Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 2 PDF

**Urinary System and Kidney Functions** 1. What is the primary role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys? - A\) Regulation of blood pressure - B\) Promotion of calcium absorption - C\) Stimulation of red blood cell synthesis - D\) Filtration of blood plasma -...

**Urinary System and Kidney Functions** 1. What is the primary role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys? - A\) Regulation of blood pressure - B\) Promotion of calcium absorption - C\) Stimulation of red blood cell synthesis - D\) Filtration of blood plasma - E\) Conversion of vitamin D\ **Answer: C** 2. Which ion is NOT regulated in concentration by the kidneys? - A\) Na+ - B\) Cl- - C\) Ca2+ - D\) Mg2+ - E\) K+\ **Answer: D** 3. What surrounds the renal capsule to protect the kidneys? - A\) Renal cortex - B\) Adipose tissue - C\) Renal fascia - D\) Renal medulla - E\) Renal sinus\ **Answer: B** 4. The renal capsule consists of: - A\) Adipose tissue - B\) Fibrous connective tissue - C\) Loose connective tissue - D\) Smooth muscle - E\) Epithelial tissue\ **Answer: B** 5. Which kidney region is closest to the renal sinus? - A\) Renal cortex - B\) Renal fascia - C\) Renal pyramid - D\) Renal capsule - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: E** 6. The structure that acts as a funnel to collect urine in the kidney is: - A\) Renal cortex - B\) Renal medulla - C\) Renal pelvis - D\) Renal capsule - E\) Nephron\ **Answer: C** 7. The outermost tissue layer that anchors the kidney is the: - A\) Renal cortex - B\) Renal capsule - C\) Renal fascia - D\) Renal sinus - E\) Renal medulla\ **Answer: C** **Structures of the Kidney and Blood Flow** 8. The region of the kidney that receives blood from the renal artery is called the: - A\) Hilum - B\) Renal cortex - C\) Renal medulla - D\) Renal pyramid - E\) Nephron\ **Answer: A** 9. What part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood? - A\) Renal capsule - B\) Ureter - C\) Renal cortex - D\) Renal sinus - E\) Urethra\ **Answer: C** 10. Which structure within the nephron primarily filters blood plasma? - A\) Loop of Henle - B\) Collecting duct - C\) Glomerulus - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Proximal convoluted tubule\ **Answer: C** 11. The fluid that passes from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule is called: - A\) Urine - B\) Plasma - C\) Blood - D\) Filtrate - E\) Lymph\ **Answer: D** 12. Which blood vessels directly carry filtered blood away from the glomerulus? - A\) Afferent arterioles - B\) Efferent arterioles - C\) Segmental arteries - D\) Vasa recta - E\) Renal veins\ **Answer: B** 13. The primary function of the renal pelvis is to: - A\) Filter blood - B\) Absorb ions - C\) Collect urine from nephrons - D\) Produce renin - E\) Regulate blood volume\ **Answer: C** 14. Blood flow in the kidney follows which pathway after leaving the glomerular capillaries? - A\) Renal artery → segmental artery → glomerulus - B\) Efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries - C\) Interlobular vein → arcuate vein - D\) Afferent arteriole → vasa recta - E\) Arcuate artery → renal cortex\ **Answer: B** **Renal Corpuscle and Nephron Structure** 15. The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and: - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Loop of Henle - C\) Collecting duct - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Bowman's capsule\ **Answer: E** 16. Which of the following does NOT pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney? - A\) Sodium ions - B\) Water - C\) Glucose - D\) Large proteins - E\) Urea\ **Answer: D** 17. In the renal corpuscle, what layer prevents proteins from entering the filtrate? - A\) Fenestrated capillaries - B\) Bowman's capsule - C\) Podocyte filtration slits - D\) Parietal layer - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: C** 18. Which part of the nephron primarily absorbs sodium and chloride ions after the proximal convoluted tubule? - A\) Descending limb of Loop of Henle - B\) Ascending limb of Loop of Henle - C\) Bowman's capsule - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Renal cortex\ **Answer: B** 19. The vasa recta plays an essential role in: - A\) Glomerular filtration - B\) Excretion of urine - C\) Maintaining medullary osmotic gradient - D\) Blood supply to the renal cortex - E\) Producing erythropoietin\ **Answer: C** 20. Which of the following is a characteristic of cortical nephrons? - A\) Located near the renal cortex and medulla boundary - B\) Long loops of Henle extending deep into the medulla - C\) Associated with vasa recta - D\) Primarily responsible for producing concentrated urine - E\) Shorter loops of Henle\ **Answer: E** **Filtration and Tubular Processes** 21. Filtrate leaving the proximal convoluted tubule next enters the: - A\) Collecting duct - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Bowman's capsule - E\) Renal cortex\ **Answer: C** 22. Tubular reabsorption primarily occurs in which segment? - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Bowman's capsule - C\) Proximal convoluted tubule - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: C** 23. During tubular secretion, which of the following ions is most commonly secreted to maintain blood pH? - A\) Sodium - B\) Potassium - C\) Chloride - D\) Hydrogen - E\) Calcium\ **Answer: D** 24. Which hormone is primarily involved in sodium reabsorption in the nephron? - A\) ADH - B\) ANP - C\) Aldosterone - D\) PTH - E\) Insulin\ **Answer: C** 25. The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to: - A\) Sodium only - B\) Water only - C\) Glucose only - D\) Chloride only - E\) Blood plasma\ **Answer: B** **Regulation of Filtration and GFR** 26. Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in GFR? - A\) Increased glomerular capillary pressure - B\) Constriction of efferent arterioles - C\) Constriction of afferent arterioles - D\) Dilation of afferent arterioles - E\) Increase in net filtration pressure\ **Answer: C** 27. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily regulated by: - A\) ADH secretion - B\) Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries - C\) Plasma protein levels - D\) Urine concentration - E\) ANP levels\ **Answer: B** 28. The mechanism by which the afferent arteriole constricts in response to high blood pressure is known as: - A\) Sympathetic control - B\) Tubuloglomerular feedback - C\) Renin-angiotensin system - D\) Myogenic mechanism - E\) Parasympathetic stimulation\ **Answer: D** 29. Renin is secreted by: - A\) Glomerular capillaries - B\) Afferent arteriole smooth muscle - C\) Proximal convoluted tubule cells - D\) Vasa recta - E\) Cortical nephrons\ **Answer: B** 30. What triggers renin release in the kidneys? - A\) Increased blood calcium levels - B\) High blood sodium levels - C\) Low blood pressure or sodium levels - D\) High GFR - E\) Low osmolality in the renal cortex\ **Answer: C** **Juxtamedullary and Cortical Nephrons** 31. Juxtamedullary nephrons play a primary role in: - A\) Filtration of blood cells - B\) Production of dilute urine - C\) Urine concentration - D\) Reabsorption of glucose - E\) Secretion of renin\ **Answer: C** 32. Which structure is more prevalent in cortical nephrons compared to juxtamedullary nephrons? - A\) Long loops of Henle - B\) Short loops of Henle - C\) Vasa recta - D\) Juxtaglomerular cells - E\) Thickened basement membrane\ **Answer: B** 33. The primary function of the long loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons is to: - A\) Increase filtration rate - B\) Increase urine volume - C\) Create a high osmotic gradient in the medulla - D\) Excrete large proteins - E\) Reduce sodium reabsorption\ **Answer: C** 34. Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons because they: - A\) Lack a glomerulus - B\) Are mostly found in the renal cortex - C\) Play a key role in concentrating urine - D\) Have shorter nephron loops - E\) Are less than 10% of total nephrons\ **Answer: C** **Hormonal Regulation in Nephron Segments** 35. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily affects the reabsorption of calcium in which nephron segment? - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Early distal convoluted tubule - D\) Loop of Henle - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: C** 36. The insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by: - A\) Aldosterone - B\) Parathyroid hormone - C\) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - D\) Renin - E\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)\ **Answer: C** 37. Aldosterone influences which of the following ions in the nephron? - A\) Calcium - B\) Magnesium - C\) Potassium and Sodium - D\) Chloride and Bicarbonate - E\) Phosphate and Sodium\ **Answer: C** 38. Which hormone causes an increase in water reabsorption and a decrease in urine volume? - A\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - B\) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - C\) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - D\) Calcitonin - E\) Insulin\ **Answer: B** 39. The presence of high blood osmolality and low blood volume would most likely lead to the release of: - A\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Renin - D\) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - E\) Insulin\ **Answer: D** 40. Which hormone is directly involved in lowering blood volume by increasing sodium and water excretion? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Renin - D\) ANP - E\) PTH\ **Answer: D** **Filtration Pressures and Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)** 41. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) within the glomerulus: - A\) Pushes filtrate out of Bowman's capsule - B\) Draws water back into the glomerular capillaries - C\) Forces blood out of the glomerulus - D\) Has no effect on GFR - E\) Lowers the reabsorption rate\ **Answer: B** 42. Which of the following pressures primarily promotes the formation of filtrate in the glomerulus? - A\) Capsule hydrostatic pressure - B\) Blood colloid osmotic pressure - C\) Glomerular capillary pressure - D\) Plasma oncotic pressure - E\) Filtration pressure\ **Answer: C** 43. Filtration pressure can be increased by: - A\) Constriction of afferent arterioles - B\) Decreased glomerular capillary pressure - C\) Dilation of efferent arterioles - D\) Constriction of efferent arterioles - E\) Increased colloid osmotic pressure\ **Answer: D** 44. Glomerular capillary pressure is normally around: - A\) 10 mm Hg - B\) 20 mm Hg - C\) 30 mm Hg - D\) 40 mm Hg - E\) 50 mm Hg\ **Answer: E** 45. Which condition would most likely reduce the GFR? - A\) Dilation of afferent arterioles - B\) High glomerular capillary pressure - C\) Increased plasma protein concentration - D\) Increased blood flow in afferent arterioles - E\) Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure\ **Answer: C** **Concentration Mechanisms in the Kidney** 46. Which mechanism in the nephron is essential for creating a high osmotic gradient in the medulla? - A\) Filtration fraction - B\) Tubuloglomerular feedback - C\) Countercurrent multiplier - D\) Autoregulation - E\) Glomerular filtration\ **Answer: C** 47. In the countercurrent multiplier system, water is reabsorbed primarily in the: - A\) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle - B\) Descending limb of the loop of Henle - C\) Collecting duct - D\) Proximal convoluted tubule - E\) Bowman's capsule\ **Answer: B** 48. The concentration of urine depends largely on the: - A\) Renal cortex - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Juxtaglomerular cells - D\) Medullary concentration gradient - E\) Renal capsule\ **Answer: D** 49. Urea cycling assists in maintaining which gradient within the kidney? - A\) Blood pressure - B\) Medullary osmotic gradient - C\) GFR - D\) Cortical concentration - E\) Plasma protein gradient\ **Answer: B** 50. Which nephron segment is impermeable to water, allowing only solutes to pass? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Collecting duct - D\) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle - E\) Descending limb of the loop of Henle\ **Answer: D** **Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance** 51. The primary source of water intake in the body is through: - A\) Metabolism - B\) Respiration - C\) Cellular secretion - D\) Ingestion - E\) Skin absorption\ **Answer: D** 52. Which route accounts for the greatest loss of water from the body? - A\) Sweat - B\) Feces - C\) Insensible perspiration - D\) Urine - E\) Respiration\ **Answer: D** 53. A change in extracellular osmolality is first detected by: - A\) The kidneys - B\) The pancreas - C\) Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus - D\) The adrenal glands - E\) The liver\ **Answer: C** 54. Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing thirst? - A\) ADH - B\) Renin - C\) Aldosterone - D\) Angiotensin II - E\) ANP\ **Answer: D** 55. Which ion is most crucial for maintaining the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid? - A\) Calcium - B\) Sodium - C\) Magnesium - D\) Potassium - E\) Phosphate\ **Answer: B** **Electrolyte Imbalances and Disorders** 56. An excess of sodium in the blood is known as: - A\) Hypokalemia - B\) Hyperkalemia - C\) Hypernatremia - D\) Hyponatremia - E\) Hypocalcemia\ **Answer: C** 57. Which of the following would most likely result in hypokalemia? - A\) High potassium intake - B\) Aldosterone deficiency - C\) Increased potassium loss through urine - D\) Excess ADH release - E\) Calcium retention\ **Answer: C** 58. A low level of calcium in the blood is called: - A\) Hypercalcemia - B\) Hyperkalemia - C\) Hypocalcemia - D\) Hypomagnesemia - E\) Hypernatremia\ **Answer: C** 59. Which electrolyte imbalance can cause spontaneous action potential generation due to low extracellular calcium levels? - A\) Hypokalemia - B\) Hyperkalemia - C\) Hyponatremia - D\) Hypocalcemia - E\) Hypernatremia\ **Answer: D** 60. Chloride ions help maintain which aspect of body fluids? - A\) Plasma protein levels - B\) Osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid - C\) Blood glucose levels - D\) pH of intracellular fluid - E\) Protein synthesis\ **Answer: B** **Acid-Base Balance and Buffer Systems** 61. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps to regulate: - A\) Oxygen levels - B\) Plasma glucose - C\) Blood pH - D\) Potassium concentration - E\) Protein synthesis\ **Answer: C** 62. Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid? - A\) Phosphate buffer system - B\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - C\) Protein buffer system - D\) Calcium buffer system - E\) Potassium buffer system\ **Answer: C** 63. Respiratory acidosis can result from: - A\) Hyperventilation - B\) Hypoventilation - C\) Metabolic alkalosis - D\) Excess aldosterone - E\) Increased bicarbonate intake\ **Answer: B** 64. Which acid-base imbalance is characterized by a blood pH below 7.35? - A\) Alkalosis - B\) Acidosis - C\) Hyperventilation - D\) Hypocapnia - E\) Hyperoxia\ **Answer: B** 65. The kidneys help regulate blood pH by: - A\) Only reabsorbing bicarbonate - B\) Only secreting hydrogen ions - C\) Secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate - D\) Excreting bicarbonate - E\) Reducing sodium reabsorption\ **Answer: C** **Acid-Base Balance and Physiological Buffer Systems** 66. An increase in respiratory rate due to low blood pH is an example of: - A\) Renal compensation - B\) Respiratory compensation - C\) Chemical buffering - D\) Hyperventilation syndrome - E\) Tubular reabsorption\ **Answer: B** 67. If the blood pH is above 7.45, the condition is called: - A\) Acidosis - B\) Hypoxia - C\) Alkalosis - D\) Hypocapnia - E\) Anemia\ **Answer: C** 68. Metabolic acidosis may occur in response to: - A\) Hypoventilation - B\) Chronic vomiting - C\) Diarrhea and loss of bicarbonate - D\) Hyperventilation - E\) Hypokalemia\ **Answer: C** 69. Which component acts as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions in red blood cells? - A\) Sodium - B\) Albumin - C\) Hemoglobin - D\) Potassium - E\) Urea\ **Answer: C** 70. Which acid-base imbalance results from severe vomiting? - A\) Respiratory acidosis - B\) Metabolic alkalosis - C\) Respiratory alkalosis - D\) Metabolic acidosis - E\) Hypokalemia\ **Answer: B** 71. The main intracellular buffer system in cells is: - A\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - B\) Protein buffer system - C\) Phosphate buffer system - D\) Calcium buffer system - E\) Potassium buffer system\ **Answer: B** **Regulation of Potassium and Calcium Ions** 72. Potassium secretion in the distal tubule is primarily regulated by: - A\) ADH - B\) ANP - C\) Aldosterone - D\) Renin - E\) PTH\ **Answer: C** 73. High extracellular potassium levels would most likely lead to: - A\) Hypernatremia - B\) Metabolic alkalosis - C\) Hyperkalemia - D\) Hyponatremia - E\) Hypocalcemia\ **Answer: C** 74. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release is triggered by: - A\) High blood calcium levels - B\) Low blood calcium levels - C\) High blood potassium levels - D\) Low blood potassium levels - E\) Low blood sodium levels\ **Answer: B** 75. Which electrolyte is primarily stored in bones and essential for muscle contraction? - A\) Sodium - B\) Potassium - C\) Calcium - D\) Chloride - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: C**