Ancient History G1 PDF

Prepared By: Group 1 ANCIENT HISTORY Uranza, Desiree P. Bolastig, Christian Greg (8th Century AD) Peley, Eugene...

Prepared By: Group 1 ANCIENT HISTORY Uranza, Desiree P. Bolastig, Christian Greg (8th Century AD) Peley, Eugene Dicdican, Ronil Ambas, Ashely A Journey Through Early Civilizations Lara, Aliyah Macy Laguitao, Jovan Sablon, Mark  GEOGRPAHY AFRICA MESOAMERICA ASIA Africa, rich in natural Asia, the largest resources, was home to continent, hosts ancient early civilizations that Entire area of Central civilizations renowned for contributed significantly America from Southern their contributions to to science and Mexico up to the border science, technology, and mathematics long of South America mathematics. before European colonization.  GEOGRPAHY Significant Geographic Features: Mountains, rivers, deserts influencing settlements and agriculture.  POLITICS AND SOCIETY REGION POLITICAL SYSTEM SOCIAL STRUCTURE Maya city-states, Kings, priests, MESOAMERI Inca Empire (god- artisans, farmers, CA king), slaves Aztec Empire (militaristic) China (Tang Dynasty, China (Confucian ASIA centralized hierarchy), India bureaucracy), India (caste system) (regional kingdoms) Islamic Caliphates Caliphs, MIDDLE (religious and political merchants, EAST leadership) scholars Egypt (Pharaohs), Pharaohs, priests, AFRCIA Kingdom of Aksum farmers, laborers (trading power) Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire EUROPE (emperors with (Roman social  CIVILIZATION FORMED IN MESOAMERICA MAYA CIVILIZATION INCA CIVILIZATION  most famous civilization that AZTEC CIVILIZATION lasted approximately 2,000  The Inca civilization is also  Following the Inca, the years famous in Mesoamerica. Aztec civilization has also  Known for advanced  The Incas made advanced made substantial contributions to science mathematics, calendar scientific ideas considering and technology and to the systems, and impressive their limitations as an old society as a whole. architecture like Chichén civilization Itzá.  CIVILIZATION FORMED IN ASIA CHINA CIVILIZATION INDIA CIVILIZATION  China is one of the ancient civilizations  India is a vast peninsula bordered with substantial contributions in many by oceans and mountains, areas of life like medicine, astronomy, fostering unique cultural and science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, technological developments. and music, among others.Ancient China significantly impacted neighboring  The Indians creatively developed countries such as Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, and various ideas and technologies Cambodia, particularly through the Silk useful in their everyday lives. Road.  CIVILIZATION FORMED IN AFRICA ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION  Africa, rich in natural and mineral resources, has a long history of scientific and mathematical achievements, particularly exemplified by the ancient Egyptian civilization's significant contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and medicine before European colonization. Agriculture, Trade, Economy, and Industry  Agriculture Maya: Developed advanced Ancient India developed Ancient Egyptians farming techniques, including irrigation systems, practiced developed advanced raised fields, irrigation crop rotation and fertilization, irrigation systems to control systems, and crop rotation, and was a major producer of Nile flooding, enabling year- and used their calendar for textiles like cotton and silk, round crop cultivation of planting and harvesting. as well as spices, which were wheat, barley, and flax, along vital to its agricultural with livestock farming; they Inca: Utilized terracing and economy. practiced crop rotation, used irrigation to grow crops like Ancient China developed metal farming tools, and grew potatoes, maize, and quinoa rice cultivation in the Yangtze a variety of fruits, boosting in diverse climates. Valley and millet farming in agricultural productivity. the north, invented tools like Aztec: Innovated with the iron plough, used chinampas (floating gardens) advanced irrigation for year-round farming, techniques, and grew diverse cultivating crops like maize crops such as wheat, barley, and cacao. and vegetables for food security. In the Middle East, advanced irrigation techniques like qanats and  TRADE Maya: Had a long- India had a vast trade Egypt’s strategic location distance trade network for network connecting it with facilitated extensive trade goods like jade, obsidian, regions like the Middle with regions like and cacao. East, Southeast Asia, and Mesopotamia and Nubia, Inca: Developed a state- Africa, exporting spices, exchanging goods such as controlled trade system textiles, and gems, while grain, papyrus, and gold, with roads and storage to importing luxury goods; while the Nile River served facilitate trade across the maritime trade via the as a key trade route for Andes. Indian Ocean played a key transporting commodities Aztec: Had a vast trade role in linking India with and fostering cultural system supported by other parts of the world. exchange. tribute from conquered China was a key hub on peoples and bustling the Silk Road, trading markets, trading goods goods like silk, porcelain, like cacao, textiles, and tea, and paper, while also luxury items. engaging in trade with neighboring regions and maritime trade through advanced shipbuilding, connecting with Southeast Asia, India, and the  ECONOMY & INDUSTRY Economy India's economy was Egypt's agrarian economy Maya: Relied on agriculture, primarily agrarian, supported relied on the fertile soil from tribute, and trade, using by farming, while also the Nile's flooding, with the cacao as currency. thriving in craft industries state controlling resources, like textiles, pottery, and trade, and labor for Inca: Used a labor-based metalworking; it had a agricultural production and economy (mita system) developed monetary system monumental projects like where citizens worked for the with coins and banking temples and pyramids. state in exchange for practices for trade. resources. China's economy was Aztec: Built their economy primarily agricultural, on agriculture, tribute, and supported by state land trade, with cotton and gold distribution, and benefited playing key roles. from advanced industries like silk weaving and ceramics; Industry: the centralized government Maya: Produced ceramics, regulated trade and textiles, jade ornaments, and established monopolies on obsidian tools. essential goods like salt and Inca: Known for textiles iron. (llama wool), metalwork (gold, silver), and pottery. Aztec: Excelled in textiles,  Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions Mesoamerica 1. Advanced knowledge of celestial bodies, predicting eclipses, and using astrological cycles for agriculture. AFRICA 2. Pyramid at Chichén Itzá aligned with the Sun Asia during equinoxes. Egypt: Advanced geometry for land measurement 3. Developed two complex calendars for tracking and construction (e.g., pyramids), mathematical time, rituals, and agriculture. 1. India contributed to iron knowledge (algebra, geometry), and the creation of 4. Advanced crop-growing techniques and hydraulic systems for water supply. metallurgy, Ayurveda, solar, lunar, and stellar calendars. They pioneered medicine, alchemy, and pharmacology, alongside 5. Looms for weaving cloth and mica-based glittery astronomy, and mathematics developing iron tools and managing water through paints. 6. Rubber products 3,000 years before modern (including zero and algebra). dams and irrigation. patents. 7. Developed Mayan hieroglyphics. 2. China is known for the Metallurgy: Iron smelting techniques spread from the Near East, enabling the production of stronger tools 8. Created a numeral system based on 20 and invention of the compass, and weapons, crucial for agriculture and construction. independently developed zero and positional value. 9. Paved roads with stones and earthquake-resistant papermaking, gunpowder, Mathematics and Astronomy: The Lebombo Bone stone buildings. printing, and advancements in (35,000 BCE) is the oldest known mathematical 10. First suspension bridges. 11. Advanced irrigation systems and water storage seismology and acupuncture. artifact. Egyptians developed complex astronomical systems to track celestial bodies and predict seasonal techniques. 12. 12-month calendar for religious festivals and 3. Middle Eastern civilizations changes. planting. contributed to the scientific Islamic Influence: In medieval Africa, the study of 13. Quipu: A system of knotted ropes for record- keeping. method, optics, algebra, algebra, trigonometry, and the Arabic numeral system advanced, along with innovations like the astrolabe for 14. Advanced textile production as a prized Arabic numerals, chemistry, navigation. achievement. 15. Mandatory education for all children, regardless of and advancements in Other Contributions: Medical knowledge, public 16. social class, gender, or age. Developed chocolate, used as currency by the medicine such as health practices, and an emphasis on empirical science and experimentation laid the groundwork for Maya. experimental trials and future scientific methods. 17. Developed antispasmodic medications for muscle relaxation, aiding surgery. understanding infectious 18. Chinampa: Floating agricultural land surrounded by diseases. canals. 19. Created a calendar for planning activities, rituals, and agriculture.  Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions Algebra by Al- Mayan’s Khwarizmi Calendar Mesoamerican rubber balls iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller Ayurved  Significant Personalities China: India: Middle East: Ibn Sina Aryabhata Ibn al-Haytham Contributions to Father of optics; Innovations in mathematics and contributions to medicine and astronomy. light and vision. clinical trials.  Art and Architecture Mesoamerican Achievements Asian Contributions African Wonders Pyramid of Chichén Itzá Great Wall of China Pyramids of Giza Inca stone architecture and road systems. Mayan Pottery Buddhist stupas  Language, Literacy, and Education Mesoamerica ASIA AFRICA India had a rich linguistic heritage with Sanskrit as The Maya excelled in writing and the classical language, complemented by astronomical knowledge, the Incas vernacular languages. Education was primarily had a unique system of record- religious and philosophical, with notable institutions like the Gurukul system and Nalanda University In Africa, oral traditions, keeping with quipu, and the Aztecs offering advanced learning. China had a complex system of Classical Chinese writing systems like Nsibidi made education mandatory, focusing on both practical and and regional languages, with a strong tradition of education centered around Confucian teachings. and Tifinagh, and the spiritual teachings. Their bureaucratic system promoted widespread literacy, especially among the elite. spread of Arabic through Development of hieroglyphics by the Maya. The Middle East had Arabic as the central language of scholarship during the Islamic Golden Islam shaped educational Age, where literacy was fostered through religious education and the translation of classical texts. The practices, with madrasas madrasa system and empirical scientific inquiry contributed to a vibrant intellectual culture. and informal systems transmitting knowledge in fields such as science, medicine, and craftsmanship.  Social Classes Mesoamerica: Priests held a high religious and social standing, acting as mediators with the gods. Priests India: Nobles were at the top, overseeing the land and and upholding cultural values. Nobility Warriors and Merchants Mesoamerica: Warriors protected the society and were highly respected, sometimes acting as leaders in times of conflict. India: Merchants played a crucial economic role, engaging in trade within and outside the civilization. Commoners and Craftsmen Mesoamerica: Commoners worked in agriculture, crafts, and general labor, supporting the civilization’s needs. India: Craftsmen and artisans contributed to local economies, producing goods and supporting Social Mobility through Trade and Education merchants. Mesoamerica and India both allowed limited upward mobility, mainly through trade connections, craftsmanship, or scholarly pursuits. Variances: Education was a key factor in some societies for moving up, while others emphasized success in trade.  Health, Medicine, and Beauty Medical Beauty Ayurveda andInnovations: Practices: herbal medicines in Use of India. natural Surgical cosmetics in techniques Egypt. described in Cosmetic Use Susruta of Plants Samhita Herbal Medicine Influence of Ancient culture on Chinese health and acupuncture wellness. balanced qi flow using needles at specific  Rise and Decline of the Period Invasions, natural disasters, and Factors Influencing Growth: Decline of internal strife. Civilizations The Mongol Agricultural conquest advancements and trade affecting the networks Middle Eastern Golden Age.