Ancient Era (Ch. 2, 12, 10) PDF

Ancient Era (8ooo BCE - 6oo BCE) Unit 01 Prehistory –––––– Beginning Man’s Story AYL Ch. 2 Review! N/A Predictions! What does the term “Prehistory” refer to? I. INFANCY of MAN A. Prehistory of Mankind “Prehistory” The period of the human past for which we have no written records. ➔ Includes thousands of years mankind existed before writing ◆ writing only began roughly 6,000 years ago!! How do we know so much about prehistory? ➔ Our earliest ancestors left us shards, scraps, skulls, bones, stone tools, art. B. Earliest Ancestors How do we know our earliest ancestors were like us? They did what humans -- not animals -- have always done: ➔ They left objects that show they were concerned for the soul. ➔ They left carefully prepared graves to honor their loved ones who died. ➔ They tried to make themselves beautiful with body ornaments ➔ They constructed enormous stone structures all over the world. ➔ They made beautiful paintings deep inside caves. ➔ They built homes in cliﬀs, cultivated soil and built cities. II. The Study of the Prehistoric Man A. Our Human Cousins: Neanderthals Scientists say that homo sapiens were not our only ancestors that walked the Earth. The homo sapiens had distant cousins called Neanderthal Man. ➔ Short and stocky, physically strong, with large bones and a thick brow. ➔ Adapted to and survived in Artic-like weather conditions for thousands of years. ➔ Developed their own culture. ◆ Made camps and ritual burial sites ◆ Lived in family groups, hunted, cooked their own food, and honored their dead. B. A Mystery What happened to them? In a short period of time, they disappeared completely. What happened to them? Did they die of sickness that our ancestors survived? Did they intermarry with people of our own kind? Did our ancestors kill oﬀ these distant cousins? Nobody knows. C. Prehistory Ages Based on artifacts and tools they have uncovered, the first paleontologists divided the prehistory of man into 3 stages: Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Tools of earliest human The first metal to be The time when human society were made of stone. mastered was bronze. beings began to make tools out of iron. III Paleolithic vs. Neolithic Here you can describe the topic of the section The STONE AGE is further divided into 2 parts: Paleolithic Neolithic In the Old Stone Age In the New Stone Age (neolithic), (paleolithic), mankind lived only farming and city building began by hunting. to transform human life. A. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) ~ roughly 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.E ➔ Old Stone Age men lived in groups with no permanent homes. ➔ They were homo sapiens sapiens, or Thinking Man, the Wise. ◆ They walked upright just like us. The idea of “cavemen” being hunched over, hairy and grunting, is not exactly correct. In fact, they were much more like us than of an ape. ➔ They had no written language, but this does not mean they had no language at all. B. New Stone Age (Neolithic) Life in the New Stone Age: As the Earth warmed, the population of people and animals increased. A temperate climate meant that animals and people could stay in one place. ➔ Some people decided to give up their nomadic lifestyle and settled down. ➔ Homes became permanent. ➔ People learned to grow their own crops, rather than search for wild berries and grains. ➔ The people of the New Stone Age also learned how to train animals to be useful to humans. C. Neolithic Neighborhood The oldest known city in the world is [Catalhüyük], built in south-central Turkey around 6150 B.C.E ➔ This unique city looked like a fortress ◆ the houses were built right up against one another with no streets in between ➔ The citizens entered their homes through openings in the ceiling. ➔ To get around, they would walk across the roofs and use ladders to climb up and down ASIA MINOR buildings of diﬀerent heights. * Catalhüyük Mediterranean Sea HST OW Chapter 1 Review ○ Complete chapter 1 review on lined paper (pg. 16/19 in All Ye Lands textbook). -- DUE FRI @ end of class BATTLESHIP Game-board - DUE FRI @ 8am (playing in class) CREDITS: This presentation template was created by PIECESSlidesgo charts, including icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik \ Egypt Choice Packet - DUE THRS 9/22 Review! Describe the diﬀerence between Paleolithic and Neolithic? Predictions! What distinguishes a city from a civilization? Egypt was considered the “First Nation.” What characteristics do you think play a factor in determining this? IV. Cities Under Sand Ancient Mesopotamia Iraq was once called Mesopotamia meaning, “middle of the rivers.” City The land between Euphrates and Tigris rivers were once rich with farmland. This rich farmland allowed for the Sumer civilization to thrive. [Sumer] (SOO-mer) mankind’s first civilization (4000 BCE - 2000 BCE). [Civilization] more than a tribe, and greater than a city; “the way Civilization of life in cities.” A. Sumerian Inventions & Accomplishments The Wheel The most fundamental invention. A Legal Code First civilization to write down laws. Plow Helped to provide their city-states with ample food supply (wheel with sharp stone blade used to turn over soil) Levees Piles of earth between the fields and the river -- prevented floods & store water in case of drought. Writing Used for business, to maintain temple records, honor kings to teach children and tell stories. Calendar Created a calendar based on the moon and stars. Formal Education You had to attend school for many years to learn the written language (cuneiform), the number system, and the methods and conventions of a scribe. Brick Buildings Sandstone blocks or mud bricks. The flat roofs were thick layers of earth on top of strong beams. This made the houses nearly or actually fireproof, and places of security. Math System Responsible for dividing an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute to 60 sec A. Sumerian Inventions & Accomplishments cont. Other Accomplishments & Inventions: ➔ Utilized wind to move boats across the water (helped trade) ➔ Potters Wheel ➔ Makeup ➔ Clock (used water to measure time) ➔ Sewers ➔ Bronze metal work ➔ Dug miles of irrigation canals ➔ Observed sky and the movement of the sun ➔ Medicine from plants and animals ➔ Architecture (Ziggurat) B. Sumerian Religion Like all prehistoric peoples, the people of Sumer knew there were forces greater than themselves ➔ They worshipped these forces in the form of gods of earth & sky. ◆ gods = heavenly landlords ◆ human beings = field hands/slaves ➔ To be closer to the gods in the sky, they built ziggurats ------> ◆ There were no inside rooms, but the outside staircases led to temples located at their peaks. B. Sumerian Religion cont. A religion ﬁlled with sadness ➔ The gods of Sumer were fickle and powerful -- but not too powerful (comparable to cartoon superheros). ➔ The Sumerians believed that life is a gift, but thought they had nothing to hope for after death. ◆ Believed souls that passed would eat nothing but dry dust family members would pour water into graves to let ancestors drink ◆ All souls went to the same afterlife no matter how you acted while alive. C. Life in Sumer The Cities ➔ Each city within the sumerian civilization were ruled by kings who thought of themselves as gods ◆ Kings were often buried with riches and even servants. ➔ Built within high walls and at their centers -- an upraised temple. C. Life in Sumer cont. The Homes ➔ rich or poor, every family had their own house. ◆ Rich = large wide houses / poor = narrow houses. ➔ All of the houses were built at least three stories high. ◆ First floor -- an entryway and courtyard. Children played, small livestock was kept here, and meals might be cooked here. ◆ Second floor -- where the family lived. sleeping & sitting rooms were on these two levels as well as food storage. ◆ The roof of the house --- flat During good weather, people would cook and eat here C. Life in Sumer cont. The Government ➔ The ancient Sumerians are credited for the invention of government. ➔ It was invented to organize labor -- ◆ oﬃcials were appointed to sort out problems & work on construction projects. ➔ They also set up a government that created laws & were enforced by the courts (found outside of the Ziggurat). ◆ Combination of monarchy and democracy D. What happened to Sumer? Sumer was not one united civilization, but was made up of different cities who had their own kings and laws. ➔ Constant wars ➔ Rich and fertile land made them a target for invading tribes Although Sumer eventually met its end, the sumerian way of life, its laws, beliefs, and culture had spread to all of Mesopotamia and to the later empires of Assyria and Babylon. V. Egypt, The First Nation Location While Sumer was reaching maturity, another civilization was born west of the Red sea, in ASIA MINOR Northern Africa: Egypt. ➔ Found in the fertile valley , Tigr is R through which the great * Catalhüyük iver Nile River flows. MESOPOTAMIA ➔ Two kingdoms developed Eup -- Upper and Lower Egypt. hra tes Eventually, these kingdoms Rive r were united into one. Mediterranean Sea ➔ Capital of Egypt: Memphis Lower Egypt * Sumerian ➔ Surrounded by desert that * Civilization was hard to cross, Egypt Nile Delta Memphis was more protected than Sumer. The Pyramids * Red Sea A. The First Nation What made Egypt a nation? 1. Unified government 2. Speak one language 3. Have a common culture 4. Governed by one king who ruled over all the Nile Valley Your turn! Write your full name in Hieroglyphics! B. The World in Pictures One way we learn about the culture of ancient Egypt is through the writings that have been preserved. [Hieroglyphics “sacred writing”] A very complicated form of writing made up of several hundred little pictures. a. Several hundred alphabetic symbols & pictures written many ways: CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and i. Left toinfographics right & images by Freepik ii. Right to left Only 1% of the populace in Egypt could read or write because of the complexity of hieroglyphics. iii. Top to bottom Egyptian Hieroglyphics vs Sumerian Cuneiform The Egyptians may have learned the art Different Writing Tools: of writing from Mesopotamia; but since Carved on walls of tombs and Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is so other buildings diﬀerent from Sumerian cuneiform, it is Invented the first paper: papyrus likely that Egyptians developed their ○ Made from pressed and own writing. woven reeds C. Life in Ancient Egypt ➔ Most ancient Egyptians were farmers due to rich, fertile soil. ◆ Other occupations: craftsmen, engineers, architects, artists, and laborers. ➔ Hobbies: music, dancing, painting, crafting jewelry, pottery, etc ➔ Hair short, wore wigs ➔ Both men and women wore makeup ➔ Dressed in finely woven linen D. Egyptian Gods Like other ancient people, the Egyptians believed in many gods. Ra : The sun god ➔ Supreme god ➔ Believe Ra sprang a “family” of gods, some of whom had power over the elements (sky, earth, Nile, fertility of soil) Egyptians thought their gods took on animal forms. -- Often depicted with animal body and human head or visa versa. What mysterious monument depicts a human head atop an animal body? The Great Sphinx For the Egyptians, it is believed that the Sphinx represented the sun god, Ra. Although there are other theories: Its face looks like pharaoh Khafre’s & the body looks to represent the god that guards the afterlife. ○ Appears to stand guard of Khafre’s tomb. Limestone structure: 240 feet long, 65 feet high. E. Death in Egypt Death was not the end of human life!! The Egyptians believed souls would continue living after death & could even return to their bodies. ➔ This belief led to practices such as mummification ◆ a way of preserving bodies, so that departed souls could use them again HST OW ➔ PIECES - DUE @ end of class TUE ➔ Chapter 2 Review ◆ Complete chapter 2 review on lined paper -- DUE @ end of class TUE ➔ Egypt Choice Packet - DUE THRS 9/22 CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Nothing to ,do??? Slidesgo Grab including icons a GALLERY by Flaticon , and WALK worksheet from the infographics back & images by of the class & Freepik \ complete the stations in the library. ➔ Once complete, choose a STEM project & get to building! Review! Describe the diﬀerence between Sumerian & Egyptian religious beliefs/practices. Predictions! The building of the Pyramids is still a mystery among historians today. How do you think the ancient Egyptians were able to build these monuments? F. The Pyramids Since Egyptians believed in the afterlife, they developed very elaborate ways to bury their kings, and even, the common people. ➔ Tombs were built in the shape of a pyramid. ◆ built with peaks that pointed towards the gods of the night sky. ➔ The temples built in front of the pyramid had corridors & roomstemplate was created by CREDITS: This presentation Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and ◆ held treasures for the pharaoh to infographics & images by Freepik enjoy in the afterlife G. The Pharaohs The Egyptian nation was so safe, that it lasted over 3000 years under the rule of dynasties of pharaohs. ➔ Pharaoh means “The Great House ” ➔ The Egyptians revered the pharaohs as gods, willingly serving them in exchange for leadership and protection. ➔ As the religious leader of the Egyptians, the pharaoh was considered a mediator between the gods and Egyptians. ◆ Head of religion : the pharaohs were tasked with maintaining religious harmony and participating in ceremonies. ◆ Statesman : the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). G. The Pharaohs cont. Women as Pharaohs Pharaohs were typically male, although there were some noteworthy female leaders, like Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. ➔ Hatshepsut, in particular, was a successful ruler ➔ Many inscriptions and monuments about her were destroyed after her death— perhaps to stop future women from becoming pharaohs. H. Egypt Lives On Ancient Egypt continues to exist in what it has given to our own civilization. ➔ Papyrus led to the development of our paper ➔ Egyptians divided their year into 12 months and 365 days ➔ Developed mathematical formulas ◆ How to find the area of a circle ◆ How to make a right angle ➔ The umbrella -- probably used it to protect them from the sun India: –––––– The World of Rajas AYL Ch. 12 Review! How has ancient civilization developed up to this point in history? Predictions! What do you think some similarities are between Ancient Egyptian & Ancient Indus (India) religion? I. Geography of India A. Location India is a subcontinent, separated from the rest of the Asian continent by the Himalayas. India can be divided in two: 1. the northern plains, a flat low plain 2. the Deccan, a land with many hills. In northwest India is the Thar Desert. The Himalayas provided natural protection from northern invasions. The Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea provided protection for the west & the east. B. Landforms, Landmass & Waters Mountains ➔ North Himalayas: the highest mountains in the world ➔ West: The Hindu Kush provided protection from enemies Water ➔ Monsoons ➔ Heavy rainfall ➔ Civilians arose around seasonal rainfall. Plains & Plateaus ➔ Rivers and melting snow made the plains fertile. ➔ Both sides of the river thrived. II. The Beginnings of India A. The Indus Valley The Indus River is located in Pakistan. ➔ Main river in ancient India ➔ The Indus River deposited fertile soil during annual flooding. ➔ The source of the Indus River is in the Himalayas. It was along this river that a civilization developed around 2,500 BCE. ➔ Indus Valley Civilization ◆ Two major cities of this civilization were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. B. Indus Valley Culture We do not know a lot about them because we cannot yet read their writing -- Here’s what we do know: The people of the Indus Valley were mostly peaceful farmers. ➔ built large cities with ordered streets & bricks made all the same size ◆ indicates they had a strong central government. The Indus Valley built walls around their cities ➔ might have had to defend themselves against other people. Indus Valley Scripts Here are several examples of Indus Valley writing. ➔ believed that the people may have also written on palm leaves or cloth no evidence ◆ CREDITS: of this This presentation template hasby was created Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and survived infographics & images by Freepik C. Architecture & Discoveries The people of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa lived in sturdy brick houses with as many as three floors. ➔ houses had bathrooms that were connected to sewers ◆ elaborate drainage system was centuries ahead of their time. ➔ Archaeologists found remains of fine jewelery, including stones from far away places. ◆ shows that the people of the Indus Valley civilization valued art & traded with other cultures. D. What Happened to them? We don't know what happened to the Indus River Valley civilization. It seems to have been abandoned about 1700BC. Theories: ➔ A great flood weakened the civilization. ➔ The moving tectonic plates that created the Himalayas may have caused a devastating earthquake. ➔ It is also possible that the people may have been defeated by another culture. Review! Describe the geographical features of the Indus Valley. Predictions! Do you think invasion from the Aryans had a positive or a negative impact on the Indus Valley people? Elaborate on your answer. III The Aryan Conquerors A. Newcomers Around 1500 BCE, a group of nomadic warrior-herders crossed the narrow Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains & invaded the Indus Valley culture. ➔ Aryans ➔ came from Eastern Europe between the Black Sea & Caspian Sea ◆ probably looking for pastures for their animals. Flooding and earthquakes had weakened the Indus Valley culture -- they were unable to withstand the newcomers. B. Two Cultures Combine The Aryans brought with them their own language, called Sanskrit & religious/cultural beliefs. The Indus Valley people eventually became intermixed with the Aryan people. The two cultures together make up what is now much of the culture of modern India. ➔ Hinduism , the major religion of India, was a mixture of Aryan and Indus Valley beliefs. ➔ The caste system , which keeps people in strict social classes, was brought to India by the Aryans. IV. Origins of Indian Religion A. Origins of Hinduism Hinduism: the largest religion in India today ➔ developed out of ancient Indian beliefs & practices. Main Ideas ➔ Indian society divided into distinct groups under the Aryans. ➔ The Aryans practiced a religion known as Brahmanism. ➔ Hinduism developed out of Brahmanism & CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and influences from other cultures. infographics & images by Freepik ➔ The Jains reacted to Hinduism by breaking away to form their own religion. B. Hinduism The Aryans & the Indus Valley culture eventually produced what is known today as Hinduism. ➔ This religion is polytheistic Hinduism diﬀers from other religions like Christianity, Judaism and Islam. ➔ no one single founder or one set of beliefs that must be followed ➔ there are thousands of Hindu gods & Pictured here is one of the many gods goddesses in Hinduism of Hinduism, Krishna ➔ beliefs of Hinduism came from the oral traditions of the Aryans C. Jains React to Hinduism Origins of Jainism: ➔ 599 BC, established as an alternative to Hindu ritualism ◆ Based on the teachings of Mahavira, who abandoned his life of luxury to become a monk ➔ Four principles of Jainism ◆ Injure no life – ahimsa (nonviolence) ◆ Tell the truth ◆ Do not steal ◆ Own no property D. Buddhism Buddhism began in India and became a major religion. Main Ideas: ➔ Siddhartha Gautama searched for wisdom in many ways. ➔ The teachings of Buddhism deal with finding peace. ➔ Buddhism spread far from where it began in India. Siddhartha Guatama Around 566 BC, Siddhartha Guatama was born into the warrior or Kshatriya caste. He was a prince who was kept isolated inside a beautiful palace and not allowed to see the real world. One day he left the walls of his palace and saw the pain and misery of life. He decided from then on that he needed to find a way of living that would allow people to find peace in life. He spent many years trying diﬀerent ways of life, following diﬀerent philosophies. Finally he came up with his own way, which is now called Buddhism. Gautama became known as Buddha, which means “enlightened one.” He developed the Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path. These are rules to live by that help people live morally and find the “middle path,” without too much pain, or too much pleasure. Teachings of Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: The Eightfold Path: 1. Ordinary life is full of 1. Right View suﬀering 2. Right Intention 2. Suﬀering is caused by 3. Right Speech desire to satisfy ourselves 4. Right Action 3. The way to end suﬀering is to end desire for selfish 5. Right Livelihood goal 6. Right Eﬀort 4. The way to end desire is to 7. Right Mindfulness follow the Middle Path 8. Right Concentration V. The Great Empires of India A. Indian Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas built great empires in India. Main Ideas: ➔ The Mauryan Empire unified most of India. ➔ Gupta rulers CREDITS: This promoted presentation template was created by Hinduism in their & imagesempire Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and infographics by Freepik. B. The Mauryan Empire (321-185 BCE) Candragupta Maurya ➔ Maurya seized control of northern India & created a society dominated by war. ➔ Maurya became a Jainist monk & gave up his throne. C. Asoka Asoka was a famous ruler of India. ➔ He became emperor in 268 BC. ➔ After fighting a bloody battle, he sickened of war & turned his life in a diﬀerent direction. ◆ He became a Buddhist & lived peacefully built roads for travelers, planted trees to give shade, constructed rest houses and dug wells. ➔ He considered all his subjects his children and tried to care for them with love and kindness. ➔ Many people became Buddhist after Asoka’s example. D. The Gupta Empire After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, India remained primarily Buddhist for 500 years. ➔ Under the rule of Candra Gupta I, India became unified & prosperous again. ➔ Gupta rulers spread Hinduism in their empire ◆ built temples & the promoted Hindu writings and rituals ➔ Widespread religious tolerance was encouraged for Buddhists and Jainists. Review! What are the THREE main religions that were established in Ancient India? Predictions! Throughout history, we see civilizations hit a “Golden Age.” What does this mean? Predict what factors played a part in Ancient India’s Golden Age. VI. Indian Achievements A. Religious Art & Temples ➔ Both Hindu and Buddhist temples began flourishing under Gupta rule. ◆ Once simply constructed meeting places, Hindu temples became complex towers covered with intricate carvings. ➔ Buddhist temples were large & impressive, some carved out of mountainsides. ➔ Buddhist stupas were built to house sacred objects fromCREDITS: the life of the Buddha. This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik ◆ They were covered with detailed carvings. B. Paintings & Sculpture ➔ Great artists were commissioned by rich and powerful members of society. ➔ Paintings oﬀered a perspective on the daily life & religious belief of the ancient Indians ◆ many of these paintings could be found on the walls of temples. ➔ Indian sculptors carved columns, statues, and entire temples in the likenesses of the Buddha and Hindu gods. C. Scientiﬁc Advances Medicine ➔ Among the first to practice inoculation and perform surgery ➔ A doctor from Ancient India wrote a book on how he rebuilt noses through plastic surgery. ◆ He no doubt needed to do this often since having your nose cut oﬀ was one of the punishments for committing a crime. Mathematics ➔ Credited with inventing the idea of “0”(zero) Astronomy ➔ knew seven of the nine planets in the solar system ➔ could predict eclipses of the sun and moon Ancient India brought inventions, ideas, philosophies and social and cultural traditions that have spread throughout many of the world’s cultures. This huge subcontinent with its rich and varied history was certainly one of the greatest early civilizations in the world. China: –––––– The Middle Kingdom AYL Ch. 10 Review! N/A Predictions! List things you already know about Ancient China. I. Geography of Ancient China A. The Middle Kingdom Ancient name -- Chung Kuo -- “Middle Kingdom” ➔ Chinese thought theri land was the center of the world ➔ Met no neighbors for thousands of years ◆ Surrounding area = barbarian territory OverCREDITS: the years, China expanded from a This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and small kingdom to its infographics present & images huge size by Freepik ➔ The People’s Republic of China includes more land than the USA B. Geographical Diversity China stretches from the cold northern plains of Asia to the tropical jungles of Southeast Asia China has some of the … ➔ world's tallest mountains (The Himalayas) ➔ Most barren deserts (the Gobi) ➔ Wildest rivers (Yellow River & Yangtze River) Other features: ➔ Fertile lowlands ➔ Arid plateaus ➔ Snow swept steppes ➔ Tropical jungles C. A Civilization Grew Two great rivers cross China from east to west -- Yellow River (north) & Yangtze (south) ➔ Civilization grew up along these two rivers Yellow River Valley -- Chinese civilization began here ➔ Rich farmland ➔ Deep, dry topsoil ➔ Wheat growing ➔ Floods = hardships & poor living conditions Valley of Yangtze River ➔ Subtropical ➔ Surrounded by mountains ➔ Rice growing ➔ Wealthy region D. The Silk Road The Silk Road, a great caravan route, ran from oasis to oasis all the way to Persia ➔ Merchants travelling along this road brought treasured silk to the Mediterranean world in return for Western gold The Silk Road was one of the only trading routes China had ➔ Little contact with other civilizations ➔ The Chinese mistrusted strangers ◆ All foreigners were forbidden to set foot on Chinese soil II. The Culture of Asia A. Written Language The Chinese language is very diﬀerent from the languages that have come from Europe ➔ Chinese words have only one ➔ No plural nouns or verb tenses ➔ Always in the present tense Like Hieroglyphics, Chinese does not form words from an alphabet -- it is written in pictures, with each picture standing for an idea, not a sound. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by ➔ The same pictures can be used for diﬀerent Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik words Ideograms : a picture or symbol that represents a thing or idea B. Meritocracy It was diﬃcult to learn to write Chinese. ➔ Had to pass a diﬃcult reading test to become a civil servant ◆ Highest scores made it ◆ Expensive -- mainly wealthy could take it ◆ Capable of entering the government ➔ This system of Meritocracy became a model of government throughout Asia ◆ Japanese imitated the Chinese C. The Family ➔ Genealogy is kept very carefully ➔ Family was at the center of early Chinese society ◆ Practiced filial piety - responsibility to respect & obey parents ➔ Father rules family ◆ Respected bc of jobs ◆ Jobs of men considered more important than work of women ➔ Women raised children and saw to their education & saw to household management/finances ◆ Sons were preferred and careers were chosen by fathers HST OW ➔ Check your Mummies ➔ Choice Packet - DUE @ end of class today ➔ Chapter 10 Review - DUE FRI @ end of class ➔ Chapter 12 Review - DUE FRI @ end of class CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Nothing to do??? Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik \ 1. Grab a GALLERY WALK worksheet from the back of the class & complete the stations in the library. 2. Play Battleship with a partner Review! What Elements of geographical luck influenced life in early China? Predictions! What do you know about the Terracotta Warriors? III Early Chinese Dynasties A. The Shang Dynasty (1776 - 1022 BC) The Shang Dynasty ruled over a civilization that had grown up along the Yellow River in northeast China. ➔ Farmed the rich lands ➔ Used bronze tools around the same time as the people in the Mediterranean ➔ Had a very strict order; each rank or group had to obey rank above them ➔ Earliest forms of writing in China comes from this period ◆ “Oracle bones” -- ideograms written on bones for fortune-telling B. The Zhou Dynasty (1122-221BC) Kings of Zhou Dynasty ruled for 900yrs ➔ Conquered lands to the south, east and west ◆ Extended from the Pacific to the mts. in the west Culture was rich ➔ Worshiped a supreme God ◆ Loved good & just actions / hated evil ➔ Honored family - most important building block of society ➔ Literature & poetry focusThis presentation template was created by CREDITS: Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and BUT the kings grew weak & nobles grew infographics stronger & images by Freepik ➔ “Warring States” -- time in Zhou Dynasty with regions battling each other Great thinkers of Chinese philosophy arose: Confucius C. Qin Dynasty In 256 BC, the last Zhou emperor died -- 10 yrs later, a boy named Zhao Zheng became king of the powerful Chinese state, QIN. Zheng expanded the power of Qin until he conquered all of China & established the Qin dynasty. ➔ Zhengs reign began in terror -- killed local rulers to force warring states to obey him ➔ Unified China by requiring the same currency & laws ➔ Built the first Great Wall of China ➔ Forced peasants to dig canals linking rivers/lakes ◆ Help with the shipping of goods ◆ “The Grand Canal” killed almost as many people as the “Great Wall” CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik D. The Han Dynasty (206BC - 220 AD) The Qin Dynasty ended in rebellion and civil war due to a weak ruler and unrest. The Han Dynasty was established -- lasted 400yrs ➔ Centralized government ➔ Lowered taxes ➔ Less harsh punishment ➔ Technological advancements ◆ Paper, Harness for horses, Plow, Wheelbarrow, Waterwheel ➔ Silk became an industry ➔ New areas were settled ➔ Confucius schools established ➔ Chinese became common language ➔ Peasants and farmers became poorer & the wealthy became more wealthy IV. A New Religion & Golden Age A. Buddhism A new religion entered China during the Han Dynasty that grew in popularity Buddhism! ➔ Originally came from India ◆ Written in sanskrit -- translation to Chinese was diﬃcult ➔ Took a while for Buddhism to take hold ◆ Eventually became the most important religion in China ➔ Buddhist missionaries followed trade routes & the religion flourished until Islam destroyed it there At the end of the Han Dynasty, norther, non-Chinese rulers used Buddhist monks as counselors and magicians Elsewhere, members of the upper class learned, studied & adopted Buddhism After roughly 3.5 centuries of division, Buddhism became one of the oﬃcial religions in the region. ➔ Schools and monasteries established B. A Golden Age After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, the next four centuries were characterised by warring clans, political murders and foreign invaders. ➔ warring clans were reunified which accomplished great feats ◆ the restoration of the Great Wall of China ➔ Emperor shrank the government at both central and state levels. ➔ money saved allowed for food as surplus in case of famine & economic relief for farmers ➔ seized a portion of Mongolia from the Turks & joined expeditions along the Silk Road ➔ common people of China were successful and content for the first time in centuries ➔ woodblock printing and gunpowder were invented V. Chinese Achievements A. The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is the world's largest military structure ➔ A series of walls built and rebuilt over 1,000yrs by diﬀerent dynasties ➔ Stretches over 13,000 miles ➔ First built under Zhou Dynasty and construction continued through the Qin Dynasty ➔ Estimated over 3 million people were involved in the construction ➔ Estimated cost of $260 Billion today ➔ Watch towers placed 15-30 miles apart ➔ Smoke signals to other towers to alert them of an attack B. The Grand Canal ➔ The canal stretches over 1,100 miles from the city of Beijing to the city of Hangzhou. ➔ built in order to easily ship grain from the rich farmland in southern China to the capital city in Beijing ➔ It took over six years of hard work byCREDITS: This presentation template was created by millions of laborers. Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik C. Confucius Confucius was an aristocrat from a small state. ➔ Wrote about morality -- praised proper education & proper behavior ➔ Taught others to respect elders & have obedience towards superiors ➔ Believed a person was worthy of a great position by his talents and moral character ➔ Gave China a social and moral code that guided civilizations for centuries after he lived ➔ Called men to honor tradition and religion ➔ Saw himself as a “preserver of institutions and traditions of China” D. Scientiﬁc Advances ➔ Paper -- Finely chopped bark and hemp rags mixed with water, pressed and dried under sun ➔ Compass ➔ Gun Powder -- best known ➔ Firecracker ◆ To scare oﬀ evil spirits ➔ Parachutes & skydiving -- To entertain the emperor ➔ Ice cream ➔ Blast furnace ➔ Kites -- used for the military ➔ Block Printing

Ancient Era (Ch. 2, 12, 10) PDF

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