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Questions and Answers
Metabolic acidosis may occur in response to:
Metabolic acidosis may occur in response to:
- Hypoventilation
- Hyperventilation
- Chronic vomiting
- Diarrhea and loss of bicarbonate (correct)
- Hypokalemia
Which component acts as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions in red blood cells?
Which component acts as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions in red blood cells?
- Hemoglobin (correct)
- Urea
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Albumin
Which acid-base imbalance results from severe vomiting?
Which acid-base imbalance results from severe vomiting?
- Respiratory acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis (correct)
- Hypokalemia
- Respiratory alkalosis
The main intracellular buffer system in cells is:
The main intracellular buffer system in cells is:
Potassium secretion in the distal tubule is primarily regulated by:
Potassium secretion in the distal tubule is primarily regulated by:
High extracellular potassium levels would most likely lead to:
High extracellular potassium levels would most likely lead to:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release is triggered by:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release is triggered by:
Which electrolyte is primarily stored in bones and essential for muscle contraction?
Which electrolyte is primarily stored in bones and essential for muscle contraction?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
Which ion is NOT regulated in concentration by the kidneys?
Which ion is NOT regulated in concentration by the kidneys?
What surrounds the renal capsule to protect the kidneys?
What surrounds the renal capsule to protect the kidneys?
The renal capsule consists of:
The renal capsule consists of:
Which kidney region is closest to the renal sinus?
Which kidney region is closest to the renal sinus?
The structure that acts as a funnel to collect urine in the kidney is:
The structure that acts as a funnel to collect urine in the kidney is:
The outermost tissue layer that anchors the kidney is the:
The outermost tissue layer that anchors the kidney is the:
The region of the kidney that receives blood from the renal artery is called the:
The region of the kidney that receives blood from the renal artery is called the:
What part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood?
What part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood?
Which structure within the nephron primarily filters blood plasma?
Which structure within the nephron primarily filters blood plasma?
The fluid that passes from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule is called:
The fluid that passes from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule is called:
Which blood vessels directly carry filtered blood away from the glomerulus?
Which blood vessels directly carry filtered blood away from the glomerulus?
The primary function of the renal pelvis is to:
The primary function of the renal pelvis is to:
Blood flow in the kidney follows which pathway after leaving the glomerular capillaries?
Blood flow in the kidney follows which pathway after leaving the glomerular capillaries?
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and:
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and:
Which of the following does NOT pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?
Which of the following does NOT pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?
In the renal corpuscle, what layer prevents proteins from entering the filtrate?
In the renal corpuscle, what layer prevents proteins from entering the filtrate?
Which part of the nephron primarily absorbs sodium and chloride ions after the proximal convoluted tubule?
Which part of the nephron primarily absorbs sodium and chloride ions after the proximal convoluted tubule?
The vasa recta plays an essential role in:
The vasa recta plays an essential role in:
Which of the following is a characteristic of cortical nephrons?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cortical nephrons?
Filtrate leaving the proximal convoluted tubule next enters the:
Filtrate leaving the proximal convoluted tubule next enters the:
Tubular reabsorption primarily occurs in which segment?
Tubular reabsorption primarily occurs in which segment?
During tubular secretion, which of the following ions is most commonly secreted to maintain blood pH?
During tubular secretion, which of the following ions is most commonly secreted to maintain blood pH?
Which hormone is primarily involved in sodium reabsorption in the nephron?
Which hormone is primarily involved in sodium reabsorption in the nephron?
The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to:
The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to:
Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in GFR?
Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in GFR?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily regulated by:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily regulated by:
The mechanism by which the afferent arteriole constricts in response to high blood pressure is known as:
The mechanism by which the afferent arteriole constricts in response to high blood pressure is known as:
Renin is secreted by:
Renin is secreted by:
What triggers renin release in the kidneys?
What triggers renin release in the kidneys?
Juxtamedullary nephrons play a primary role in:
Juxtamedullary nephrons play a primary role in:
Which structure is more prevalent in cortical nephrons compared to juxtamedullary nephrons?
Which structure is more prevalent in cortical nephrons compared to juxtamedullary nephrons?
The primary function of the long loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons is to:
The primary function of the long loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons is to:
Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons because they:
Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons because they:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily affects the reabsorption of calcium in which nephron segment?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily affects the reabsorption of calcium in which nephron segment?
The insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by:
The insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by:
Aldosterone influences which of the following ions in the nephron?
Aldosterone influences which of the following ions in the nephron?
Which hormone causes an increase in water reabsorption and a decrease in urine volume?
Which hormone causes an increase in water reabsorption and a decrease in urine volume?
The presence of high blood osmolality and low blood volume would most likely lead to the release of:
The presence of high blood osmolality and low blood volume would most likely lead to the release of:
Which hormone is directly involved in lowering blood volume by increasing sodium and water excretion?
Which hormone is directly involved in lowering blood volume by increasing sodium and water excretion?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) within the glomerulus:
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) within the glomerulus:
Which of the following pressures primarily promotes the formation of filtrate in the glomerulus?
Which of the following pressures primarily promotes the formation of filtrate in the glomerulus?
Filtration pressure can be increased by:
Filtration pressure can be increased by:
Glomerular capillary pressure is normally around:
Glomerular capillary pressure is normally around:
Which condition would most likely reduce the GFR?
Which condition would most likely reduce the GFR?
Which mechanism in the nephron is essential for creating a high osmotic gradient in the medulla?
Which mechanism in the nephron is essential for creating a high osmotic gradient in the medulla?
In the countercurrent multiplier system, water is reabsorbed primarily in the:
In the countercurrent multiplier system, water is reabsorbed primarily in the:
The concentration of urine depends largely on the:
The concentration of urine depends largely on the:
Urea cycling assists in maintaining which gradient within the kidney?
Urea cycling assists in maintaining which gradient within the kidney?
Which nephron segment is impermeable to water, allowing only solutes to pass?
Which nephron segment is impermeable to water, allowing only solutes to pass?
The primary source of water intake in the body is through:
The primary source of water intake in the body is through:
Which route accounts for the greatest loss of water from the body?
Which route accounts for the greatest loss of water from the body?
A change in extracellular osmolality is first detected by:
A change in extracellular osmolality is first detected by:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing thirst?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing thirst?
Which ion is most crucial for maintaining the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid?
Which ion is most crucial for maintaining the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid?
An excess of sodium in the blood is known as:
An excess of sodium in the blood is known as:
Which of the following would most likely result in hypokalemia?
Which of the following would most likely result in hypokalemia?
A low level of calcium in the blood is called:
A low level of calcium in the blood is called:
Which electrolyte imbalance can cause spontaneous action potential generation due to low extracellular calcium levels?
Which electrolyte imbalance can cause spontaneous action potential generation due to low extracellular calcium levels?
Chloride ions help maintain which aspect of body fluids?
Chloride ions help maintain which aspect of body fluids?
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps to regulate:
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps to regulate:
Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?
Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?
Respiratory acidosis can result from:
Respiratory acidosis can result from:
Which acid-base imbalance is characterized by a blood pH below 7.35?
Which acid-base imbalance is characterized by a blood pH below 7.35?
The kidneys help regulate blood pH by:
The kidneys help regulate blood pH by:
An increase in respiratory rate due to low blood pH is an example of:
An increase in respiratory rate due to low blood pH is an example of:
If the blood pH is above 7.45, the condition is called:
If the blood pH is above 7.45, the condition is called:
Flashcards
Kidney function
Kidney function
Kidneys regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and blood composition, and produce hormones
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
Renal artery
Renal artery
Carries blood into the kidney
Renal corpuscle
Renal corpuscle
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Glomerulus
Glomerulus
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Filtration membrane
Filtration membrane
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Tubular reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption
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Tubular secretion
Tubular secretion
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Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
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Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
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Vasa recta
Vasa recta
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GFR
GFR
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Renin-angiotensin system
Renin-angiotensin system
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Juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
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Juxtamedullary nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
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Cortical nephrons
Cortical nephrons
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ADH
ADH
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ANP
ANP
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Filtration pressure
Filtration pressure
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Countercurrent multiplier system
Countercurrent multiplier system
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Urea cycling
Urea cycling
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Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
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Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia
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Study Notes
Kidney Functions
- Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell synthesis.
- Kidneys regulate the concentration of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and K+ ions in the blood.
- The renal capsule, made of fibrous connective tissue, is surrounded by adipose tissue for protection.
Blood Flow in the Kidneys
- The renal artery carries blood into the kidney through the hilum.
- The renal cortex filters blood plasma.
- The glomerulus is the primary structure within the nephron responsible for filtering blood plasma.
- Filtrate, the fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters Bowman's capsule, is later processed via tubular reabsorption and secretion.
- Efferent arterioles carry filtered blood away from the glomerulus.
- The renal pelvis collects urine from nephrons.
- Blood flow in the kidney: Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobular artery → Arcuate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Interlobular vein → Arcuate vein → Renal vein.
Nephron Structure
- The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
- The filtration membrane prevents large proteins from entering the filtrate.
- The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs most of the water and solutes.
- The loop of Henle, particularly its ascending limb, reabsorbs sodium and chloride ions.
- The vasa recta plays a crucial role in maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient for urine concentration.
- Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are located closer to the renal cortex.
Filtration and Tubular Processes
- Tubular reabsorption, occurring primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule, moves substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
- Tubular secretion, which involves moving substances from the blood into the filtrate, often includes H+ ions to maintain blood pH.
- Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the nephron, leading to water retention and a decrease in urine volume.
- The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to solutes.
Regulation of GFR
- GFR is primarily regulated by blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
- The myogenic mechanism involves constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to high blood pressure, reducing GFR.
- Tubuloglomerular feedback involves detecting sodium concentration in the filtrate, which regulates GFR.
- Renin, secreted by juxtaglomerular cells, initiates the renin-angiotensin system, impacting GFR and blood pressure regulation.
Juxtamedullary and Cortical Nephrons
- Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle and play a significant role in urine concentration.
- Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are primarily involved in filtration.
- The long loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons helps create a high osmotic gradient in the medulla.
Regulation of Electrolytes and Water
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing water reabsorption.
- Aldosterone influences both sodium and potassium reabsorption in the nephron.
- ADH, primarily released in response to high blood osmolality and low blood volume, increases water reabsorption, decreasing urine volume.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases sodium and water excretion, lowering blood volume.
Filtration Pressure
- Capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes filtrate out of Bowman's capsule.
- Blood colloid osmotic pressure draws water back into the glomerular capillaries.
- Glomerular capillary pressure promotes filtrate formation in the glomerulus.
- Filtration pressure can be increased by constricting the efferent arteriole.
- Glomerular capillary pressure is typically around 50 mmHg.
Concentration Mechanisms
- The countercurrent multiplier system uses the loop of Henle to create a high osmotic gradient in the medulla, enabling urine concentration.
- Urea cycling contributes to maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient.
- The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water, allowing only solutes to pass.
Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
- The primary source of water intake in the body is through ingestion.
- The primary route of water loss is through urine.
- Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in extracellular osmolality.
- Angiotensin II, a hormone in the renin-angiotensin system, increases thirst.
- Sodium is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hypernatremia describes an excess of sodium in the blood.
- Hypokalemia is characterized by low potassium levels in the blood.
- Hypocalcemia, a low level of calcium in the blood, can lead to spontaneous action potential generation.
- Chloride ions help maintain osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid.
Acid-Base Balance
- The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most abundant in the intracellular fluid.
- Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, leading to an accumulation of CO2 and a decrease in blood pH.
- Metabolic acidosis is typically caused by a loss of bicarbonate ions, often due to diarrhea.
- The kidneys help regulate blood pH by secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions.
Regulation of Potassium and Calcium
- Aldosterone regulates potassium secretion in the distal tubule.
- High extracellular potassium levels can lead to hyperkalemia.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to low blood calcium levels.
- Calcium is stored in bones and plays a crucial role in muscle contraction.
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Description
Explore the crucial functions of the kidneys, including their role in hormone production and electrolyte balance. Understand the pathway of blood flow through the renal system and the filtration processes within the nephron, highlighting the glomerulus's significance.
