) 49. Are both ovaries in no, only the left one is a female chicken functional? 50. What is the in- site of fertilization in the female chicken fundibulum? 51. What is the mag- secretes albumen (egg white) num? 52. What is the isth- forms shell membranes mus? 53. What does the adds shell and pigment uterus do? 54. What does the vagi- expels egg and adds final cuticle for egg protection na do? 55. What is ovulation? The release of an egg from the ovary 56. What is oviposi- laying eggs tion? 57. What is biosecuri- prevents disease spread through protective measures ty? 5 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 58. When are vaccina- in the hatchery (in ovo), in the field (drinking water or tions administered spray), and in breeders (for early protection for young) (what stage)? 59. When are antibi- used in the water for bacteria; has specific withdrawal otics used in poul- periods try? 60. When are anticoc- combat coccidia using rotation and specific drug pro- cidials used in poul- grams; withdrawal times vary try? 61. Are antivirals used no not typically in poultry? 62. What are some an- enzymes, prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, inor- tibiotic free alterna- ganic acids, immune stimulants/modulators tives that can be used in poultry? 63. What are prebiotics growth promoting antibiotics used to replace? 64. What are probiotics improving gut health with live microorganisms used for? 65. What are broiler avian influenza flocks tested for be- fore processing? 66. ____________ is national poultry improvement plan (NPIP) needed for diseases like salmonella and mycoplasma. 67. Any flock with 3 or more __________ birds per 1000 must be taken to a diagnos- tic lab. 6 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 68. What is required for protect poultry from disease and pests by preventing biosecurity to be ef- the spread; need ongoing efforts and emergency re- fective? sponse readiness 69. What was poor severe outbreaks, like HPAIV in Mexico (22 mil. birds biosecurity linked infected) and AI in the U.S. (70 million birds) to? 70. What are emer- quarantine, vaccination, depopulation gency response ele- ments of biosecuri- ty? 71. What is bioexclu- keeping diseases out of uninfected populations sion? 72. What are the levels level 1: low threat (e.g. Salmonella) of disease? level 2: moderate threat (e.g. Mycoplasma) level 3: high threat (e.g. Avian Influenza and Exotic Newcastle disease) 73. What are consid- contact with live bird markets, sharing equipment be- ered high risk activ- tween farms, allowing unapproved visitors close to ities? poultry 74. Who are natural wild birds like water fowl and shore birds hosts of avian in- fluenza? 75. How is avian in- direct and indirect contact with birds; spread by people, fluenza transmit- vehicles, equipment, water, and wind-borne dust ted? 76. How can risks of the eliminate and manage risks with farm specific biose- spread of AI be re- curity programs; regular risk assessments focusing on duced? farm-specific needs 77. What protective PPE, vehicle washing stations, limiting farm access, measures can be and requiring cleanliness in all farm areas 7 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 taken to prevent the spread of disease? 78. What is a Danish uses concrete pads at entry points to minimize conta- Entry System? mination 79. What are the 4 com- PPE, vehicle washing, visitor management, and equip- mon BPEs (best ment sanitation management prac- tices)? 80. What are some high fenced in areas, outside feed bins, mandatory high-level biosecu- showers, disposable boots rity measures? 81. What is the goal of quantitatively gauge biosecurity risks, educate stake- risk assessment? holders, and guide biosecurity decisions 82. What are the cat- area (34 questions), farm (19), house (16); 69 inquiries egories in risk total assessment in- quiries? How many inquiries are there? 83. What are the 0 (lowest) to 16 (highest); farm average is 212 scores given to risk assessment ques- tions? 84. What is experimen- virus transmission studies, knowledge of pathogen, tal evidence in risk etc. assessment? 85. What is retrospec- review of historical info to judge the relative importance tive analysis? of parameters affecting risk 86. What are expert rec- the combination of experimental analysis and retro- ommendations in spective analysis, as well as anecdotal, personal, and risk assessment? regional experiences 8 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 87. What family is the Orthomyxoviridae influenza virus a part of? 88. What is type A in- affects multiple species, primarily wild birds as natural fluenza? hosts 89. What is type B in- mainly infects humans, occasionally causes epi- fluenza? demics 90. What is type C in- mild infections, primarily in humans fluenza? 91. What is the struc- enveloped RNA virus with 8 genome segments; single ture of the influenza stranded with surface projections virus? 92. What inactivates heat, pH extremes, lipid solvents (detergents) and dry- the influenza virus? ness 93. How are type A in- by surface proteins; hemagglutinin (HA) and Neu- fluenza viruses sub- raminidase (NA) typed? What are the subtypes? 94. What does hemag- attaches virus to cell receptors with 16 subtypes glutinin do? 95. What does neu- enables virus release with 9 subtypes raminidase do? 96. Do all of the sub- yes types of influenza A affect waterfowl and shorebirds? 97. How do viruses -enter cells by connecting to receptor on the cell's cause disease? surface, inject genetic material (DNA/RNA) into the cell -genetic material travels into the nucleus and becomes 9 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 part of the host cell's DNA -genetic material directs host cell to produce copies of the virus -new viruses infect other cells, creating more viruses with cycle repeating over and over causing disease 98. What is antigenic minor mutations over time that causes new virus drift? strains 99. What does anti- seasonal flu variations; old antibodies do not react to genic drift lead to? new strains 100. What is antigenic major changes in influenza A (e.g. new HA or NA shift? proteins) 101. What does anti- new influenza types, leading to potential pandemics genic shift result in? 102. How does avian in- has very little effect on wild birds, but causes severe fluenza affect differ- symptoms and mortality in chickens, turkey, and do- ent types of birds? mestic ducks 103. What was the spring affected layers and turkeys across multiple US regions 2015 HPAIV out- (broilers not as affected); time to death longer (5 days) break? 104. What is pathogenic- the ability of the virus to produce disease ity? 105. What is low path- causes mild or no symptoms in wild birds and domestic ogenicity avian in- poultry (very low threat to humans) fluenza (LPAI)? 106. What is high path- rapid spread with high mortality in domestic poultry ogenicity avian in- (mortality is 90-100%) fluenza (HPAI)? 107. How is the path- based on genetic features and symptoms of poultry ogenicity of avian 10 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 influenza deter- mined? 108. Can human to hu- no, virus only latches on to cells deep in the respiratory man transmission tract, cannot be coughed or sneezed out to infect occur with AIV? others; possible that mutations could change this, but unlikely 109. What symptoms do harbor virus in GI tract, show very few to no symptoms; birds with LPAI can have ruffled feathers and decreased egg produc- show? tion speed 110. What symptoms do first develop mild symptoms then becomes more se- birds with HPAI vere (diarrhea, breathing difficulties, swollen head, show? lethargy, death) 111. How is AI spread in feces or respiratory secretions among birds? 112. What type of poul- free range poultry with exposure to wild birds try have the highest risk of contracting AI? 113. How do migratory movement of migratory birds increase the potential for flyways affect the the spread of AI spread of AI? 114. What is an out- southeast Asia; proximity between humans, domestic break hotspot for and wild birds creates breeding grounds for viral reas- AI? Why? sortment 115. What two strains of H5 and H7 AI could mutate to allow human to hu- man transmission? 116. Why could chickens they have negative correlation not produce both 11 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 meat and eggs in high proportions? 117. When did the shift 1950 occur that changed chickens into meat chickens and egg chickens? 118. What trait in poultry feed efficiency: chickens can grow faster with lower has improved great- mortality rates ly over the years? 119. What contributed to advances in nutrition, health programs, management, the improved feed housing, and genetics efficiency? 120. What is heritability? the ability of a trait to be passed down from one gen- eration to the next 121. What allows for higher heritability faster genetic progress? 122. What natural advan- high egg production rates and short generation inter- tages contribute to vals rapid genetic im- provements? 123. What are chromo- Chromosomes are long, thin strings composed of DNA somes? and proteins which carry genes. 124. How many pairs 39 of chromosomes do chickens have? 125. ___________ deter- females (have ZW chromosomes, males have ZZ) mine the sex of the offspring in birds. 12 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 126. What is genotype? genetic makeup of an organism 127. What is phenotype? physical characteristics of an organism 128. What is selection? choosing birds with optimal traits for breeding/produc- tion 129. What are pure closed populations bred for specific characteristics, lines? used in creating hybrids 130. What traits are se- meat yield, weight for age, days to market, feed effi- lected for in males? ciency, body conformation, fat content 131. What traits are se- fertility, hatchability, age at sexual onset, rate of egg lected for in fe- production, growth performance still monitored males? 132. What are the growth rate, skeletal strength (to hold body weight), three most impor- and resilience (against diseases) tant traits in male chickens? 133. What are the 5 most clutch length (how long a chicken can lay eggs), shell important traits in quality, sexual maturity, egg size, and temperament female chickens? 134. What are primary companies that develop pedigree lines (genetically breeders? pure lines) to create hybrid vigor through crossbreed- ing at the grandparent level 135. What is hybrid vig- achieved by mixing pedigree lines, improving traits or? relative to parents 136. What is a four-way combines traits from different pedigree lines to opti- cross? mize broiler characteristics 137. What are grandpar- selected for traits/performance, separate lines for male ent lines? and female; closely guarded 138. 13 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 How are genetic at the pedigree level through selective breeding; birds gains made? evaluated in terms of family history, physical traits, and productivity 139. How is feeding op- males and females separated, skip a day feeding en- timized in broiler sures controlled growth and optimizes bodyweight for chickens? reproductive health 140. __________________light exposure significantly influences sexual maturity and egg production. 141. ________________ blackout farms use light control to delay maturity, supporting controlled growth and optimal egg production timing. 142. After eggs are temperature and humidity collected (multiple times a day), they are stored in controlled environ- ments with regu- lated ___________ and ___________ to preserve quality for hatching 143. Broiler breeder op- broiler house erations are labor intensive but gen- erate income equiv- alent to multiple ________________. 14 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 144. Who are general- integrators; multiple contracted multiplier farms ly the owners of hatcheries? Where do they get the eggs from? 145. What temperature 55-65 degrees F; 70% RH do eggs need to be stored to maintain quality? Humidity? 146. What is looked for egg size, age, and removing cracked/soiled eggs during egg quality checks? 147. How is sanitation chick areas are isolated and airflow systems maintain enforced in hatch- separation between setters and hatchers; all equip- eries? ment, trays, and areas are cleaned/disinfected after use 148. What is multiple involves different embryonic stages in the same in- stage incubation? cubator, allowing older embryos to produce heat for younger ones; less accurate temperature control 149. What is sin- all eggs are placed simultaneously, allowing precise gle-stage incuba- temperature control and improving hatchability; in- tion? creased cost 150. What is pre-warm- eggs pre-warmed at 75-80 degrees F with proper air ing? circulation for 6-12 hours to avoid condensation and temperature shock 151. What are setting in- eggs are set in trays, turned every 1-2 hours, with cubators? temperatures at 99.5-100 degrees F and RH of 60% 152. What are hatching on day 18-19, eggs are transferred, temperature de- incubators? creases to 98.5 degrees F and RH increases to 70% 153. What vaccine is Marek's disease often administered 15 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 during the transfer between the setting and hatching incu- bators? 154. Do all eggs hatch? no, not all are fertile (85%), not all fertile eggs hatch (75-90%) 155. What can cause fer- wrong temperature, low humidity, disease, genetic de- tile eggs to not fects hatch? 156. What does the yolk fat for energy, some protein and other nutrients needed contain that the egg needs? 157. What is a blas- small white disc in the egg yolk that contains the ge- todisk? netic material 158. What is the natur- protect the yolk and provide additional nutrients al purpose of egg white? 159. When does the day 2: heartbeat begins embryonic develop- day 4: organ formation ment occur in chick- day 8: feather development ens (what occurs in day 10: beak begins to harden how many days)? day 14-19: embryo positions toward the air cell, ab- sorbs the yolk and is prepared for hatching 160. What is the hatch refers to the time when chicks hatch after being trans- window? ferred to the hatcher 161. What can early or can impact chick quality and lead to dehydration or late hatching af- poor broiler performance fect? 162. What factors affect pre-heating times, temperature inconsistencies, venti- hatch timing? lation issues, egg size 16 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 163. What waste needs infertile eggs, dead embryos, and eggshells to be disposed from hatcheries? 164. How is the waste maceration (chemical breakdown) or CO2, depending disposed in hatch- on local regulations eries? 165. How are chickens vent, feather, or color sexing (vent requires training, sexed? feather and color are both sex-linked genes) 166. Where is the subcutaneously if not in ovo Marek's vaccine ad- ministered? 167. How are the new- in coarse spray castle disease and infectious bronchi- tis vaccines given? 168. How are birds trans- specialized vehicles to maintain temperature and ven- ported from hatch- tilation at 90 degrees F; 100 chicks per tray eries to farms? 169. What equipment is egg transfer machines, sorting, candling, and vaccina- needed in hatch- tion eries? 170. What is candling? checking egg development during incubation 171. What do automated data monitoring and download; ensures controlled in- systems allow for? cubation conditions 172. What is water need- critical for nutrient absorption, digestion, enzymatic ed for in poultry? reactions, waste elimination, body temperature regu- lation, and joint lubricant 173. What is the wa- broilers consume 1.3-2.0 times more water than feed ter-feed relation- by weight ship in broilers? 17 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 174. How does age affect older birds consume more water; intake increases by water intake? Tem- about 7% each degree F rise in temperature perature? 175. How do electrolytes electrolytes can stimulate water intake, especially dur- affect water intake? ing heat stress 176. How is most water through feces and respiratory processes as birds lack lost in poultry? sweat glands 177. How much water 60-70%, needed for waste excretion and body cooling does broiler excreta contain? 178. What does the color ideal water should be clear; colors may indicate cont- of water indicate? amination (e.g. reddish-brown for iron) 179. What does the tur- high turbidity can cause clogging in watering systems bidity (cloudiness) and indicates surface contamination of water indicate? 180. What does the any unusual taste/odor could indicate the presence of taste/odor of water contaminants like salts, hydrogen sulfide, or metals indicate? 181. What can cause high calcium, iron, and magnesium, as well as total build up in watering solids equipment and de- crease its efficien- cy? 182. What type of water slightly acidic, but too acidic or too alkaline can affect do poultry prefer? palatability and equipment (pH) 183. What does in- that there is decaying organic matter, leads to poor creased nitrate indi- oxygen use; check water for bacteria cate in water? 184. lead, selenium, arsenic, and high bacteria counts 18 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 What toxic com- pounds need to be minimized in water? 185. What can cause al- calcium carbonate, bicarbonate, or sulfate; increases kalinity in water? the buffering capacity of water 186. How is water main- water is regularly tested, lines are flushed, and filters tained at an appro- are changed regularly priate quality? 187. What are ways wa- chlorination or alternative sanitizers ter can be treated to ensure it is good enough quality? 188. How much chlorine 0.2 ppm for disinfection; avoid chlorination close to needs to be used to vaccine times treat water? When should chlorine not be used? 189. What are some al- iodophores, H2O2, and quaternary ammonium com- ternative sanitizers pounds that can be used to clean water? 190. What are the risks can harbor pathogens and clog drinkers involved in biofilm accumulation? 191. How are biofilms through regular high pressure flushing and H2O2 removed from sur- cleaners are recommended faces? 192. Why do young crucial for rapid growth chicks need to con- sume so much wa- ter? 19 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 193. Why is it important can provide insights into feed intake and chick health to monitor water use in baby chicks? 194. What does adjust- helps prevent spillage and ensures birds receive ade- ing the height and quate water pressure of the nip- ple drinker affect? 195. What are evapora- systems that use water for cooling, must be designed tive cooling sys- for peak water demand to avoid shortages during high tems? heat; more environmentally friendly than traditional air conditioning (fully utilizes water for cooling without waste) 196. What are the pro- pullet housing- separate facilities for rearing young duction stages of hens table egg produc- layer housing- specialized environments for mature tion? hens laying systems- various types of cage and cage-free systems production parameters-focus on egg count, quality, and hen health 197. What are two differ- two-house system and one-house system ent types of pullet housing? 198. What is a two-house birds are moved from a brooding house to a growing system? house 199. What are some optimized health in brooding; multi-deck cages use advantages of a space efficiently two-house system? 200. What are some dis- moving birds is stressful; requires frequent cleaning advantages of a two-house system? 201. combining brooding and growing in the same building 20 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 What is a one-house system? 202. What are some reduces stress and downtime; some tasks can be advantages of a done early (vaccination or beak trimming) one-house system? 203. What are some dis- higher heating costs due to lower stocking density advantages of a one-house system? 204. What are the dif- single tier- only seen in older houses, costs are higher, ferent types of but easier to handle birds; increased air quality but one-house sys- decreased heating efficiency tems? two tier- chicks start on one tier, then at 4-6 weeks, half are moved up/down to other floor three or more tiers- chicks placed on 1-2 tiers at deliv- ery, at 4 weeks, some move to cages above and below, then again divided at 6 weeks to decrease bird density 205. What equipment is adjustable height nipple drinkers, feeders (trough-type needed in pullet feeders such as chain or auger delivery), heaters (nat- houses? ural or propane gas such as radiant tube, forced hot air, etc.) 206. Why is body weight to ensure birds reach optimal weight at sexual maturi- monitored so care- ty; starts around 3 weeks of age fully? When does monitoring begin? 207. How many birds 50-100 birds to represent flock must be weighed to be representative of the whole flock? 208. Why is bodyweight if too low body weight, egg production will be de- important as birds creased reach maturity? 209. delay early maturity and prevent small egg production 21 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 What can controlled photoperiods do? 210. How long are birds have 10-12 hours of artificial light, are then moved at reared in light proof sexual maturity houses? When are they moved to houses with win- dows/curtains? 211. What types of hous- open-sided-uses curtains or windows for ventilation ing are used for lay- environmentally controlled-windowless for consistent ers? temperature and humidity single-story and two-story designs-vary in cost and maintenance needs 212. What are the two negative pressure systems: side or tunnel fans create types of ventilation air flow systems used in positive pressure systems: forces fresh air into the layer houses? building for circulation 213. What are multi-age large facilities with common egg conveyor systems, complexes? processing plants, and feed mills; no heating systems; are typically cleaned out after each flock 214. How much of global 75% commerce egg pro- duction use cage systems? 215. What are some ad- decreased labor, separates birds from feces and dis- vantages of cage ease systems? 216. What are some dis- increased initial costs, welfare concerns, and manure advantages of cage disposal challenges systems? 217. What are the three single-bird cages: rarely used due to cost main types of cage multi-bird cages: most common, ranging from 2-10 22 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 systems used for birds per cage layers? enriched cages: include areas for nesting, perching, and dusting 218. Why are multi-lev- important for welfare of bird, allows for more natural el systems with ar- behaviors eas for nesting, etc. more common? 219. What is hen-day eggs produced per live hen, indicating laying efficiency production? 220. What is hen-housed considers initial hen population and mortality; useful production? for assessing cost, but may overlook egg size/quality 221. What is the molting induced by diet and light changes to renew the repro- process? ductive cycle, enhancing post-molt egg production 222. What influences the production costs, supply/demand, and seasonal varia- cost of eggs? tions; also some costs from disease or market dynam- ics 223. What was the Cal- requires cage systems to allow hens space to turn ifornia Proposition around, lie down, and extend limbs freely (effective 2? from 2015) 224. What are fu- more toward welfare-oriented systems, potentially re- ture cages systems placing conventional cage set-ups with enriched or shifting toward? aviary systems 225. What is HACCP? Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point 226. What is the purpose developed by USDA for pathogen reduction, originally of HACCP? for astronaut food production; aimed at identifying and controlling potential hazards 227. What are the six 1. Assemble a HACCP team steps of HACCP? 2. Describe the product 3. Identify intended use and customers 4. Create a process flow diagram 23 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 5. Verify flow diagram accuracy 6. Follow the 7 HACCP principles 228. What are the 7 prin- 1. Conduct a hazard analysis to identify potential bio- ciples of HACCP? logical, chemical, and physical hazards 2. Identify critical control points (CCPs) 3. Establish critical limits (CLs) for each CCP 4. Set CCP monitoring requirements 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Effective record keeping 7. Verification procedures 229. What is feed with- taking away food 8 hours before processing to avoid drawal? contamination from intestinal tract 230. How are birds by hand or with a machine caught for slaugh- ter? 231. How are birds hung on shackles, stunned electrically, and euthanized slaughtered? with a blade 232. What is controlled uses CO2 or argon gas, decreases live handling atmosphere stun- ning? 233. What happens after birds are scaled to release feathers, following by pick- the birds are eutha- ing, pinning, singeing, and washing nized? 234. What direction counter-current (away from direction of chickens); hot, should the water in without being too hot to strip breasts; needed to control the scalder be flow- Salmonella and other bacteria ing? What tempera- ture should it be? Why?? 235. What is eviscera- removal of internal organs tion? 24 / 25  ANFS 421 Chicken Exam 2 (lectures) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1tj95 236. Why does eviscer- USDA inspects internal organs, and removes inedible ation need to be parts; done away from kill area to maintain hygiene performed in birds? Where is this done? 237. Why is each chicken needs to be inspected for disease with a "wholesome- inspected? ness" seal from the USDA or equiv. state systems 238. What does the New faster processing by reducing USDA inspection re- Poultry Inspection quirements to 1 inspector/line System (NPIS) allow for? 239. What does includes lung, crop, and neck removal, giblet harvest- post-evisceration ing, washing, and chilling at 32-34 degrees F involve? 25 / 25