Anatomy Test 4 Question set 2
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Questions and Answers

Metabolic acidosis may occur in response to:

  • Hypoventilation
  • Hyperventilation
  • Chronic vomiting
  • Diarrhea and loss of bicarbonate (correct)
  • Hypokalemia

    • Which component acts as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions in red blood cells?

  • Hemoglobin (correct)
  • Urea
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Albumin

    • Which acid-base imbalance results from severe vomiting?

  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis (correct)
  • Hypokalemia
  • Respiratory alkalosis

    • The main intracellular buffer system in cells is:

    <p>Protein buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potassium secretion in the distal tubule is primarily regulated by:

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High extracellular potassium levels would most likely lead to:

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release is triggered by:

    <p>Low blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is primarily stored in bones and essential for muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulation of red blood cell synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is NOT regulated in concentration by the kidneys?

    <p>Mg2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the renal capsule to protect the kidneys?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal capsule consists of:

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kidney region is closest to the renal sinus?

    <p>Renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure that acts as a funnel to collect urine in the kidney is:

    <p>Renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost tissue layer that anchors the kidney is the:

    <p>Renal fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The region of the kidney that receives blood from the renal artery is called the:

    <p>Hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood?

    <p>Renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure within the nephron primarily filters blood plasma?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid that passes from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule is called:

    <p>Filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels directly carry filtered blood away from the glomerulus?

    <p>Efferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the renal pelvis is to:

    <p>Collect urine from nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow in the kidney follows which pathway after leaving the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and:

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?

    <p>Large proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the renal corpuscle, what layer prevents proteins from entering the filtrate?

    <p>Podocyte filtration slits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron primarily absorbs sodium and chloride ions after the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Ascending limb of Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta plays an essential role in:

    <p>Maintaining medullary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cortical nephrons?

    <p>Shorter loops of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtrate leaving the proximal convoluted tubule next enters the:

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular reabsorption primarily occurs in which segment?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During tubular secretion, which of the following ions is most commonly secreted to maintain blood pH?

    <p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily involved in sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to:

    <p>Water only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in GFR?

    <p>Constriction of afferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily regulated by:

    <p>Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism by which the afferent arteriole constricts in response to high blood pressure is known as:

    <p>Myogenic mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renin is secreted by:

    <p>Afferent arteriole smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers renin release in the kidneys?

    <p>Low blood pressure or sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons play a primary role in:

    <p>Urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is more prevalent in cortical nephrons compared to juxtamedullary nephrons?

    <p>Short loops of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the long loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons is to:

    <p>Create a high osmotic gradient in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons because they:

    <p>Play a key role in concentrating urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily affects the reabsorption of calcium in which nephron segment?

    <p>Early distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by:

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone influences which of the following ions in the nephron?

    <p>Potassium and Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone causes an increase in water reabsorption and a decrease in urine volume?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of high blood osmolality and low blood volume would most likely lead to the release of:

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is directly involved in lowering blood volume by increasing sodium and water excretion?

    <p>ANP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) within the glomerulus:

    <p>Draws water back into the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pressures primarily promotes the formation of filtrate in the glomerulus?

    <p>Glomerular capillary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration pressure can be increased by:

    <p>Constriction of efferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glomerular capillary pressure is normally around:

    <p>50 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would most likely reduce the GFR?

    <p>Increased plasma protein concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism in the nephron is essential for creating a high osmotic gradient in the medulla?

    <p>Countercurrent multiplier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the countercurrent multiplier system, water is reabsorbed primarily in the:

    <p>Descending limb of the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of urine depends largely on the:

    <p>Medullary concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea cycling assists in maintaining which gradient within the kidney?

    <p>Medullary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nephron segment is impermeable to water, allowing only solutes to pass?

    <p>Ascending limb of the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary source of water intake in the body is through:

    <p>Ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route accounts for the greatest loss of water from the body?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A change in extracellular osmolality is first detected by:

    <p>Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing thirst?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is most crucial for maintaining the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An excess of sodium in the blood is known as:

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would most likely result in hypokalemia?

    <p>Increased potassium loss through urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low level of calcium in the blood is called:

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance can cause spontaneous action potential generation due to low extracellular calcium levels?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloride ions help maintain which aspect of body fluids?

    <p>Osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps to regulate:

    <p>Blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Protein buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory acidosis can result from:

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acid-base imbalance is characterized by a blood pH below 7.35?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys help regulate blood pH by:

    <p>Secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in respiratory rate due to low blood pH is an example of:

    <p>Respiratory compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the blood pH is above 7.45, the condition is called:

    <p>Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Functions

    • Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell synthesis.
    • Kidneys regulate the concentration of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and K+ ions in the blood.
    • The renal capsule, made of fibrous connective tissue, is surrounded by adipose tissue for protection.

    Blood Flow in the Kidneys

    • The renal artery carries blood into the kidney through the hilum.
    • The renal cortex filters blood plasma.
    • The glomerulus is the primary structure within the nephron responsible for filtering blood plasma.
    • Filtrate, the fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters Bowman's capsule, is later processed via tubular reabsorption and secretion.
    • Efferent arterioles carry filtered blood away from the glomerulus.
    • The renal pelvis collects urine from nephrons.
    • Blood flow in the kidney: Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobular artery → Arcuate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Interlobular vein → Arcuate vein → Renal vein.

    Nephron Structure

    • The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
    • The filtration membrane prevents large proteins from entering the filtrate.
    • The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs most of the water and solutes.
    • The loop of Henle, particularly its ascending limb, reabsorbs sodium and chloride ions.
    • The vasa recta plays a crucial role in maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient for urine concentration.
    • Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are located closer to the renal cortex.

    Filtration and Tubular Processes

    • Tubular reabsorption, occurring primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule, moves substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
    • Tubular secretion, which involves moving substances from the blood into the filtrate, often includes H+ ions to maintain blood pH.
    • Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the nephron, leading to water retention and a decrease in urine volume.
    • The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to solutes.

    Regulation of GFR

    • GFR is primarily regulated by blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
    • The myogenic mechanism involves constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to high blood pressure, reducing GFR.
    • Tubuloglomerular feedback involves detecting sodium concentration in the filtrate, which regulates GFR.
    • Renin, secreted by juxtaglomerular cells, initiates the renin-angiotensin system, impacting GFR and blood pressure regulation.

    Juxtamedullary and Cortical Nephrons

    • Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle and play a significant role in urine concentration.
    • Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are primarily involved in filtration.
    • The long loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons helps create a high osmotic gradient in the medulla.

    Regulation of Electrolytes and Water

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing water reabsorption.
    • Aldosterone influences both sodium and potassium reabsorption in the nephron.
    • ADH, primarily released in response to high blood osmolality and low blood volume, increases water reabsorption, decreasing urine volume.
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases sodium and water excretion, lowering blood volume.

    Filtration Pressure

    • Capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes filtrate out of Bowman's capsule.
    • Blood colloid osmotic pressure draws water back into the glomerular capillaries.
    • Glomerular capillary pressure promotes filtrate formation in the glomerulus.
    • Filtration pressure can be increased by constricting the efferent arteriole.
    • Glomerular capillary pressure is typically around 50 mmHg.

    Concentration Mechanisms

    • The countercurrent multiplier system uses the loop of Henle to create a high osmotic gradient in the medulla, enabling urine concentration.
    • Urea cycling contributes to maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient.
    • The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water, allowing only solutes to pass.

    Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

    • The primary source of water intake in the body is through ingestion.
    • The primary route of water loss is through urine.
    • Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in extracellular osmolality.
    • Angiotensin II, a hormone in the renin-angiotensin system, increases thirst.
    • Sodium is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid.

    Electrolyte Imbalances

    • Hypernatremia describes an excess of sodium in the blood.
    • Hypokalemia is characterized by low potassium levels in the blood.
    • Hypocalcemia, a low level of calcium in the blood, can lead to spontaneous action potential generation.
    • Chloride ions help maintain osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid.

    Acid-Base Balance

    • The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most abundant in the intracellular fluid.
    • Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, leading to an accumulation of CO2 and a decrease in blood pH.
    • Metabolic acidosis is typically caused by a loss of bicarbonate ions, often due to diarrhea.
    • The kidneys help regulate blood pH by secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions.

    Regulation of Potassium and Calcium

    • Aldosterone regulates potassium secretion in the distal tubule.
    • High extracellular potassium levels can lead to hyperkalemia.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to low blood calcium levels.
    • Calcium is stored in bones and plays a crucial role in muscle contraction.

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    Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 2 PDF

    Description

    Explore the crucial functions of the kidneys, including their role in hormone production and electrolyte balance. Understand the pathway of blood flow through the renal system and the filtration processes within the nephron, highlighting the glomerulus's significance.

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