AIEX LECTURE 2024 - SET A - part 2.1 PDF

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND THEORY OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture...

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND THEORY OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Pre-History Architecture Early structures Tumulus – pre-historic burial mound Pre-History Architecture Early structures Megalithic monuments - prehistoric structures made of or containing large stone Pre-History Architecture Early structures Megalithic monuments Menhir Dolmen Cromlech Pre-History Architecture Early structures Menhir – an upright monolith marking a burial mound Pre-History Architecture Early structures Dolmen – two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab Pre-History Architecture Early structures Cromlech – circular arrangement of megalith enclosing a dolmen or burial ground Pre-History Architecture Early structures Stonehenge, England (2600 BCE) - a prehistoric megalithic structure in a circular layout Pre-History Architecture Early structures Rock Cave - earliest form of dwelling Pre-History Architecture Early structures First Houses evolved from tent-like structures: Teepee conical tent made of skin, cloth, or canvass on a frame of poles American Indians Pre-History Architecture Early structures First Houses evolved from tent-like structures: Hogan use of logs as framework, and covered with mud or dirt American Indians Pre-History Architecture Early structures First Houses evolved from tent-like structures: Wigwam shelter shaped like a dome typ. made of bark layered on a pole structure American Indians Pre-History Architecture Early structures First Houses evolved from tent-like structures: Trullo stone huts with a corbelled roof South Italy Pre-History Architecture Early structures First Houses evolved from tent-like structures: Yurts a round tent covered and insulated with skins or felt on a flexible angled latticework of wood or bamboo Mongolia OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Mesopotamian Civilization a crescent-shaped agricultural region in between Tigris and Euphrates present day Iraq 2 economic orientations: downhill – agriculture uphill – mining Mesopotamian architecture Early structures Catal Huyuk consisted of rectangular flat-roofed houses packed in one architectural mass no streets or passageways Mesopotamian architecture Key players Evolved around: Sumerians Assyrians Babylonians Mesopotamian architecture Key players Evolved around: Sumerians Assyrians Babylonians Mesopotamian architecture Notable structures SUMERIANS ZIGGURAT has a 65m x 100m base and was 21 m high made of square flat bricks mortared with bitumen with 3 monumental staircases toward a canopied vestibule Mesopotamian architecture Key players Evolved around: Sumerians Assyrians Babylonians Mesopotamian architecture Notable structures ASSYRIAN built city palaces and are divided into apartments: Seraglio – Palace proper Harem – Private family apartments Khan – Service chamber doorways have stone reliefs that feature mythical beasts for protection Mesopotamian architecture Notable structures LAMASSU Mesopotamian architecture Notable structures ASSYRIAN Architectural Ornament: chiseled alabaster top of walls was finished with battlemented crestings Mesopotamian architecture Key players Evolved around: Sumerians Assyrians Babylonians Mesopotamian architecture Notable structures BABYLON Summer Palace: located between the Ishtar gate and Euphrates probably contained the Hanging Gardens irrigated by chain pumps Mesopotamian architecture Notable structures BABYLON Ishtar Gate: the Icon of Mesopotamian Architecture decorated with animals and flowers one of five city gates that provided access to Babylon's inner city OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Meso-american architecture Key players Evolved around (but not limited to): Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Aztec Meso-american architecture Key players Evolved around (but not limited to): Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Aztec Meso-american architecture Notable structures OLMEC the first great Mesoamerican civilization known for extraordinary stone monuments; colossal heads extracted latex from Panama rubber trees mixed it with the juice of a local vine to create rubber, “rubber people” Meso-american architecture Key players Evolved around (but not limited to): Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Aztec Meso-american architecture Notable structures MAYA monumental architecture has an elaborate tradition of sculpture and relief carving Meso-american architecture Notable structures MAYA two major cities: Tikal Palenque Meso-american architecture Notable structures TIKAL Meso-american architecture Notable structures MAYA TIKAL largest of the Mayan principal cities comprised of plazas, pyramids, palaces, abandoned, 10th century Meso-american architecture Notable structures PALENQUE Meso-american architecture Notable structures MAYA PALENQUE bldgs are plastered to have a smooth finish Temple of Inscriptions: largest & best-preserved structure (here) Meso-american architecture Key players Evolved around (but not limited to): Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Aztec Meso-american architecture Notable structures TEOTIHUACAN Avenue of the Dead 2.4km (l) x 40m (w) road that connects the main buildings Meso-american architecture Notable structures TEOTIHUACAN feathered serpent Citadel (Ciudadela) - on the southside - contains the Temple of Quetzalcóatl, also called Temple of the feathered serpent Meso-american architecture Notable structures TEOTIHUACAN Pyramid of the Sun - largest structure Meso-american architecture Notable structures TEOTIHUACAN Pyramid of the Moon - 2nd largest structure Meso-american architecture Notable structures 2 AVE TEOTIHUACAN 1 CITA DE L N UE O F TH E DE AD 4 PYR A 3 PYR O F T MI D H A O F T MI D MO O E HE N S UN 1 2 3 4 Meso-american architecture Key players Evolved around (but not limited to): Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Aztec Meso-american architecture Notable structures AZTEC Technotitlan - capital of the Aztec empire - covers 13 sq.km - largest residential concentration in Mesoamerican history OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Egyptian Civilization Periods Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Empire Egyptian Civilization Periods Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Empire Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Zoser (3rd Dynasty) development of the mastaba Stepped pyramid Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Zoser (3rd Dynasty) Mortuary Temple of Zoser Mortuary Temple place of worship of a deceased king and the depository for food and objects offered to the dead Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Mastaba ancient tomb with flat roof, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructred using mudbricks or limestone Parts: - Offering Chapel – exterior - Serdab – indoor chapel - Sarcophagus chamber Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Zoser (3rd Dynasty) development of the mastaba Stepped Pyramid (by Imhotep) Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Snefru (4th Dynasty) built Step-faced pyramid at Meidum which was unfinished and abandoned Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Snefru (4th Dynasty) started another pyramid planned to be 150 meters high but later became the Bent Pyramid - was forced to return and finish the Step Pyramid at Meidum Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Snefru (4th Dynasty) Step Pyramid at Meidum Red Pyramid – built from reddish cast stone and his actual burial place Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Red Pyramid “the first true pyramid” harmonious proportions perfect system of tomb chambers was model of subsequent tombs Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Pyramids of Giza Thi – the royal architect and supervisor of the Pyramid Complex The sides (not corners) face the cardinal points Egyptian architecture Notable structures OLD KINGDOM Pyramids of Giza Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) – biggest Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren) – tallest Pyramid of Menkaure (Mykerinos) - smallest Egyptian Civilization Periods Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Empire Egyptian architecture Notable structures MIDDLE KINGDOM shift from Pyramids to tomb temples Temple types: Mortuary (pharaohs) Cult (gods) Rock-cut (nobles) Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Mentuhetep II first to develop rock-cut tombs Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Senusrets erected the first obelisk in Heliopolis Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut the most impressive rock-cut temple decorated with reliefs to depict her contributions does not contain her tomb Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak the grandest of all Egyptian temples built massive temple complex Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak Amenemhat I - first to build Thotmes I - made the first additions Rameses I - built the Hypostyle hall Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak Hypostyle hall - a space with a roof supported by columns - 134 massive sandstone columns - center 12 columns standing at 69 feet Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Temple of Luxor, Karnak contains the avenue of the sphinx Man – androsphinx Hawk – heiraoshpinx Ram – criosphinx Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Temple at Abu- Simbel -built by Ramesses II - the pinnacle of Egyptian rock-cut temples - the most stupendous rock-cut temple Egyptian architecture Notable structures Middle Kingdom - NEW EMPIRE Temple at Abu- Simbel - four colossal figures 22m tall, all depicting Ramesses II - figures of Queen Nefertari on the sides and royal children in between the feet OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Greek architecture Periods Aegean/ Minoan Mycenean Classical Greek (Hellenic) Hellenistic Greek Greek architecture Periods Aegean/ Minoan Mycenean Classical Greek (Hellenic) Hellenistic Greek Greek architecture Notable structures Aegean/ Minoan - centered in Crete - famous for the Palace Complex at Knossos Greek architecture Notable structures Aegean/ Minoan Palace Complex at Knossos - oldest and largest of all Minoan palatial structures - built of ashlar blocks - used cypress columns that tapered down Greek architecture Notable structures Aegean/ Minoan Palace of King Minos - a combination religious and administrative center rather than a royal residence Greek architecture Periods Aegean/ Minoan Mycenean Classical Greek (Hellenic) Hellenistic Greek Greek architecture Notable structures Mycenean megaron - it is a great hall, central of both temple structures and private dwellings Greek architecture Notable structures Mycenean citadels - protected by cyclopean walls consisting of boulders - entrance was through the Lion Gate Greek architecture Notable structures Mycenean citadels - protected by cyclopean walls consisting of boulders - entrance was through the Lion Gate Greek architecture Notable structures Mycenean tholos - large circular burial place - beehive-shaped and covered by a corbeled arch domos - passageway Greek architecture Notable structures Mycenean tholos - large circular burial - beehive-shaped and covered by a corbeled arch Greek architecture Periods Aegean/ Minoan Mycenean Classical Greek (Hellenic) Hellenistic Greek Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Typical Structures: Temples Agora Stoa Prytaneion Bouleterion Odeion Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Agora market Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Stoa long colonnaded building Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Prytaneion senate house Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Bouleterion council house Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Odeion musical theater Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Temple Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Greek orders - Doric - Ionic - Corinthian Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic DORIC Parts of a Doric Temple: - colonnade Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic DORIC Parts of a Doric Temple: - colonnade - capital Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic DORIC Parts of a Doric Temple: - colonnade - capital - shaft Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic DORIC Parts of a Doric Temple: - colonnade - capital - shaft - crepis/crepidoma Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic IONIC developed in parallel with the Doric order derived from symbolic headdresses or poles with vegetation formalization of the proportional system Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic CORINTHIAN slender fluted columns Elaborate capitals of acanthus leaves and scrolls named after the city- state of Corinth Greek architecture Notable structures Acropolis Greek architecture Notable structures Acropolis Propylaea Greek architecture Notable structures Acropolis Propylaea Parthenon Greek architecture Notable structures Acropolis Propylaea Parthenon Erectheum Caryatids Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Typical Structures: Stadium Hippodrome Palaestra Gymnasium Theaters Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Stadium for foot racing Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Hippodrome for horse racing Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Palaestra wrestling school Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Gymnasium for physical exercise Greek architecture Notable structures Hellenic Theaters Greek architecture Periods Aegean/ Minoan Mycenean Classical Greek (Hellenic) Hellenistic Greek OUTLINE Pre-History Architecture and Early Settlements Mesopotamian Architecture Meso-American Civilizations Egyptian Civilization Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Roman architecture Periods Founding Period of Kings Republican Rome Imperial Rome Roman architecture Periods Imperial Rome Two periods: Etruscan/Tuscan Classical Roman Roman architecture Notable structures Tuscan - invented the Tuscan order - introduced the arcuated system Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Important Structures: Forum (marketplace) Temples Thermae (public bath) Aqueducts Pons (bridge) Ampitheaters Triumphal Arches Dwellings Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Forum marketplace Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Temples Pantheon Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Thermae public bath Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Aqueduct Used to channel cold Pont du Gard water from the mountains Tallest Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Pons bridge Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Ampitheaters Colosseum Roman architecture Notable structures Classical Roman Dwellings Domus Villa Insula